II. HONDO INOGONA KUPEDZWA

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vazhinji vasingatendi kuti hondo inogona kuguma (uye ini ndinotarisira Chikamu I chebhuku rino chinotanga nguva dzose zvishoma kuti ichinje pfungwa dzakadaro), vakawanda havatendi kuti hondo inofanira kupera. Zvechokwadi zviri nyore kubvisa mubvunzo wekuti hondo inofanira kupera here kana iwe ukasarudza kuti haigoni kupera, sezvinongoita nyore kuti usafunganya nezvekugona kugumisa kana iwe wakasarudza kuti inofanira kuchengetedzwa . Saka, izvo zvitendero zviviri zvinotsigira. Zvose zviri kukanganisa, uye kuderera kunobatsira kuderedza imwe, asi zvose zvinomhanya zvakadzika mutsika yedu. Kune vamwe vanhu vanotenda kuti hondo inogona uye inofanira kuparadzwa, asi ndiani anofunga kushandisa hondo sechimbo chekuita basa. Kuvhiringidzika uku kunoratidzira kuti zvakaoma zvakadini kuti tive nechinzvimbo tichida kubviswa.

"Kudzivirira" Kunotitadzisa

Kubvira ku1947, apo Dhipatimendi reHondo rakatumidzwa zita reDhipatimendi reKwidzivirira, mauto eUnited States ave ari kunyangadza zvishoma nezvakagara. Kuparara kweVanhu veAmerica, Philippines, Latin America, nezvimwewo, neDhipatimendi Rehondo vakanga vasina kudzivirira; uye haasi iyo Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi rekudzivirira muKorea, Vietnam, Iraq, etc. Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirirwa kwakanakisisa mumitambo yakawanda kungava kukanganisa kwakanaka, kukanganisa muhondo hakudziviriri, kwete kana kuchiita ruvengo, kutsamwa, uye kupera, kwete kana izvo zvinoreva hapana hondo zvachose. Nenzira yezvinonzi hondo yenyika yose yehugandanga, ugandanga hwave huchiwedzera.

Izvi zvaive zvichifanotaurwa uye zvakafanotaurwa. Vanhu vakatsamwiswa nekurwiswa uye mabasa aisangozobviswa kana kukundwa nekurwiswa uye mabasa akawanda. Vachifananidzira kuti "vanovenga rusununguko rwedu," seMutungamiri George W. Bush vakati, kana kuti ivo vane chitendero chisina kunaka kana kuti havana hanya zvachose hazvichinje izvi. Kutsvaka kubvumirwa kwepamutemo kuburikidza nekushusha avo vane mhosva yezvakaipa zvekuuraya-9 / 11 zvingave zvakabatsira kudzivisa humwe hugandanga huri nani pane kutanga hondo. Izvo zvingadai zvisingakuvadzi kuti hurumende yeUnited States irege kudzivirira vatongi vehurumende (sezvandinonyora izvi, mauto eIjipita ari kurwisa vagari vekuIjipiti vaine zvombo zvakapiwa neUnited States, uye White House inoramba kubvisa "rubatsiro," zvinoreva zvombo), kudzivirirwa mhosva dzinopesana nevaPalestine (edza kuverenga The General's Son naMi Peled), uye kuisa mauto eUnited States mune dzimwe nyika dzevanhu. Hondo dzeIraq neAfghanistan, nekushungurudzwa kwevasungwa panguva iyo, yakava hurukuro yekudzidzira zvigandanga zvekurwisa US.

Muna 2006, masangano enjere eUS akaburitsa National Intelligence Estimate yakasvika pamhedziso iyoyo chete. Sangano reAssociated Press rakati: "Hondo muIraq yave chisakiso checrelèbre chevanyengeri vechiIslam, ichiunza chigumbu cheUS icho chingangoita chisati chave nani, vaongorori venyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika vanopedzisa mushumo vachipesana negakava raMutungamiri Bush. kukura kwenyika kwakachengeteka. … [T] vaongorori verudzi rwese venyika vanogumisa kuti kunyangwe paine kukuvara kwakanyanya kuhutungamiriri hweAl-Qaida, kutyisidzira kunobva kune veIslam vanopandukira kwakapararira muhuwandu uye nenzvimbo.

Nzira iyo hurumende yeUnited States inotevedzera mitemo yehugandanga iyo inoziva ichaita hugandanga yakatungamirira vazhinji kugumisa kuti kuderedza hugandanga haisi chinhu chinokosha, uye vamwe kugumisa kuti kuunza hugandanga ndicho chaicho chinangwa. Leah Bolger, aimbova purezidhendi weVeterans For Peace, anoti, "hurumende yeUnited States inoziva kuti hondo dzinopesana nekubudirira, kureva, kana chinangwa chako chiri kuderedza nhamba ye 'magandanga.' Asi chinangwa chehondo dzeAmerica hachisi chokugadzirisa rugare, ndezvekuita vavengi vakawanda kuti tigone kuramba tichienderera mberi kwehondo. "

Iye zvino inouya chikamu icho chaicho chinowedzera kuipa mberi. Ikoko kune chinhu chitsva chekuunganidza chikwata: drone kurwisa uye kuurawa kunouraya. Veterans veUnited States vanouraya mauto muIraq neAghanistan vakabvunzurudzwa mubhuku raJeremy Scahill uye mafirimu eWestern Wars vakati chero nguva pavakashanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nehuwandu hwevanhu kuti vauraye, vakapiwa urongwa hukuru; iyo yakanyora yakakura semugumisiro wekushanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nayo. General Stanley McChrystal, ipapo mukuru US uye NATO mauto ari Afghanistan akaudza Rolling Stone muna June 2010 kuti "mumwe mhosva munhu muchauraya, iwe kusika 10 vavengi matsva." The Bureau of rwokutsvakurudza venhau nevamwe akanyatsokopwa nezvayo mazita nemhosva zhinji akaurawa ne drone.

Muna 2013, McChrystal akati pakange paine hukasha hwakanyanya pakurwisa kurwisa kwedrone muPakistan. Sekureva kwepepanhau rePakistan Dawn musi waFebruary 10, 2013, McChrystal, “akayambira kuti kurwisa kwakawandisa kwemadrone muPakistan pasina kuzivisa vanofungidzirwa kuti varwi pachavo kunogona kuva chinhu chakaipa. Gen. McChrystal akati anonzwisisa kuti sei maPakistani, kunyangwe munzvimbo dzisina kukanganiswa nedrones, vakaita zvakaipa kupokana nekuramwa uku. Akabvunza maAmerican kuti vaizoita sei kana nyika yakavakidzana seMexico ikatanga kupfura makomboni emadroni pazvinangwa zveTexas. VaPakistani, akadaro, vakaona madrones sechiratidzo chesimba reAmerica kurwisa nyika yavo uye vakaita saizvozvo. 'Chinondityisidzira pamusoro pekutadza kwedrone ndechekuti vanoonekwa sei pasi rese,' akadaro Gen. McChrystal mubvunzurudzo yapfuura. 'Hasha dzakagadzirwa nekushandisa kweAmerica kurwisa kusati kwarongwa ... kwakakura kwazvo kupfuura muvhareji wemuAmerica. Ivo vanovengwa pamwero wekuona, kunyangwe nevanhu vasati vamboona kana kuona mhedzisiro yeimwe. '”

Kubva kare 2010, Bruce Riedel, uyo akabatanidza kubvunzurudzwa kweAganist mutemo weMutungamiri Obama akati, "Kushushikana kwatakaisa pa [jihadist forces] mugore rapfuura zvakare kwakavaunganidza pamwe chete, zvinoreva kuti musangano wezvibatanidzwa uri kukura akasimba kwete simba. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Vaimbove Director kuti National Intelligence Dennis Blair akati kuti paakanga" drone the mano kurwiswa sei kubatsira kuderedza Qaeda kutungamira Pakistan, ivo vakawedzera kuvenga America "uye kukuvaradzwa" kukwanisa kwedu kushanda pamwe nePakistan [mu] kubvisa nzvimbo dzeTaliban zvinyorwa, kukurudzira maIndia-Pakistani kukurukurirana, uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan zvakachengeteka zvikuru. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)

Michael Boyle, mumwe weboka raObama rinopikisa hugandanga panguva yesarudzo yake muna2008, anoti kushandiswa kwedrones kuri kuita “nzira dzakashata dzisina kuyerwa nematanho ekuwana magandanga. … Kuwedzera kukuru kwenhamba yekufa kwevashandi vekunze kwakasimudzira kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuchirongwa cheUS muPakistan, Yemen nedzimwe nyika. ” (The Guardian, Ndira 7, 2013.) "Tiri kuona iyo blowback. Kana iwe uri kuyedza kuuraya nzira yako kugadziriso, zvisinei nekuti wakanyatsoita sei, unogumbura vanhu kunyangwe vasina kunangwa, ”akatsigira Gen. James E. Cartwright, aimbova mutevedzeri wasachigaro we Vakabatana Vakuru veVashandi. (The New York Times, Kurume 22, 2013.)

