naGar Smith / Zvakatipoteredza Kurwisa Hondo
Pabhuku reChirangaridzo rinosaina paDiesel Books, David Swanson, muvambi we World Beyond War uye munyori we "War Is a Lie" akati anotarisira kuti bhuku rake richashandiswa segwaro rekubatsira vagari "kuona uye kusheedzera nhema." Pasinei nekutaura kwebellicose kuchinzwika nemumahoro emaguta akawanda, pacifism iri kuramba ichiwanda. "Pope Francis vakanyora vachiti 'Hakuna chinhu chakadai sehondo yakarurama' uye ini ndini ani kuti ndiite nharo naPapa?"
Yakakosha kune Environmentalists Kurwisa Hondo
BERKELEY, Calif. (Chikumi 11, 2016) - PaKusaina kwebhuku reChirangaridzo paMabhuku eDiesel muna Chivabvu 29, murwiri werunyararo Cindy Sheehan akaronga Q&A naDavid Swanson, muvambi we World Beyond War uye munyori weHondo Inhema (ikozvino muchikamu chayo chechipiri). Swanson akati anotarisira kuti bhuku rake richashandiswa segwaro rekubatsira vagari "kuona uye kutaura manyepo nekukurumidza."
Zvisinei nekutaura kuri kuita bellicose mumahoro emaguta makuru enyika dzakawanda, kurwisa hondo kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. "Pope Francis vakanyora vachiti 'Hakuna chinhu chakadai sehondo yakarurama' uye ini ndini ani kuti ndiite nharo naPapa?" Swanson akanyemwerera.
Nekukudza vateveri vemitambo veko, Swanson akawedzera kuti: “Varwi vega vandinotsigira maGolden State Warriors. Ndinongoda kuvaita kuti vachinje zita ravo kuti rive rine runyararo.”
Tsika dzeAmerica Itsika Yehondo
"Hondo yese ihondo yehumambo," Swanson akaudza imba yakanga yakazara nevanhu. “Hondo Yenyika II haina kumbopera. Mabhomba akavigwa achiri kufukunurwa muEurope yose. Dzimwe nguva dzinoputika, zvichikonzera vamwe vanhu vanouraya makumi emakore mushure mehondo yavakaendeswa. Uye iyo US ichine mauto akavharirwa mukati meyaimbova European Theatre.
"Hondo dzave kutonga pasi rose," Swanson akaenderera mberi. “Ndicho chikonzero nei hondo isina kupera nokuwa kweSoviet Union uye kuguma kweCold War. Zvakanga zvakafanira kutsvaga kutyisidzira kutsva kuitira kuti hurumende yeUnited States ienderere mberi. "
Uye kunyangwe isu tisina inoshanda yeSelective Service System, Swanson yakabvuma, tichine Internal Revenue Service - imwe nhaka yesangano yeHondo Yenyika II.
Muhondo dzakapfuura, Swanson akatsanangura, mitero yehondo yakanga yabhadharwa nevapfumi vekuAmerica (izvo zvaive zvakangonaka, zvichipihwa kuti iro raive kirasi yakapfuma yemaindasitiri iro rakabatsirikana nekumuka kwehondo). Apo mutero mutsva wehondo pamihoro yevashandi vekuAmerica wakatangwa kutsigira hondo yepasi rose yechipiri, wakashambadzirwa sechisungo chechinguvana pamuhoro wevashandi. Asi panzvimbo pokunyangarika pashure pokunge kurwisana kwapera, mutero wacho wakava wechigarire.
Mushandirapamwe wemutero wepasi rose wakatungamirwa nemumwe kunze kwaDonald Duck. Swanson yakataura nezve Disney-yakagadzirwa yehondo-mutero yekutengesa umo Donald anozeza anonyengetedzwa kuti akosore "mutero wekukunda kurwisa Axis."