Aya maonero haawanzozivikanwi. The deginamajai akadini mukuru Islamabad muna 2005-2006 akafunga drone the mano parinouya, ipapo achiri nguva nenguva, akanga "aita zvishoma kunze huni kuvenga United States mukati Pakistan." (Ona Nzira knife naMark Mazzetti.) The pamusoro US sevhiriyeni mukuru wehurumende muAfghanistan, Matthew Hoh, akazvimiririra mukupikisa uye akataura achiti, "Ndinofunga kuti tiri kuwedzera kukuvadza. Tiri kutambisa yakawanda yakanaka kwazvo zvinhu kutevera midlevel vakomana avo hadzityisidziri United States kana asina vanokwanisa pangozi United States. "Kuti uwane maonero akawanda zvakadai ona Fred Branfman muunganidzwa pa WarIsACrime.org/LessSafe.

Kunzwa Zvisingawanzoitiki
Nechinhu Chinofanira Kunzwa

MunaEpril 2013, sangano reSteate Judiciary subcommittee rakaramba rakataurira drones kuti raive rakambomira. Sezvazvakaitika, panguva yekuderera, guta rekumba reimwe yezvapupu zvakarongwa zvakarohwa ne drone. Farea al-Muslimi, jaya kubva ku Yemen, akarondedzera "kurwisa kwakavhundusa zviuru zvevarimi vashoma, varombo."

Al-Muslimi akati, "Ndashanyira nzvimbo iyo US inoratidzira kuurayiwa kwekurova yakarova zvinangwa zvadzo. Uye ndakashanyira nzvimbo dzekuAmerica dzakashungurudza zvidzidzo zvavo uye pane kuuraya kana kukuvadza vanhu vasina mhosva. Ndakataura nemhuri dzinoshungurudzika uye vagari vomumusha vane hasha. Ndakatarisa Al Qaeda muArabian Peninsula (AQAP) kushandisa mauto eUnited States kuti akurudzire mararamiro ayo uye edza kuunganidza mamwe magandanga. "

Al-Muslimi akatsanangura zvimwe zvezviitiko izvi. Akatsanangurawo kuonga kwake kuUnited States kuburikidza nekudzidzira uye ruzivo semudzidzi wekutsinhanisa uyo wakamubvumira kuti aone zvakawanda zvenyika kupfuura musha wediki weYemeni weWessab. "Pamusoro pevanhu vose veWessab," al-Muslimi akati, "Ndini ndoga munhu ane hukama kune United States. Vakadana uye vakanditumira mameseji usiku ihwohwo nemibvunzo yandisingakwanisi kupindura: Sei United States ichivhundusa nemadrones aya? Sei United States ichiedza kuuraya munhu ane missile apo munhu wese anoziva kwaari uye iye angadai akasungwa nyore nyore? "

Mushure mekuramwa, varimi muWessab vakatya uye vakatsamwa. Vakashatirwa nekuti ivo vanoziva Al-Radmi asi ivo havana kuziva kuti aive chipfuro, saka vangadai vakave pamwe naye panguva yekurova chombo. …
Munguva yakapfuura, vazhinji vevagari veWessab vaiziva zvishoma nezveUnited States. Nyaya dzangu pamusoro pezviitiko zvangu muAmerica, shamwari dzangu dzekuAmerica, uye tsika dzeAmerica dzandakaona ndoga dzakabatsira vagari vemumusha wandakataura kuti vanzwisise America yandinoziva uye yandinoda. Zvino, zvakadaro, pavanofunga nezveAmerica vanofunga zvekutyisa kwavanonzwa kubva kumadrononi anoturika pamusoro pemisoro yavo akagadzirira kupfura zvombo chero nguva. …
Hapana chinhu chevagari vemumusha muWessab chaida chinopfuura chikoro kudzidzisa vana vemuno kana chipatara kubatsira kudzikisa huwandu hwevakadzi nevana vanofa mazuva ese. Dai United States yavaka chikoro kana chipatara, zvingadai zvakachinja ipapo hupenyu hwevamwe vangu vemuraini kuti zvive nani uye chive chishandiso chinobudirira chekupandukira. Uye ini ndinogona zvirokwazvo kukuvimbisa iwe kuti vagari vemumusha vangadai vakaenda kunosunga chinangwa ivo pachavo. …
Ndezvipi zvekare zvainge zvisingakwanisi kuitika mumusha mangu, imwe drone yakaitwa yakaitika munguva pfupi: pane ikozvino kutsamwa kukuru uye kukura kuvenga kweAmerica.

Al-Musmimi akasvika pamagumo mamwechete ayo mumwe anonzwa kubva kuvanhu vasingaverengeki, kusanganisira vakuru vakuru veUnited States, muPakistan ne Yemen:

Kuurayiwa kwevanhu vasina mhaka nemisasa yeUnited Yemen iri kubatsira kuparadza nyika yangu nekuumba nzvimbo inobva kuAQAP. Nguva dzose apo musungwa asina mhosva anenge aurayiwa kana akaremadzwa nechikwata cheAmerica kana chimwe chinourawa, zvinonzwiwa neYemenis munyika yose. Izvi zvinowanzokonzera kuvenga kuUnited States uye kugadzira kudzokera kunokanganisa zvinangwa zvekuchengetedza kwenyika zveUnited States.

Apo Kuurayiwa Kwete Kuurayiwa?

UFarea al-Muslimi uchapupu hwakanga husingaenzaniswi zvakanyanya muimba dzeCongress. Zvimwe zvezvapupu zviri munzeve iyoyo uye zvizhinji zvekunzwa pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvakanga zviri vaporofiti vemutemo vakasarudzwa nekuda kwekuregererwa kwavo kusingagadzirwi kwerongwa hwekuuraya drone. Mumwe purofesa aitarisira kugamuchira drone inouraya muA Afghanistan asi kuvarwisa semutemo zvisina kukodzera muPakistan, Yemen, Somalia, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo "kunze kwenharaunda yehondo," yakarohwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeuchapupu. Apo hurumende yeUnited Nations iri "kuongorora" kusabvumiranwa kwepamutemo kwematambudziko e drone, avo vekupedzesera vatungamiriri venyika vakauya kuzonzwa maonero aya munzeve iyo al-Muslimi akataura yakasvika muhupupuriro wepurofesa murairo Rosa Brooks.

White House yakanga yakaramba kutumira chero zvapupu, sezvo yakanga yakaramba kune dzimwe nhepfenyuro dzakasiyana panyaya imwe chete. Saka Congress yakagadzirwa nemaporofesa emutemo. Asi vaporofiti vemutemo vakapupura kuti, nemhaka yeVhite House pakavanzika, vakanga vasingakwanisi kuziva chinhu. Rosa Brooks akapupura, chaizvoizvo, kuti kudhakwa kunorova kunze kwenzvimbo yakagamuchirwa hondo kunogona kuva "kuponda" (shoko rake) kana kuti inogona kugamuchirwa zvakakwana. Mubvunzo wacho waiva kuti ivo vaiva chikamu chehondo. Dai vakanga vari chikamu chehondo saka ivo vakagamuchirwa zvakakwana. Dai vakanga vasiri chikamu chehondo saka vakange vauraya. Asi White House yakanga ichitaura kuti ine mutezo wepachivande "kutonga" dambudziko re drone, uye Brooks haagoni kuziva kunze kwekuona ma memos kana ma memos akati dambudziko re drone raiva chikamu chehondo kana kwete.

Funga nezveizvi kweminiti. Munzvimbo imwechete, patafura imwe chete, ndeye Farea al-Muslimi, achitya kushanyira amai vake, mwoyo wake uchibuda ropa nekuda kwekutyisa kunotambudzwa mumusha wake. Uye pano kunouya purofesa wezvemitemo kuti atsanangure kuti zvose zvinowirirana zvakakwana nehutsika dzeUnited States chero bedzi Mutungamiri akaisa mazwi akanaka pasi pamutemo wakavanzika kuti haazoratidzi vanhu veUnited States.
Hazvishamisi kuti kuponda ndiyo chete mhosva iyo hondo inopera. Vatendi muhondo yakabudirira vanochengetedza kuti, kunyange muhondo, haugoni kubatidzira kana kubata chibharo kana kutambudzika kana kuba kana kurara pasi pesungo kana kubiridzira pamitero yako. Asi kana iwe uchida kuuraya, izvo zvichave zvakanaka. Vatendi muhondo isina kusimba vanoona izvi zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Kana iwe uchigona kuuraya, ndicho chinhu chakaipisisa chingaita, saka sei munyika-vanobvunza-haungatambudzi zvakare zvishoma here?

Chii chinokonzera kusiyana pakati pekuve muhondo nekusava kurwisana, zvakadai kuti pane imwe nguva chiito chinokudzwa uye mune chimwe chiurayi? Nenzira, hakuna chinhu chinotsigira nezvazvo. Kana mhemberero yakavanzika inogona kutonga doroone inouraya nekutsanangura kuti ichine chikamu chehondo, saka kusiyana hakusi kushandisa kana kuoneka. Hatigoni kuzviona pano mumoyo wehumambo, uye al-Musimimi haagoni kuzviona mumusha wake wakaderedzwa muYemen. Kusiyana kune chimwe chinhu chingave chiri mundima yakavanzika. Kubvumira hondo uye kurarama pamwe chete nesu, ruzhinji rwemamwe mharaunda inofanirwa kubatanidzwa muhupofu hwetsika.

Mhedzisiro yacho haisi yakavanzika. VaMika Zenko veKanzuru Yezvekunze Kwehukama vakanyora munaNdira 2013, “Panoratidzika kuve nekudyidzana kwakasimba muYemen pakati pekuwedzera kwekuuraya vanhu kubva muna Zvita 2009 uye kwakakwidza hasha kuUnited States nekunzwira tsitsi kana kutendeka kuAQAP. … Mumwe aimbove mukuru wemauto aive nechekuita nekuuraya kwakanangwa neU.S. akataura kuti 'kurwisa nedrone inongova chiratidzo chekuzvitutumadza kunozoita America. … Nyika inozivikanwa nekuwanda kwema drones ane zvombo… ingadzikisira zvido zveUS zvakanyanya, sekudzivirira kurwa nezvombo, kusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu, nekusimbisa hutongi hwepasi rose. ' Nekuda kwekubatsira kwedrones pamusoro pemamwe mapuratifomu ezvombo, vatambi nevasiri venyika vangangoshandisa simba rinouraya kuUnited States nemubatanidzwa wayo. ”

Hurumende yedu yakapa iri zano rine njodzi zita uye iri kutsvaga kuriparadzira kure kure. Gregory Johnson akanyora muNew York Times musi waNovember 19, 2012 kuti: “Nhaka yemutemo inogara makore mana apfuura ingangove nzira yekurwisa hugandanga hunonzi nevakuru vekuAmerican 'Yemen modhi,' musanganiswa wedrone drones uye Special Forces kurwisa kwakanangana nevatungamiriri veAl Qaeda. … Uchapupu kubva kuQaeda varwi uye kubvunzurudzwa ini nevatori venhau vemuno vakaita muYemen yose vanopupura hukuru hwevanhu vakaurayiwa mukutsanangura kukura kweAl Qaeda ipapo. United States iri kuuraya vakadzi, vana uye nhengo dzemadzinza akakosha. 'Nguva imwe neimwe yavanouraya munhu wedzinza, vanogadzira varwi vazhinji veAl Qaeda,' mumwe Yemeni akanditsanangurira pamusoro petii muSana, guta guru, mwedzi wapfuura. Mumwe akaudza CNN, mushure mekuramwa kuramwa basa, 'Handingashamiswe kana vanhu zana vemadzinza vabatana neAl Qaeda nekuda kwekukanganisa kwazvino kwedrone.' ”

Ndiani aizotakura kunze
Misungo Yakadaro Inokuvadza Here?

Mhinduro mhinduro ndeyekuti: vanhu vanoteerera zvakare nyore, vimba vatariri vavo zvakanyanya, uye vanonzwa kuora mwoyo zvakanyanya pavanomira uye vachifunga. Musi waJune 6, 2013, NBC News vakabvunzurudza mumwe aimbova nhandare yemutambo ainzi Brandon Bryant uyo akaora mwoyo zvikuru pamusoro pebasa rake mukuuraya pamusoro pevanhu vane 1,600:
Brandon Bryant anoti aive akagara pachigaro paNebada Air Force base yakashanda kamera apo boka rake rakarasa zvombo zviviri kubva kumudhakwa wavo kune varume vatatu vachifamba mumugwagwa pakati pepasi rose muA Afghanistan. Zvombo izvi zvinokonzera zvese zvitatu, uye Bryant anoti aigona kuona zvinoitika pamakombiyuta ake-kusanganisira mifananidzo yakatsvaira yechirungu chinokura cheropa rinopisa.

'Murume uyu akanga ari kutarisana mberi, ari kutadza gumbo rake rorudyi,' akadaro. 'Uye ndinotarisa murume uyu akabuda ropa uye, ndinoreva, ropa riri kupisa.' Sezvo murume akafa akafa muviri wake wakakura, akadaro Bryant, uye chimiro chake chemafuta chakashanduka kusvikira azova mufananidzo wakafanana nevhu.

'Ndinogona kuona pixel duku shoma,' akadaro Bryant, uyo akaonekwa kuti ane chirwere chinotambudza chirwere chinoparadza, 'kana ndichingovhara maziso angu.'

'Vanhu vanoti kudhakwa kwedoro kwakafanana nekurwiswa kwevhu,' anodaro Bryant. 'Zvakanaka, zvombo zvekare hazvioni izvi. Artillery haina kuona migumisiro yezviito zvavo. Iko kunonyanya kushamwaridzana nesu, nokuti tinoona zvose. ' ...

Haasati aziva kana varume vatatu ava muAfghanistan vakanga vari vatongi veTaliban chaivo kana kuti varume chete vane zvombo mune imwe nyika umo vanhu vazhinji vanotakura zvombo. Varume vacho vaiva makiromita mashanu kubva kumauto eAmerica vachikakavadzana apo musasa wekutanga wakavarova. ...

Anoyeukawo nekugutsikana kuti ainge aona mwana achikurumidza kuvhara muhomwe yake pane imwe nhume nguva pfupi vasati varova, pasinei nekuvimbiswa kubva kune vamwe kuti chimiro chaakaona chaiva imbwa chaiye.

Mushure mokunge vatora muzana remamishinari pamusoro pemakore, Bryant akati 'akaremekedzwa hupenyu' ndokutanga kunzwa sevanhu vanogara. ...

MuC2011, sezvo basa raBryant semuchina we drone rakaswedera pedyo, akati mutungamiri wake akamuudza kuti chii chakawana chikwereti. Yakaratidza kuti akanga atora muumishinari akaita kuti pave nekufa kwevanhu 1,626.

'Ndingadai ndakafara kana vasina kumbobvira vandiratidza chikamu chepepa,' akadaro. 'Ndaona mauto eAmerica afa, vanhu vasina mhosva vanofa, uye vapanduki vanofa. Uye hazvina kunaka. Haisi chinhu chandinoda kuva nacho-diploma iyi. '

Iye zvino zvaari kunze kweMweya Force uye kudzokera kumusha muMontana, Bryant akati haadi kufunga nezvevanhu vangani vari murwendo urwo vangangodaro vasina mhosva: 'Zvinorwadza zvikuru.' ...

Paakaudza mukadzi kuti aive achiona kuti akanga ari mutoro we drone, uye akaita kuti pave nekufa kwevanhu vazhinji, iye akamubvisa. 'Akanditarisa sezvandakanga ndiri mhuka,' akadaro. 'Uye aisambodi kundibatazve.'

Tiri kupangadza vamwewo,
Kwete Kuchengetedza

Hondo dzakaputirwa mune zvenhema nemafungiro akadaro (ona bhuku rangu War Is A Lie) kunyanya nokuti avo vanokurudzira vanoda kukumbira kune zvakanaka uye zvakanaka zvinokurudzira. Vanoti hondo ichadziviriridza pane zvinotyisa, sezvombo muIraq, nokuti hondo yakazaruka yechisimba haingagamuchirwi-uye nokuti kutya nekusarura nyika kunoita kuti vanhu vakawanda vafarire kutenda manyepo. Hapana chakaipa nekudzivirira, shure kwezvose. Ndiani angangopesana nekudzivirira?

Kana ivo vanoti hondo ichadzivirira vanhu vasingagoni kubatsira muRibhiya kana kuSiria kana kune imwe nyika kubva pangozi yavanotarisana nayo. Tinofanira kuvhomora kuti vadzivirire. Isu tine "Basa rekudzivirira." Kana mumwe munhu achiita zvekuparadza, zvirokwazvo hatifaniri kumira nekutarisa patinogona kumira.

Asi, sezvatakaona pamusoro apa, hondo dzedu dzinotiisa pangozi pane kutidzivirira. Vanoisawo vamwe pangozi. Vanotora mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa uye vanoita kuti vawedzere. Tinofanira kurega maitiro edzimhosva here? Zvechokwadi, isu tinofanira, kana tikakwanisa. Asi isu hatifaniri kushandisa hondo kuti vanhu vevanhu vanotambura vawedzere kuipa. Muna Svondo 2013, Mutungamiri Obama akakurudzira vanhu vose kutarisa mavhidhiyo evana vanofira muSiria, zvinoreva kuti kana iwe unofarira pamusoro pevana ivavo unofanira kutsigira bhomba reSiria.

Muzvokwadi, vapikisi vazhinji vehondo, kune kunyadziswa kwavo, vakatsigira kuti United States inofanira kufunganya pamusoro pevana vayo uye kurega kutakura mitoro yenyika. Asi kuita zvinhu zvakanyanya kune imwe nyika kuburikidza nokuputira iyo haisi mhaka yevanhu; iyo mhaka. Uye zvaisazovandudzwa nekuwana mamwe marudzi kuti abatsire nayo.

Saka Tinofanira Kuitei?

Zvakanaka, kutanga kwezvose, tinofanira kuumba nyika umo zvinhu zvinotyisa zvakadai zvisingaitike (ona Chikamu IV chebhuku rino). Mhosva dzakadai sokupandukira hazvirevi zvinganzwisisika, asi dzine zvigaro, uye pane kazhinji kazhinji kanyevero.