Hollywood Inorova Ngoma dzeHondo
Achitaura nezvechizvinozvino US propaganda zvishandiso, Swanson akashoropodza basa reHollywood nekusimudzira kwayo mafirimu senge. Zero Rima makumi matatu, Pentagon-vetted version yekuponda kwaOsama bin Laden. Sangano remauto, pamwe chete neveveungwaru, vakaita basa guru mukuzivisa uye kutungamira rondedzero yefirimu.
Sheehan akataura izvozvo Rugare Amai, rimwe remabhuku manomwe aakanyora, rakanga ratengeswa kuti riitwe bhaisikopo naBrad Pitt. Mushure memakore maviri, zvakadaro, chirongwa chakamiswa, sezviri pachena nekuda kwekunetsekana kuti mafirimu ehondo aisazowana vateereri. Sheehan akaerekana akura mupfungwa. Akambomira kuti atsanangure kuti mwanakomana wake Casey, akafira muhondo yeIraq isiri pamutemo yaGeorge W. Bush musi waMay 29, 2004, “angadai ave nemakore 37 nhasi.”
Swanson yakakwevera kutarisa kune ichangoburwa pro-drone bhaisikopo Ziso muDenga semumwe muenzaniso we pro-war messaging. Ndichiri kuyedza kuongorora hutsika hwekukuvadzwa kwechibatiso (munyaya iyi, muchimiro chemusikana asina mhosva achitamba padivi pechivako chakanangwa), kugadzirwa kwakakwenenzverwa kwakazoita kururamisa kupondwa kwekamuri rakazara revavengi vejihadist vakaratidzwa nzira yekupa mavheti anoputika mukugadzirira kufira kutenda.
Swanson yakapa mamiriro ezvinhu anokatyamadza. "Vhiki rimwe chete iro Eye in the Sky rakaitwa ndeyekutanga nhandare yemitambo muUnited States," akadaro, "vanhu zana nemakumi mashanu muSomalia vakafuridzirwa nezvidhoma zveUS."
SeAmerican seNapalm Pie
"Tinofanira kubvisa hondo kubva mutsika dzedu," Swanson akapa zano. Vanhu vekuAmerica vakadzidziswa kubvuma hondo sezvinodiwa uye zvisingadzivisiki apo nhoroondo inoratidza kuti hondo zhinji dzakaitwa padanho-dzakatungamirirwa kuvapo nezvido zvekutengeserana zvine simba uye nevatambi vezvematongerwo enyika vane ropa. Rangarira Gulf yeTonkin Resolution? Unorangarira Zvombo Zvekuparadza Kwakawanda? Rangarirai Maine?
Swanson yakayeuchidza vateereri kuti kururamiswa kwemazuva ano kwekupindira kwemauto kunowanzoenderana neshoko rimwe chete, "Rwanda." Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuti kwakaitika kuurayiwa kwevanhu muCongo nedzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemauto ekutanga kupindira muRwanda. Kuti udzivise hutsinye hwenguva yemberi, kufunga kunoenda, kunofanirwa kuve kwakakosha kuvimba nekutanga, kupindira nezvombo. Kusiiwa zvisina mubvunzo, ifungidziro yekuti mauto ekunze anopinda muRwanda achiputika nzvimbo nemabhomba nemaroketi angadai akagumisa kuurayiwa pasi kana kukonzera kufa kushoma uye kugadzikana kwakanyanya.
"US ibhizimusi rematsotsi," Swanson akapomera asati anongedza chimwe chikonzero chinofarirwa nemauto pasi rese: pfungwa yehondo "yakashata". Swanson inoramba gakava nekuti kushandiswa kwezwi irori kunoratidza kuti panofanirwa kuve ne "akakodzera" mazinga emhirizhonga yemauto. Kuuraya kuchiri kuuraya, Swanson akadaro. Shoko rokuti “kusaenzana” rinongoshanda kururamisa “mwero muduku wokuponda kukuru.” Chinhu chimwe chete nepfungwa isingawirirane ye "kupindira kwevanhu vane zvombo."
Swanson akarangarira nharo dzekuvhotera George W. Bush temu yechipiri. Vatsigiri veW vakapikisa kuti kwakanga kusiri kuchenjera “kuchinja mabhiza pakati porukova”. Swanson akazviona zvakanyanya semubvunzo we "usachinje mabhiza pakati peApocalypse."
Kumira Munzira Yehondo
“Terevhizheni inotiudza kuti isu tiri vatengi chekutanga uye vavhoti pechipiri. Asi chokwadi ndechekuti, kuvhota handiko chete - kana kuti harisi iro rakanakisa - chiito chezvematongerwo enyika. " Swanson akacherechedza. Ndosaka zvaive zvakakosha (mushanduri kunyangwe) kuti "Bernie [Sanders] akaita kuti mamirioni evaAmerica vasateerere terevhizheni yavo."
Swanson akachema-chema nekudzikira kwesangano rekurwisa hondo muUnited States, zvichireva kukura kwakasimba kwesangano rerunyararo reEuropean iro "rinonyadzisa US." Akakwazisa Netherlands, iyo yakaisa dambudziko mukuenderera mberi kwezvombo zvenyukireya zveUS muEurope, uye akataurawo mushandirapamwe wekuvhara US airbase muRamstein Germany (nzvimbo yakakosha mune inopokana uye isiri pamutemo CIA / Pentagon "mhondi drone" chirongwa chinoenderera mberi nekuuraya zviuru zvevanhu vasina mhosva uye kutyaira pasi rose kutorwa kwevavengi veWashington). Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve mushandirapamwe weRamstein, ona rootsaction.org.
Kufanana nevakawanda vari kuruboshwe, Swanson anonyomba Hillary Clinton nebasa rake semumiriri weWall Street uye unaporogetic Nouveau Cold Warrior. Uye, Swanson anonongedza, Bernie Sanders zvakare ari kushomeka kana zvasvika kune dzisiri dzechisimba mhinduro. Sanders akaenda parekodhi sekutsigira hondo dzekunze dzePentagon uye kushandiswa kwemadrones muBush / Obama / Military-Industrial alliance Hondo yeKutyisa isingaperi uye isingakundike.
"Bernie haasi Jeremy Corbin," ndiwo mataurirwo azvakaitwa naSwanson, achitaura nezvesimba rekurwisa hondo remutungamiri weBritish Labor Party. (Achitaura nezveBrits, Swanson akanyevera vateereri vake kuti kune "nyaya huru" yaizofanira kuparara muna July 6. Ndiyo apo Chilcot Inquiry yeBritain yakagadzirirwa kusunungura migumisiro yekuongorora kwayo kwenguva refu pamusoro pebasa reBritain mune zvematongerwo enyika. kutungamirira kuhondo yaGeorge W. Bush naTony Blair isiri pamutemo uye isina chikonzero yeGulf War.)
Chokwadi Kuuraya Vana
Kufunga nezvebasa remutungamiri uyo akambotaura zvakavanzika, "Zvinoitika kuti ndiri shasha pakuuraya vanhu," Swanson akafungidzira maitiro ekuuraya kwakarongwa kweOval-Office: "Chipiri chega-choga Obama anofamba ne 'rondedzero yekuuraya' uye anoshamisika kuti Saint Thomas Aquinas angafungei nezvake." (Aquinas, hongu, aive baba vepfungwa ye "Just War".)