Chechipiri, nyika dzakadai seUnited States dzinofanira kutora mutemo wakagadziriswa nehutungamiri hwekodzero dzevanhu. Kana Siria ichiita kodzero dzevanhu nekushungurudza uye inopesana nehurumende yeUnited States kana yezvematongerwo enyika, uye kana Bahrain ichiita kodzero dzevanhu kodzero dzekodzero asi inoita kuti US Navy dock zvikepe zvezvikepe muhombe yayo, mhinduro inofanira kunge yakafanana. Ichokwadi, zvikepe zvezvikepe zvinofanira kudzoka kumba zvichibva kune dzimwe nyika mahombekombe, izvo zvingaita kuti kunyange-kugadzirisa zvive nyore. Vadzvinyiriri vakakundwa mumakore achangopfuura nekusava nechisimba muEgypt, Yemen, neTunisia, asi havafaniri kunge vaine, rubatsiro rweU.S. Izvo zvinoenda kumudzvinyiriri akakundwa zvakasimba muLibya uye iyo inotyisidzira muSiria, pamwe chete neyo yakakundwa muIraq. Ava ndivo vanhu vose avo hurumende yeUnited States yaifara kushanda iyo yakaita seyiyo muUnited States. IUnited States inofanira kumira kurwisana, kubhadhara mari, kana kutsigira nenzira ipi neipi hurumende dzinoita utsotsi hwevanhu, kusanganisira hurumende dzeIsrael neEgypt. Uye, zvechokwadi, United States haifaniri kuisa kodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu pachayo.
Chechitatu, vanhu, mapoka, uye hurumende vanofanira kutsigira kusagadzikana kurwisana nekudzvinyirirwa uye kushungurudzwa, kunze kwekuti kushamwaridzana navo kunonyadzisa avo vanotsigirwa kuti vasabatsire. Kukunda kusina simba kune hurumende dzehurumende kunowanzova kwakanyanya uye kunogara kwenguva refu kudarika zvechisimba, uye izvo zvinoitika zviri kuwedzera. (Ndinokurudzira Erica Chenoweth uye Maria J. Stephan's Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict.)

Chechina, hurumende inoenda kundorwa nevanhu vayo kana imwe nyika inofanira kunyadziswa, kupomerwa, kupomerwa, kutongerwa (nenzira inomanikidzira hurumende, kwete kutambura pavanhu vayo), yakakurukura, uye yakasimuka murugare . Kusiyana naizvozvo, hurumende dzisingagadziri kuparadza kana hondo dzinofanira kupiwa mubayiro.

Chechipiri, nyika dzenyika dzinofanirwa kusimbisa mapurisa epasi rose asina hanya nezvinodiwa chero nyika ipi zvayo inobatanidzwa mune zvehondo kana kuiswa kwemauto uye zvombo kune dzimwe nyika kune dzimwe nyika. Mapurisa akadaro anofanira kuva nechinangwa chekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kunzwisiswa kuva nechinangwa ichocho chete. Inodawo kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvepurisa, kwete zvombo zvehondo. Kushungurudza Rwanda hazvizoiti chero ani zvake akanaka. Mapurisa pasi aigona kuva. Kuputika kweKosovo kwakaunza kuwedzera kuurayiwa pasi, kwete kupera kwehondo.

Ichokwadi kuti tinofanira kudzivisa uye kupikisa dambudziko rekuparadza. Asi kuburikidza nehondo kurambidza kuurawa kwakafanana nekuita zvepabonde kumhandara. Hondo uye kuparadza vanhu mapatya. Kusiyana pakati pavo kunowanzoitika kuti hondo dzinoitwa nenyika yedu nekuparara kwevanhu nevamwe. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Peter Kuznick anobvunza mapoka ake kuti vanhu vangani vakaurawa muUnited States muVietnam. Vadzidzi vanowanzofungidzira pasina 50,000. Ipapo anovaudza kuti aimbova Munyori we "Defense" Robert McNamara akanga ari mukirasi yake uye akabvuma kuti yaiva 3.8 mamiriyoni. Icho ndicho chirevo chekuongorora kwe2008 neHarvard Medical School uye Institute for Health Metrics nekuongorora paYunivhesiti yeWashington. Nick Turseâ € ™ s Kuuraya Chinhu Chipi Chinokurudzira chinoratidza kuti nhamba chaiyo yakakwirira.

Kuznick anobva akumbira vadzidzi vake kuti vangani vanhu Hitler vakaurayiwa mumisasa yevasungwa, uye vose vanoziva mhinduro yeva 6 mamiriyoni evaJudha (uye mamwe mamiriyoni anosanganisira vose vakaurayiwa). Anobvunza kuti vangafunga sei kana maGermany akakundikana kuziva nhamba uye kunzwa manzwiro ezvakaitika pamusoro payo. Kusiyana kweGermany kuri kunyatsopokana nekuti vadzidzi veUnited States vanofunga sei - "kana vachifunga zvachose" pamusoro pekuuraya kweUnited States muPhilippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Iraq, kana "muchokwadi" muHondo Yenyika II.

Hondo pamusoro peKutambura?

Kunyange zvazvo kuurayiwa kwemamiriyoni emamiriyoni muGermany kwakanga kwakaipisisa sechinhu chipi nechipi chingafungidzirwa, hondo yakatora 50 kuvanhu vane mamiriyoni e70. Vamwe 3 mamiriyoni eJapan vakafa, kusanganisira mazana ezviuru mumhepo dzakapambwa vasati vasvika mabhomu enyukireya akauraya vamwe 225,000. Germany yakauraya mamwe mauto eSoviet kupfuura akauraya vasungwa. Vakabatana vakaurayiwa maGermany kupfuura Germany. Vanogona kunge vakadaro nokuda kwechinangwa chakakwirira, asi kwete pasina mumwe munhu anouraya kune vamwewo. Vasati vaenda kuhondo, Harry Truman akasimuka muSeneti ndokutaura kuti United States inofanira kubatsira maJermany kana maRussia, chero ani zvake akanga achirasikirwa, kuitira kuti vanhu vazhinji vazofa.

â € œKupa chero chinhu chinotungamiraâ € "chirevo chakaratidzwa, mumashoko akasiyana-siyana, muIraq seVietnam. Asi zvombo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopesana nevashandi, zvakadai semabhomba emasumbu, zvakashandiswa muVietnam zvakananga kukuvara uye kukuvadza zvinotyisa panzvimbo pokuuraya, uye zvimwe zvezvombo izvochete zvinoshandiswa neUnited States. (Ona Turse, peji 77.) Hondo haigoni kugadzirisa chinhu chipi zvacho chakaipisisa kupfuura hondo nokuti hakuna 'chakaipa kudarika hondo.'

Mhinduro yekuti "iwe waizoita sei kana nyika imwe ichirwisa imwe?" Inofanira kunge yakafanana nemhinduro ye "â € œizoita sei kana nyika yakaita kuparadza? Â € Pundits inoratidza kushatirwa kwavo kukuru kune munhu ane utsinye" € œkutakura vanhu vake.â € Kutaura zvazviri, kuuraya mumwe munhu wevamwe vanhu kwakaipa zvakare. Icho chinhu chakaipa apo NATO inozviita.

Tinofanira kuenda kuhondo here kana kugara? Icho hachisi ivo chete sarudzo. Chii chandingaita, ini ndakabvunzwa kanopfuura kamwe, pane kuuraya vanhu vane drones? Ini ndakapindura nguva dzose: 'Ndakarega kuuraya vanhu vane drones. Ndakatarisawo vanhu vanopomerwa mhosva semhosva dzinopomerwa uye vanoita kuti vaone kuti vanopomerwa mhosva dzavo.

The Case of Libya

Ndinofunga zvishoma nezvezvinyorwa pamusoro pezvimwe zviitiko zvakananga, Libya neSiria, zvinoruramiswa pano nemafambiro anotyisa evanhu vakawanda vanoti vanopesana nehondo kuti vaite zvisiri izvo zvehondo, kusanganisira iyi-imwe hondo yemazuva ano, imwe akatyisidzira hondo panguva yekunyora uku. Chokutanga, Libya.

Nhaurirano yemubatsiri yeHNUMX NATO kuputika kweBibhiya ndeyokuti yakadzivisa kuurayiwa kana yakagadzirisa nyika kuburikidza nokuputsa hurumende yakaipa. Zvizhinji zvezvombo zvacho kumativi ose ehondo yakaitwa US. IHitler yenguva iyo yakanga iine ruvimbo rweUnited-off-and-on munguva yakapfuura. Asi kutora nguva kuti chii chaive, pasinei nokuti chii chingave chakaitwa zviri nani munguva yakapfuura kuti irege kuzviita, nyaya yacho haisati yakasimba.

Vakuru veGreen House vakataura kuti Gaddafi yakatyisidzira kuuraya vanhu veBanghazi ne "kwete ngoni," asi New York Times yakashuma kuti dambudziko reGaddafi raitungamirirwa kune varwi vevapanduki, kwete vanhu, uye kuti Gaddafi akavimbisa kunyunyuta kune avo â € œivo vanokanda zvombo zvavo kure. "Gaddafi akapawo mvumo yekubvumira varwi vevapanduki kutizira kuEgipita kana vakasarudza kurwisana nekufa. Asi Mutungamiri Obama vakanyevera nezvekuparadzwa kwehutongerwo enyika.

Mushumo wepamusoro wezvakataurwa neGaddafi zvakapindirana nemafambiro ake akare. Paiva nemamwe mikana yekuuraya kwaaida kuda kuuraya, ku Zawiya, Misurata, kana Ajdabiya. Haana kuita saizvozvo. Mushure mokurwisana kukuru muMisurata, mushumo weHuman Rights Watch wakajekesa kuti Gaddafi akanga atarisana nevarwi, kwete vagari venyika. Kubva 400,000 vanhu muMisurata, 257 yakafa mwedzi miviri yekurwa. Kunze kwe949 kwakakuvara, pasi pe3 yezana vaiva vakadzi.

Zvichida kuti kuparadza kwakakundwa nekuda kwevapanduki, ivo vapanduki vakadaro vakanyevera Western media nezvekuuya kwekuparadzwa kwevanhu, vapanduki vakadaro avo veNew York Times vakati "havana kutendeka kuchokwadi mukuumba kwavo propaganda" uye "ivo vaiti" zvakanyanya kufungidzira zvinoreva maitiro [eGaddafi] asina utsinye. "Mugumisiro weNATO kupinda muchirwere kwaizenge uchiuraya, kwete zvishoma. Zvechokwadi yakawedzera hondo yakaita sokuti inopera nokukurumidza nekukunda kwaGaddafi.

Alan Kuperman akarondedzera muBoston Globe kuti "Obama yakagamuchira mutemo unokosha wekudzivirira" â € "izvo vamwe vakakurumidza kutumidza Obama Dzidziso-" kukumbira kupindira kana zvichibvira kudzivirira kuparadza. Libya inoratidzira kuti nzira iyi, yakagadziriswa sei, inogona kudzokera shure nekukurudzira vapanduki kuti vatsamwisa uye vanyanyisa utsinye, kuti vanyengedze kupindira izvo pakupedzisira zvinopfuurira hondo yevagari vemo uye kutambura kwevanhu.â €

Asi zvakadini nokuparadzwa kweGaddafi? Izvozvo zvakanga zvaitika kana kuti kwete kuurayiwa kwakadziviswa. Ichokwadi. Uye yakakurumidza kuti utaure kuti zvizere zvizere zvakadini. Asi isu tinoziva izvi: simba rakapiwa kune pfungwa yokuti inogamuchirwa kuti boka rehurumende rinokuvadza mumwe. Chisimba chinoparadza chinowanzosiyira kusagadzikana uye kutsamwa. Chisimba chakadururirwa kuMali nemamwe marudzi munharaunda. Mapanduki asina hanya nehurumende yehurumende kana kodzero dzevanhu vakange vakashonga uye vakapiwa simba, pamwe nemigumisiro inogona kuitika kuSiriya, kumusangano weUnited States akaurayiwa muBanghazi, uye munguva inotevera blowback. Uye chidzidzo chakadzidziswa kune mamwe madzishe emarudzi: kana iwe wakasununguka (seRibhiya, seIraq, wakasiya mapurogiramu epenyu enyukireya uye makemikari) iwe unogona kurwiswa.

Mune mamwe maitiro anonyadzisa, hondo yakarwa mukupesana nekuda kweSouth Congress uye United Nations. Kudzvinyirira hurumende kunogona kuve yakakurumbira, asi hazviiti 'kutamba zviri pamutemo. Saka, zvimwe zvikonzero zvaifanira kushandiswa. Dhipatimendi reAmerica reUnited States rakatumira Congress kuti izvidzivirire zvakanyorwa zvichinzi hondo yakashanda kuUnited States kufarira kugadzikana kwenharaunda uye mukuchengetedza kuvimbika kweUnited Nations. Asi maRibya neUnited States munharaunda imwe chete here? Ndeupi nzvimbo iyo, nyika? Uye isâ € ™ tavandudza chinopesana nekugadzikana?

Kutendeseka kweUnited Nations ndechokushushikana kwakasiyana, kunobva kuhurumende yakapinda muIraq mu 2003 pasinei nekupikiswa kweUnited Nations uye nechinangwa chaicho (pakati pevamwe) kuratidza UN irrelevant. Ihurumende imwe chete, mushure memavhiki mashoma ekupa nyaya iyi kuCongress, yakaramba kubvumira mupepeti mukuru weUnited States kuti ashanyire musungwa weUnited States ainzi Bradley Manning (anonzi Chelsea Manning) kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti akanga asingatambudzi. Ihurumende imwechete yakapa kodzero yeCIA kuti iparadze hurumende yeUnited Nations muLibhiya, yakatyora kubvumirwa kweUn "kubasa rezvekune dzimwe nyika chero ipi zvayo" muRibhiya, uye yakaramba pasina kunonoka kubva kuzviito muBanghazi zvakagadzwa neUn kune zviito munyika yose inotarisirwa ne "mutemo kuchinja"

Mukurumbira â € œkufambisaâ € â € Ã US redio anopinda Ed Schultz akambotaura, ane ruvengo ruvengo mumashoko ese aakataura pamusoro penyaya, kuti kuputika kweRibhiya kwakaruramiswa nekudikanwa kwekutsiva kune Satani pasi pano, chikara ichocho chinomuka pakarepo kubva muguva raAdolph Hitler, iyo nyamato kunze kwezvose zvinorondedzerwa: Muammar Gaddafi.
Muongorori mukuru weUnited States Juan Cole akatsigira hondo imwe chete sechiito chekupa vanhu. Vanhu vazhinji vari munyika dzeNATO vanokurudzirwa nekutarisira kwevanhu; Ndicho chikonzero nei hondo dzinotengeswa sezviito zvekupa tsitsi. Asi hurumende yeUnited States haiwanzopindira mune mamwe marudzi kuitira kuti ibatsire vanhu. Uye kuti ive yakarurama, United States haikwanisi kupindira chero kupi zvako, nokuti inopindira kwose kwose; izvo zvatinonzi kupindira zviri nani zvinonzi zvechisimba kuchinja mativi.

IUnited States yakanga iri mune bhizinesi yekupa zvombo kuna Gaddafi kusvikira panguva yaipinda mubhizimisi yekupa zvombo kune vadzivisi vake. Mu2009, Britain, France nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope dzakatengesa Libya kune $ 470m-inokosha yezvombo. IUnited States haigone kupindira muYemen kana kuBairrain kana kuSaudi Arabia kupfuura kuRibhiya. Hurumende yeUnited States inodzivirira hurumende idzi. Kutaura zvazviri, kuti akunde kutsigirwa kweSaudi Arabia nokuda kwokuti "kuitika" muLibhiya, US inobvumirana neSaudi Arabia kutumira mauto kuBairrain kurwisa vanhu, chinangwa icho Munyori wehurumende yeUnited States Hillary Clinton akadzivirira pachena.

"Kusvibiswa kwevanhu" muRibhiya, panguva iyoyo, chero vanhu vangave vanga vatanga kuburikidza nekudzivirira, vakabva vauraya vamwe vanhu vemauto nemabhomba avo uye vakabva vatendeuka kubva pakudzivirira kwavo kururamisa kurwisa mauto akadzoka uye kupinda muhondo yehurumende.

Washington yakatora mutungamiri wekupandukira kwevanhu muLibya uyo akanga apedza makore ekutanga e20 aigara asina zivo yekuziva mari yekuwana mari makiromita mashoma kubva muzinda weCIAâ muVirginia. Mumwe murume anogara kunyange pedyo neCIA-guru: aichimbova mutungamiriri weUnited States Dick Cheney. Akaratidza kunetseka kukuru muhurukuro mu1999 kuti hurumende dzenyika dzakanga dzichitonga mafuta. â € œZvose zvinoramba zvichiri zvebhizimisi rehurumende, â € "akadaro. "Kana nzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika dzichipa mikana yakawanda yemafuta, kuMiddle East, nechetatu chetatu emafuta epasi uye mari yakaderera, ichiripo apo mubayiro wacho unopera." - Aimbova mutungamiriri mukuru wehurumende yeEurope yeNATO, kubva ku1997 kusvika ku2000, Wesley Clark anotaura kuti mu 2001, mukuru wePentagon akamuratidza chikamu chepepa ndokuti:

Ndangowana mheyo iyi nhasi kana zuro kubva kuhofisi yemunyori wezvidziviriro kumusoro. Itâ € ™ s, itâ € ™ chirongwa chemakore mashanu. Isu tinotora pasi nyika nomwe mumakore mashanu. Tichazotanga neIraq, ipapo Siria, Lebanon, neRibhiya, Somalia, Sudan, isu tiri kudzoka uye kutora Iran mumakore mashanu.

Izvo zvinotarisana zvakakwana nezvirongwa zveWashington insiders, zvakadai seavo vanonyatsotsanangura zvinangwa zvavo mumishumo yeTancial tank yainzi Project for the New American Century. Hondo yakasimba yeIraqi neAfghan haina kukwanisa muurongwa zvachose. Uyewo hazvina kukonzera kusagadzikana muTunisia neEgypt. Asi kubata Libya kwave kuchiita pfungwa yakakwana mumusangano wenyika neoconservative. Uye zvakanzwisisika mukutsanangura mitambo yehondo inoshandiswa neBritain neFrance kuti ifananidze kupinda kwenyika yakafanana.