Nepo munhu anofungidzira kuti ari kumirira Republican musarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vakatsamwa zvikuru kupokana kuti mauto eAmerica anofanirwa kuwedzera Hondo Yekutyisa kuti isanganise "kuuraya mhuri" dzevanopikisa, vatungamiri veAmerica vakatoisa zano iri rekuti "uraya" vese semutemo weUS. Muna 2011, mugari weAmerica, nyanzvi uye mufundisi Anwar al-Awlaki akaurayiwa nekurohwa nedrone muYemen. Mushure memavhiki maviri, mwanakomana waAl-Awaki ane makore gumi nematanhatu, Abdulrahman (ariwo mugari wemuAmerica), akapiswa neimwe drone yechipiri yeUS yakatumirwa nekuraira kwaBarack Obama.
Vatsoropodzi pavakasimudza mibvunzo nezve kuurayiwa kwemwanakomana weAl-Alwaki, mhinduro yekudzinga (mumashoko e Munyori wenhau weWhite House, Robert Gibbs) akatakura inzwi rinotonhora reMafia don: “Aifanira kuva [ane] baba vane mutoro zvikuru.”
Zvinonetsa zvikuru kuziva kuti tiri kurarama munzanga iri kuitirwa mamiriro ezvinhu kunze kwekuuraiwa kwevana. Zvinonetsa zvakaenzana: Swanson akacherechedza kuti United States ndiyo chete nyika pasi pano yakaramba kubvumidza Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations pamusoro peKodzero dzeVana.
Sekureva kwaSwanson, sarudzo dzakaratidza kakawanda ruzhinji rwevanhu vanobvuma chirevo ichi: "Hatifanire kunge takatanga iyo hondo." Zvisinei, vashoma vachataura vachiti: “Taifanira kunge takamisa hondo iyoyo kubva pakutanga.” Asi chokwadi ndechekuti, Swanson anodaro, kwave nedzimwe hondo dzisina kuitika nekuda kwekupikisa kwepasi. Kutyisidzira kwaObama kwe "Red Line" kunotora Mutungamiriri weSyria, Bashar al-Assad, waive muenzaniso wazvino. (Zvamazvirokwazvo, John Kerry naVladimir Putin vanogoverana kiredhiti huru nokuda kwedambudziko iri.) “Takamisa dzimwe hondo,” Swanson akadaro, “Asi hauone izvi zvichishumwa.”
Zvikwangwani paWarpath
Pakupera kwevhiki refu reChirangaridzo, hurumende nevanhu vakanetseka kudzora nhoroondo yehondo dzeAmerica. (PS: Muna 2013, Obama akacherechedza makore makumi matanhatu eKorea Armistice nekuzivisa kuti kurwisana kweKorea kwaiva chinhu chokupemberera. "Hondo iyoyo yakanga isiri tie," Obama akasimbirira, “Korea yakanga iri rukundo.”) Gore rino, Pentagon yakaramba ichikurudzira kurangarirwa kwenhema kweHondo yeVietnam uye, zvakare, idzi pfungwa dzokuda nyika dzakashorwa zvikuru neVietnam Vets vachipesana neHondo.
Vachitaura nezve kushanya kwaObama nguva pfupi yadarika kuJapan neKorea, Swanson akapomera mutungamiri wenyika mhosva. VaObama havana kushanyira Hiroshima kana Ho Chi Minh Guta kuzokumbira ruregerero, kudzoreredza kana kutsiva, Swanson akanyunyuta. Pane kudaro, airatidza kufarira zvakanyanya kuzviratidza semurume wepamberi wevagadziri vezvombo veUS.
Swanson akapikisa nharo yekuti humambo hweAmerica hwakakura hwezvigadziko zvekunze uye mabhajeti emabhiriyoni emadhora ePentagon akagadzirirwa "kuchengetedza vanhu vekuAmerica" kubva kuISIS/Al Qaeda/The Taliban/Jihadists. Chokwadi ndechekuti - nekuda kwesimba reNational Rifle Association uye nekuwanda kwepfuti munyika yose - gore rega rega "vana vekuUS vanouraya maAmerican akawanda kupfuura magandanga." Asi vana vadiki havaonekwe sevakaipa, vane chitendero, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvinonetsa.