Hurumende yeRibhiya yakarongedza huwandu hwemafuta ayo kupfuura imwe nyika ipi zvayo pasi pano, uye yakanga iri rudzi rwemafuta inowanikwa neEurope zviri nyore kuchenesa. Libya yakarongedzawo mari yayo, inotungamirira munyori wemuAmerica Ellen Brown kuti aratidze chokwadi chinonakidza pamusoro pemarudzi manomwe aya anonzi Clark:

â € œNyika idzi dzinomwe dzakabatana zvakadini? Muchirevo chebhengi, iyo inonamatira ndeyekuti hapana mumwe wavo anonyorwa pakati pebhandi reC56 yeBanki yeInternet Settlements (BIS). Izvi zviri pachena kuti dzinovaisa kunze kwekureba kwekutonga kwebhanki rekambani yebhangi muSwitzerland. Nzira dzakawanda dzejenya dzinogona kuve kuRibya neIraq, avo vaviri vakanyatsorwiswa. Kenneth Schortgen Jr., kunyora paEexaminer.com, akataura kuti "[s] ix mwedzi US isati yaenda kuIraq kuti inotora Saddam Hussein, rudzi rwemafuta rwakanga rwuri kubvuma kugamuchira ma euro pane mari yemafuta, uye izvi zvakashungurudza kutonga kwenyika yose ye dollar sekuchengetedza mari, uye simba rayo se petrodollar. "Maererano nechinyorwa cheRussia chinonzi" Kubvongodza kweRibya â € "Kuranga kwaGaddafi nokuda Kwokuedza Kwake Kuputsa US Dollarâ € ™, Gaddafi akaita shanho yakafanana yakasimba: akatanga hurumende yekuramba dhora uye euro, uye akadana nyika dzeArabhu neAfrica kushandisa mari itsva panzvimbo iyo, dinari yegoridhe.

â € œGaddafi akarayira kusimbisa nyika yakabatana yeAfrica, nevane 200 mamiriyoni vanoshandisa mari imwe chete. Mugore rapfuura, pfungwa yacho yakabvumirwa nenyika dzakawanda dzeArabhu uye nyika dzakawanda dzeAfrica. Vose vaipikisa vaiva Republic of South Africa uye mutungamiriri weLigan of Arab States. Icho chiito chakanga chaonekwa sechisina kunaka neU.S. neEuropean Union, pamwe neMutungamiri weFrance Nicolas Sarkozy achitaura neLibya achityisidzira kusachengetedza kwemari kwevanhu; asi Gaddafi haana kupomerwa uye akaenderera mberi nechisimba chake pakusikwa kweAfrica yakabatana.â €

The Case of Syria

Siria, seLibya, yakanga iri pane zvakanyorwa naClark, uye pane imwechete yakafanirwa kuna Dick Cheney naimbova mutungamiriri weBrithani Tony Blair mumashoko ake. Vakuru vakuru veUnited States, kusanganisira Sénator John McCain, vave nemakore akawanda vakaratidza pachena chido chokuparadza hurumende yeSiria nokuti inobatana nehurumende yeIran iyo iyo inofanirwa kuti inofanirawo kuparadzwa. Iran ye 2013 sarudzo yakanga isingaoneki kuchinja izvo zvakakosha.

Sezvandakanga ndichinyora izvi, hurumende yeUnited States yakanga ichikurudzira hondo yeUnited States muSiria pamusana pokuti hurumende yeSyria yakashandisa zvombo zvemakemikari. Hapana uchapupu hwakasimba hwekureva uku hwakanga huripo. Pasi pane 12 zvikonzero nei ichi chikonzero chekupedzisira zvehondo chisina kunaka kunyange kana chiri chokwadi.

1. Hondo haigamuchirwi nemutemo nemhosva yakadaro. Haikwanisi kuwanikwa muKellogg-Briand Pact, United Nations Charter, kana muSouth Constitution. Inogona, zvakadaro, inowanika muUnited States kuparadzira kwemazana eW2002 mazambiringa. (Ndiani anoti hurumende yedu haina kukurudzira kudzokororazve?)

2. IUnited States pachayo inotora uye inoshandisa makemikari nezvimwe zvombo zvinoshorwa pasi rose, kusanganisira phosphorus yakachena, napalm, mabhokisi emasumbu, uye uranium yakapera. Kunyangwe iwe uchirumbidza zviito izvi, usazvifunga pamusoro pavo, kana kuti ubatane neni mukuvatonga, haisi mvumo yepamutemo kana yepamutemo yekuti nyika ipi zvayo yekune dzimwe nyika iite bhomba redu, kana kuti bhomba imwe nyika iyo mauto eUnited States ari kushanda. Kuuraya vanhu kuti vadzivise kuurayiwa kwavo nemhando dzakashata dzezvombo ndeye mutemo unofanirwa kubva kune humwe hutwere hwehumwe. Dana iyo Pre-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

3. Hondo yakawedzerwa muSyria inogona kuve yedunhu kana yepasirese nemhedzisiro isingadzoreki. Siria, Rebhanoni, Iran, Rashiya, China, nyika dzakabatana, iyo Gulf inoti, iyo NATO inoti… izvi zvinoita senge mhirizhonga yatinoda? Zvinoita kunge kunetsana chero munhu achapona? Sei munyika kuisa njodzi chinhu chakadai?

4. Kungogadzira "hapana mhirizhonga" kunosanganisira kuputira mabhomba munzvimbo dzisingaverengeki nekuuraya vanhu vakawanda. Izvi zvakaitika muLibhiya uye takatarisa kure. Asi zvaizoitika pamwero mukuru muSiria, dzakapiwa nzvimbo dzemasimiti kuti dziputike. Kuumba "hapana nharaunda" haisi nyaya yekuita chiziviso, asi yekuderedza mabhomba pane anti-aircraft weaponry.

5. Nhengo mbiri muSiriya dzakashandisa zvombo zvinotyisa uye vakaita utsinye hwakaipa. Zvechokwadi kunyange avo vanofungidzira vanhu vanofanira kuurawa kuti vadzivirire kuurayiwa nezvombo zvakasiyana vanogona kuona kushaya simba kwekusimudzira mativi ose maviri kuti vadzivirirane. Sei zvisingaiti, saizvozvo, sekusvibisa kwemaoko rumwe rutivi mumakakatanwa anosanganisira kushungurudzwa kwakafanana nezvose?

6. Ne United States kune rumwe rutivi rwekupikisa muSiria, United States ichapomerwa mhosva yekupikisa kwemhosva. Vanhu vazhinji muWestern Asia vanovenga Al Qaeda uye mamwe magandanga. Vachauyawo kuvenga United States nedrones yayo, zvombo, zvigaro, kuparadza usiku, nhema, uye unyengeri. Fungidzira zviyero zve ruvengo zvichange zvichisvika kana al Qaeda neUnited States vachikwikwidza kukanganisa hurumende yeSiria uye kugadzira Iraq-yakafanana negehena panzvimbo yayo.

7. Kupandukira kusingadi kuiswa musimba kunze kwekumanikidza hakuwanzoguma nehurumende yakagadzikana. Izvozvi hazvirevi pane zvakanyorwa nenyaya yehondo yeUnited States inobatsira zviri pachena kubatsirwa kwevanhu kana kwekuvaka nyika kusimbisa chaizvoizvo kuvaka imwe nyika. Sei Siria, iyo inotarisa kunyange zvishoma kudarika zvinowanzoita zvinangwa, ichingosiyana nemitemo?

8. Izvi zvinopikisa hazvifariri mukugadzira demokarasi, kana-kune iyo nyaya-mukutora mirayiridzo kubva kuhurumende yeUnited States. Pane zvinopesana, blowback kubva kune vanobatana inogona kunge yakadaro. Sezvatinofanira kunge takadzidza chidzidzo chenhema pamusoro pezvombo ikozvino, hurumende yedu inofanira kunge yakadzidza chidzidzo chekudzivirira muvengi we muvengi kwenguva isati yasvika.

9. Muenzaniso weimwe chiito chekusateerera mutemo neUnited States, ingave yekudzivirira mapurisa kana kuita zvakananga, inogadza muenzaniso unotyisa kunyika uye kune avo vari muWashington uye muIsrael avo vanowirirwa neIranisi pakurongwa.

10. Ruzhinji rune simba rwemaAmerica, pasinei nezvose zvinoitwa nevhidhiyo kusvika ikozvino, rinopesana nekutonga mavapanduki kana kuita zvakananga. Panzvimbo pezvo, pane zvakawanda zvinotsigirwa kupa rubatsiro rwekubatsira. Uye vazhinji (vakawanda?) VaSiria, pasinei nesimba rekutsoropodza kwavo hurumende yezvino, vanopesana nekupindira kune dzimwe nyika uye zvechisimba. Vakawanda vevapanduki vacho, chaizvoizvo, vatorwa vokunze. Tingaita zviri nani kuparadzira demokarasi nemuenzaniso pane bhomba.

11. Kune humwe hurumende dzisingabatsiri p-demokarasi muBahrain neTurkey uye kune imwe nzvimbo, uye muSiria pachayo, uye hurumende yedu haina kusimudza munwe mukusigira.