Swanson akarumbidza GI Bhiri reKodzero, asi akateedzera neasingawanzo kunzwika: "Haudi hondo kuti uve neGI Bhiri reKodzero." Nyika ine nzira uye kugona kupa dzidzo yemahara kumunhu wese uye inogona kuita izvi pasina nhaka yekuremara chikwereti chemudzidzi. Imwe yemafungidziro enhoroondo kumashure kwekupfuura kweGI Bill, Swanson akayeuka, yaive yekusagadzikana kweWashington kurangarira kukuru kwe "Bonus Army" yevasina kugadzikana veveti vakagara muWashington mushure meHondo Yenyika I. Vet - nemhuri dzavo - vaida. muripo chete webasa ravo uye kutarisira maronda avo asingaperi. (Basa racho rakazogurwa neruzha rweteargas, mabara, nemabayonets zvaishandiswa nemauto ari pasi pemurairo waGeneral Douglas MacArthur.)
Pane 'Hondo Yakarurama' Here?
Iyo Q & A yakaratidza kusiyana kwemaonero pamusoro pekuti pane chinhu chakadai se "pamutemo" kushandiswa kwechisimba - kune rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika kana muchikonzero chekuzvidzivirira. Imwe nhengo yevateereri yakasimuka kuti izivise kuti ingadai yakadada kushanda muAbraham Lincoln Brigade.
Swanson - uyo anove absolutist kana zvasvika kunyaya dzehondo - akapindura dambudziko nekubvunza kuti: "Wadii kudada nekutora chikamu mukumukira kusina chisimba?" Akataura nezve "Peoples Power" shanduko muPhilippines, Poland, neTunisia.
Asi zvakadini neAmerican Revolution? imwe nhengo yevateereri yakabvunza. Swanson akafungidzira kuti kuparadzana kusiri kwechisimba kubva kuEngland kungave kwakagoneka. "Haugone kupa mhosva George Washington nekusaziva nezvaGandhi," akadaro.
Tichifunga nezvenguva yeWashington (nguva yakaratidzwa neyekutanga yenyika diki "Hondo dzeIndia") Swanson akataura nezvemaitiro eBritish ekubira "mikombe" - ganda remusoro nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri - kubva ku "maIndia" akaurayiwa. Mamwe mabhuku enhoroondo anoti maitiro ehutsinye aya akatorwa kubva kumaNative America pachavo. Asi, maererano naSwanson, idzi tsika dzakaipa dzaive dzatodzika muBritish imperial subculture. Nhoroondo inoratidza kuti maitiro aya akatanga muNyika Yekare, apo maBritish airwa, achiuraya - uye, hongu, scalping - "vanotyisa" veIreland vane misoro mitsvuku.
Kupindura kune dambudziko rekuti Hondo yeVanhu yaidiwa kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa, Swanson akapa imwe mamiriro ezvinhu asingawanzo, kana kumbovaraidzwa. Panzvimbo pekutanga hondo yekurwisa nyika dzinozvisarudzira, Swanson akakurudzira, Lincoln anogona kunge akangoti: "Regai vaende."
Panzvimbo pekuparadza hupenyu hwakawanda kudaro, US ingadai yakangove nyika diki, inofambirana nehukuru hwenyika muEurope uye, sezvakataurwa naSwanson, nyika diki dzinowanzo kudzora - uye dzinoenderana nehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji.
Asi chokwadi Hondo Yenyika II yaive "hondo yakanaka," imwe nhengo yevateereri yakataura. Hondo Yenyika II yakanga isiri iyo here yaifanirwa kupiwa kutyisa kweNazi Holocaust pamaJuda? Swanson akataura kuti iyo inonzi "Hondo Yakanaka" yakauraya vanhu vakawanda zvakapetwa mamirioni matanhatu vakafira mumisasa yerufu yeGermany. Swanson yakayeuchidzawo vateereri kuti, Hondo Yenyika II isati yatanga, maindasitiri ekuAmerica vakakanda rutsigiro rwavo nemufaro - zvematongerwo enyika nezvemari - kuhurumende yeNazi yeGerman uye kuhurumende yechifascist muItari.