12. Kutanga kuti hurumende yeSiriya yaita zvinhu zvinotyisa kana kuti vanhu veSiria vari kutambura, havatongi nyaya yekuita zvingangoita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuipa. Kune dambudziko guru revapoteri vanotizira Siria mumazhinji, asi kune vakawanda kana kupfuura vapoteri veIraq vachiri kukwanisa kudzokera kumisha yavo. Kubuda kune imwe Hitler kunogona kugutsa chimwe chido, asi hazvizobatsiri vanhu veSiria. Vanhu veSiria vanokosha chaizvo sevanhu veUnited States. Hapana chikonzero chokuti vaAmerica havafaniri kuisa upenyu hwavo pangozi kuVaSiria. Asi veAmerica vachidzivirira vaSiria kana kuputira vaSiria mune chimwe chiito chinogona kupedza dambudziko racho hakuna munhu angave akanaka zvachose. Tinofanira kukurudzira kuwedzera-kukura nekukurukurirana, kusagadzikana kwemaviri ose, kubuda kwevatorwa vekune dzimwe nyika, kudzoka kwevapoteri, kupa rubatsiro rwemubatsiro, kupomerwa kwemhosva dzehondo, kuyananisa pakati pemapoka, uye kusarudzwa kwemasarudzo akasununguka.

Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire akashanyira Siria ndokukurukura mamiriro ezvinhu ipapo pawairesi yangu. Akanyora mu Guardian kuti, "kunyangwe paine kufamba kuri pamutemo uye kwakanonoka kutora rugare uye kusagadzirisa mhirizhonga muSyria, zviito zvakaipisisa zvechisimba zviri kuitwa nemapoka ekunze. Mapoka ane hukasha kubva kutenderera pasirese akasangana muSyria, vachida kushandura iyi mhirizhonga kuita yerumwe ruvengo. … Varindi verunyararo vekunze kwenyika, pamwe nenyanzvi nevanhuwo zvavo mukati meSyria, vanobvumirana mukufunga kwavo kuti kuita kweUnited States kungangowedzera mhirizhonga iyi. ”

Iwe Unogona • Shandisa Hondo Kupedza Hondo

Mune 1928, marudzi makuru enyika akasaina Kellogg-Briand Pact, inozivikanwawo sePamende Pact kana Pact yeParis, iyo yakaramba hondo uye yakapa marudzi kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenyika dzakawanda nenzira ine rugare chete. VaAbolitionist vaitarisira kutanga sangano rekudzivirira nyika, kubvumirana, uye kupomerwa, uye kuona hondo dzichidzivirirwa kuburikidza nehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika, zvinorehwa nezvisungo, nezvimwe zvinetso zvisingarevi. Vazhinji vaidavira kuti zvirevo zvekusimbisa kubviswa kwehondo kuburikidza nokushandiswa kwekuita hondo zvaizova kukunda. Muna 1931, Senator William Borah akati:

Zvakawanda zvataurwa, uye zvicharamba zvichitaurwa, nekuti dzidziso yekumanikidza inofa zvakanyanya, nezve kuita chibvumirano cherunyararo. Zvinonzi tinofanira kuisa mazino mariri-izwi rakaringana rinoburitsa zvakare iyo dzidziso yerunyararo iyo yakavakirwa pakubvarura, kuremadza, kuparadza, kuuraya. Vazhinji vandibvunza: Zvinorevei kuita chibvumirano cherunyararo? Ini ndichatsvaga kuzvijekesa. Izvo zvavanoreva kushandura chibvumirano cherunyararo muchibvumirano chemauto. Ivo vaizoishandura kuita imwe chirongwa cherunyararo chakavakirwa pakumanikidza, uye kumanikidza iri rimwe zita rehondo. Nekuisa mazino mairi, vanoreva chibvumirano chekushandisa mauto nemauto epamhepo chero kupi pfungwa yakaorera yemumwe munhu anoda chinzvimbo angakwanisa kuwana anorwisa… handina mutauro wekutaura kutya kwangu kwechikumbiro ichi chekuvaka zvibvumirano zverunyararo, kana zvirongwa zverunyararo dzidziso yesimba.

Nokuti Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga kuitika, humwe huchenjeri huri kuti Borah akanga asina kururama, kuti chibvumirano chaida meno. Nokudaro UN Charter inosanganisira zvirongwa zvekushandisa kwehondo kurwisa hondo. Asi mumakumi maviri nemakumi matatu eU.S. uye dzimwe hurumende vakanga vasina kungosayina chibvumirano chorugare. Vakanga vari kutengesa zvimwe uye zvombo zvisiri izvo, vasingakwanisi kukudziridza nzira yakakwana yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda, nekukurudzira mamiriro ezvinhu akaipa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seGermany, Italy, uye Japan. Kutevera hondo, kushandiswa kwechibvumirano, vanokunda vanopomera avo vanorasikirwa nekuda kwekuita kwehondo. Ichi chaiva chekutanga munhoroondo yepasi. Kutongwa nokushayikwa kweHondo Yenyika III (uye pamwe inokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinokonzera, kusanganisira kuvapo kwezvombo zvenyukireya) kutanga kutsoropodzwa kwakabudirira zvinoshamisa.

Kutongwa nehafu yezana remakore remakore reUnited Nations neNATO, zvirongwa zvekupedzisa hondo kuburikidza nekumanikidza zvinoramba zvakashata. Sangano reUnited Nations rinobvumira hondo dzinogona kudzivirirwa kana UN inobvumirwa, saka US inotsanangura kurwisa nyika dzisina kusimbisa dzimba dzakapoteredza pasi pose pasi sekudzivirirwa uye UN-yakagamuchirwa kana kwete iyo yakanyatsove yakadaro. Chibvumirano chenyika yeNATO yekuuya kune mumwe nemumwe rubatsiro rwakave shandurwa kuva pamwe chete kurwisana kune nyika dziri kure. Izvo zvishandiso zvekumanikidza, saBoreh kunzwisisa, zvichashandiswa maererano nezvido zvemunhu wese ane simba guru.
Ichokwadi kuti vazhinji vanobatanidzwa vachataura zvakanaka kuti vanokurudzirwa nevanodzvinyirira hurumende yavo inodonha kutsigira kwayo uye inotanga kupikisa, uye sezvavanoda kuziva kana isu tichifanira kuita chimwe chinhu kana kusava nechinhu mukutarisana nevasina mhosva- sekuti kana chete Zvisarudzo hondo uye kugara pamaoko edu. Mhinduro yacho, yezvokwadi, ndeyekuti tinofanira kuita zvakawanda sezviitiko. Asi chimwe chazvo hachisi hondo.

Mhando Isina Mhosva YeHondo Kupikiswa

Kune nzira dzekupikisana nehondo isingasviki, nokuti iyo yakabva kune nhema, inogumira kuburikidza nehupenyu hwavo kurwisana chete nedzimwe hondo, uye hazviiti kuti uwane huwandu hunokwana hwekuda uye kushingaira. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange kamwe chete patinopindira kupikisana nehondo chete nevasiri veMadokero. Kune dzimwe nzira dzokuti zvidzivirire hondo dzeUnited States dzisina kuve iyo inofanira kuendesa chikonzero chekugumisa.

Vazhinji veAmerica, mune mamiriyoni emakore ekupedzisira, vanofunga kuti hondo ye2003-2011 kuIraq inokuvadza United States asi yakabetsera Iraq. Vakawanda veAmerica vanotenda, kwete chete kuti Iraqis inofanira kuonga, asi iyo Iraqi inofadza zvechokwadi. Vazhinji veAmerica vaifarira kupedzisa hondo kwemakore pazvairamba zvichiita, vachida kugumisa chiito chekupa tsitsi. Sezvo achinzwa kunyanya nezvemauto eUnited States nemabhadharo eUnited States kubva kumasangano eUnited States, uye kunyange kubva kumakwikwi eUnited States, vanhu ava vakanga vasingazivi kuti hurumende yavo yakanga yaita kuIraq chimwe chezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya zvakambotambudzwa nemarudzi ose.

Iye zvino, ini handidi kuramba munhu wese wekupikisa kwehondo, uye ini handidi kuitora. Asi ini handifaniri kuita izvi kuitira kuti ndiedze kuwedzera. Hondo yeIraak yakakuvadza United States. Izvo zvakadhura United States. Asi yakarwadzisa Iraqi zvakakura zvikuru. Izvi hazvibatsiri nokuti isu tinofanira kunge tinonzwa yakakodzera yekutadza kana kuderera, asi nokuti hondo dzinopesana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvishoma zvinokonzera kushorwa kwehondo yakapikiswa. Kana hondo yeIraq inodhura zvakanyanya, zvichida hondo yeLibya yakanga yakatengesa mari. Kana vakawanda varwi vekuUnited States vakafa muIraq, zvichida inodha mhirizhonga kugadzirisa dambudziko racho. Kupikiswa kwezvinokonzerwa nehondo kumunhu ane utsinye kunogona kuva nesimba, asi zvinogona here kuvakira sangano sekunopesana nezvinodiwa pamwe chete nekurwisana kwakarurama nekuponda kwevanhu vakawanda?