Hitler paakasvika kuEngland nechikumbiro chekushandira pamwe mukudzinga maJuda eGermany kuti vazogariswazve kunze kwenyika, Churchill akaramba pfungwa iyi, achiti zvinhu - kureva, huwandu hwezvikepe zvinobatanidzwa - hungadai hwakaremedza. Zvichakadaro, kuUS, Washington yaive mubishi kutumira zvikepe zveCoast Guard kuti zvityaire ngarava yevaizove vapoteri vechiJudha kubva kumahombekombe eFlorida, kwavaitarisira kuwana nzvimbo tsvene. Swanson akaburitsa imwe nyaya isingazivikanwe: Mhuri yaAnne Frank yakanga yakumbira hupoteri kuUnited States asi vhiza yavo yaive. zvakarambwa neUS Department of State.
Uye, nezve kupembedza kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kurwisa Japan "kuponesa hupenyu," Swanson yakataura kuti kwaive kusimbirira kweWashington pa "kuzvipira zvisina magumo" kwakawedzera hondo - uye kufa kuri kuramba kuchikwira.
Swanson akabvunza kana vanhu vasingazvione "zvisinganzwisisike" kuti kuitira kudzivirira "kukosha" kwehondo, unofanirwa kudzoka makore makumi manomwe neshanu kuti uwane muenzaniso mumwechete weinonzi "hondo yakanaka" kururamisa iyo inoenderera yekutandarira. kuhondo munyaya dzepasi rose.
Uyezve pane nyaya yeConstitutional law. Kongiresi yakapedzisira kubvumidza hondo muna 1941. Hondo yese kubva ipapo yanga isingaenderane nebumbiro remutemo. Hondo yega yega kubvira yanga isiri pamutemo pasi peKellogg-Briand Pact neUnited Nations Charter, ese akarambidza hondo dzepasi rose dzehutsinye.
Mukuvhara, Swanson akayeuka kuti, pane imwe yekuverenga kwake kuSan Francisco zuva rakapfuura, murwi weVietnam akasimuka muvateereri uye, nemisodzi mumaziso ake, akateterera vanhu kuti "vayeuke zviuru makumi mashanu nesere vakafa muhondo iyoyo."
"Ndinobvumirana newe, mukoma," Swanson akapindura netsitsi. Ipapo, achifunga nezvokuparadza kwakanga kwapararira hondo yeUnited States muVietnam, Laos neCambodia, akawedzera kuti: “Ndinofunga kuti zvinokoshawo kuyeuka vanhu vose mamiriyoni matanhatu ne58,000 XNUMX vakafa muhondo iyoyo.”
The 13 Chokwadi pamusoro peHondo (Zvitsauko kubva Hondo Ndicho Nhema)
* Hondo hadzirwirwi nezvakaipa
* Hondo hadzitangwi mukuzvidzivirira
* Hondo hadzirwirwi norupo
* Hondo hadzidzivisiki
* MaWarriors haasi magamba
* Vagadziri vehondo havana vavariro dzakanaka
* Hondo hadzirebeswi nokuda kwokunakira varwi
* Hondo hadzirwirwi munzvimbo dzehondo
* Hondo hadzisi imwe chete, uye hadziperi nokudziwedzera
* Nhau dzehondo hadzibvi kuvaoni vasingafariri
* Hondo haiunzi kuchengeteka uye haina kugadzikana
* Hondo hadzisi pamutemo
* Hondo hadzigoni kurongwa uye kudziviswa
NB: Chinyorwa ichi chakavakirwa pamashoko akawanda akanyorwa nemaoko uye hachina kunyorwa kubva pakurekodhwa.