Mutungamiri wehurumende, Walter Jones, akakurudzira kupararira kwe2003 yeIraq, uye apo France yakarwisana nayo, yakasimbisa kuitumidzazve fries yeFrance, rusununguko rwekusununguka. Asi kutambura kwemauto eUnited States kwakashandura pfungwa dzake. Vakawanda vaibva kumaruwa ake. Akaona zvavakapfuura, izvo mhuri dzavo dzaipfuura. Zvaive zvakakwana. Asi haana kusvika pakuziva Iraqi. Haana kuita chimwe chinhu kwavari.

Apo Mutungamiri Obama akatanga kutaura pamusoro pehondo muSiria, Congressman Jones akaunza sarudzo inonyanya kugadzirisa Bumbiro reMitemo uye yeHurumende Powers Act, nekukumbira kuti Congress ipe mvumo kusati yatanga hondo chero ipi zvayo. Sarudzo yacho yakawana pfungwa dzakawanda zvakanaka (kana kuti pedyo nayo):

Kunyange zvazvo vateereri veMitemo-soro vakapa zvisarudzo zvokutanga hondo inoparadza kwete mukuzvidzivirira chete kuCongress munyaya I, chikamu 8, chirevo 11;
Kunyange zvazvo vateereri veMitemo-soro vakaziva kuti Gweta reMitemo raizogadzirisa kuunza ngozi uye kunyengera Congress neUnited States vanhu kururamisa hondo dzisingabhadharwi kuti dzigadzirise simba guru;

Izvo zvisingaperi zvehondo zvisingatenderwi norusununguko, kupatsanurwa kwemasimba, uye kutonga kwemutemo;

Kunyange zvazvo kupinda kweUnited States Mauto Ehondo kuhondo inoramba iri muSiria kuparadza Mutungamiri Bashar al-Assad vaizoita kuti United States ive isina kuchengeteka nekumutsa vavengi vatsva;

Kunyange zvazvo hondo dzebatsiri dziri kupesana mumashoko uye zvinounza zvinotungamirira kumakwikwi ehurumende uye mhirizhonga, sekuSomalia neLibhiya;

Izvo kana kana kukunda, hurumende yeHyria inotungamirirwa neHyrra inoparadza huwandu hwechiKristu kana zvimwe zviduku zvakadai zvakave zvichipupurirwa muIraq nehurumende inotungamirirwa neShiite; and

Kunyange zvazvo United States inobatsira mauto kuVaSiria vapanduki vekukuvadza kunokonzera kusinganzwisisiki kubva kubatsiro remasoja rakapiwa kune rakaparadered Afghan mujahideen muA Afghanistan kunopikisa Soviet Union uye yakaguma mune zvinyorwa zve 9 / 11.

Asi zvinotevera zvinokonzera rusununguko rwemhirizhonga zvakashatisa kugadzirisa uye zvakatamba mumaoko evanhu â € œhutungamiri hwevanhu • varwi:

Nekuda kwekupedzisira kweSiria haina hanya nekuchengeteka nekugara zvakanaka kweUnited States uye vagari varo uye hazvikwanise kuisa upenyu hwemumwe mumiriri weHondo dzeUnited States.

Mugumo wenyika yose yevamwe vanhu vane mamiriyoni e20 hauna kukodzera munhu mumwe chete, kana mamiriyoni e20 ari vaSiria uye 1 inobva kuUnited States? Nei izvi zvaizove? Zvechokwadi, kuguma kweSiria kunobatsira kune dzimwe nyika- "ona ndima iri kumusoro pamusoro pekurova. Jonesâ € ™ kusadzinza kwemamiriro asingadikanwi kuchaita kuti vakawanda varege kuziva. Anotamba ari muchirevo chokuti hondo yeAramu yaizobatsira vaSiria asi inodhura United States. Anokurudzira pfungwa yokuti hakuna munhu anofanira kuisa upenyu hwavo pangozi kune vamwe, kunze kwekuti vamwe avo vabva kune rimwe duku rudzi. Nyika yedu yakakunda • inopona mamiriro ezvinhu anouya ezvakatipoteredza nemafungiro iwayo. Jones anoziva kuti Syria inotambura- "ona ndima dziri pamusoro. Anofanira kutaura kudaro. Ichokwadi chokuti hondo dzedu hadzina mhedziso, kuti dzinokuvadza isu tose uye vanofunga kuti vanobatsirwa, kuti vanoita kuti tisanyanya kuchengeteka patinouraya vanhu, ndiyo yakasimba. Uye iyo ndiyo mhaka yekupedza hondo dzose, kwete zvimwe zvayo.

Zvinodhura zveHondo

Iko mari yehondo yakawanda kune rumwe rutivi. Kufa kweUnited States muIraq kwakave nehuwandu hwe0.3 yezana yevakafa muhondo iyoyo (Ona WarIsACrime.org/Iraq). Asi zvinodhura kumusha zvakare zvakanyanya zvakanyanya kudarika zvinowanzozivikanwa. Isu tinonzwa pamusoro pekufa kunopfuura kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya. Tinonzwa nezvekukuvadzwa kunooneka kupfuura huwandu hwekukuvara zvisingaoneki: uropi hwehupfungwa uye kurwadziwa kwepfungwa nekurwadziwa. Isu hatina kunzwa zvakakwana pamusoro pekuzviuraya, kana kuitika kumhuri neshamwari.

Mutengo wezvemari wehondo unoratidzwa sekuru, uye ndizvo. Asi zvinoderedzwa nekushandisa zvisina kujairika muhondo kugadzirira zvehondo - kushandisa izvo, sekureva kweNational Priorities Project, pamwe nemari yekushandisa muhondo, zvinopa chikamu makumi mashanu nenomwe kubva muzana chemubatanidzwa wemari yehurumende mubhajeti yakasarudzika yeMutungamiriri yegore ra57. Uye mari yese iyoyo inooneswa nhema kwatiri sekunge iine sirivheri lining yekubatsira mune zvehupfumi. Muchokwadi, zvakadaro, zvinoenderana nekudzokororwa kwakaitwa neUniversity yeMassachusetts - Amherst, kushandisa mari muchiuto kunogadzira mabasa mashoma uye anotambudza zvakanyanya kupfuura chero imwe mhando yemari, kusanganisira dzidzo, zvivakwa, simba re green, nezvimwewo. yakaipisisa kune hupfumi kupfuura kuderedzwa kwemitero kune vanhu vanoshanda-kana, mune mamwe mazwi, kwakaipisisa pasina chinhu. Iyo yezvemari yekudonha yakapihwa se "Jobho Musiki," senge vanhu vakanaka vanoumba iyo Forbes 2014 (Ona PERI.UMass.edu).

Zvinoshamisa kuti apo "rusununguko" runowanzotaurwa sechikonzero chekurwisana nehondo, hondo dzedu dzave dzichishandiswa sechikonzero chekunyatsotarisa kusununguka kwemasununguko edu chaiwo. Enzanisa yechina, yechishanu, uye yekutanga kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States nemaitiro eUnited States iye zvino uye makore 15 akapfuura kana iwe uchifunga kuti ini ndiri kutora. Munguva ye "hondo yekutya," hurumende yeUnited States yakagadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvakakomba pakuratidzwa kwevanhu vose, zvirongwa zvekucherechedza zvakanyanya mukuputsa kwakashata kweSineth Amendment, mutambo wakasununguka wevasungwa kusingagumi pasina mutero kana kutongwa, chirongwa chinoramba chiripo chekuponda mutevedzeri wehutungamiri wenhepfenyuro, uye kudzivirirwa kwevaya vanoita mhosva yekutambudzikira muhurumende yeUnited States. Mamwe masangano makuru ehurumende asiri ehurumende anoita basa rakaoma rokugadzirisa zviratidzo izvi asi nechinangwa kudzivisa kutarisana nechirwere chekuita hondo uye kugadzirira hondo.

Chimiro chehondo, zvombo zvehondo, uye mabasa ekugadzira zvigadziro zvehondo zvinotamirwa mune rimwe remapurisa rinoshandiswa mumapurisa, uye nguva dzose hondo yakafanana yekuenda kune dzimwe nyika. Asi mapurisa anoona sangano semuvengi panzvimbo yevanoshandira haatiti kuti tive vakachengeteka. Inoisa kuchengetedza kwedu pakarepo uye tariro yedu kune hurumende yakakosha pangozi.

Nguva yeHondo yeHondo inotora hurumende kure nevanhu uye inozivikanwa nevanoridza mhere vachiedza kutitaurira pamusoro pezviri kuitika, mumazita edu, nemari yedu, sevavengi venyika. Isu tinodzidziswa kuvenga avo vanoremekedza isu uye vanotsanangurira kune avo vanotivhiringidza. Sezvandakanga ndichinyora izvi, mudiki wechidiki ainzi Bradley Manning (zvino anonzi Chelsea Manning) akaiswa mukutongwa kwekutaura mhosva dzehondo. Akapomerwa mhosva yekuti â € œaiding the enemyâ € uye nekuputsa Hondo Yenyika I-era Espionage Act. Hapana uchapupu hwakataurwa hwokuti iye akabatsira chero muvengi kana akaedza kubatsira chero muvengi, uye akaregererwa pamhosva yeku "kukanganisa muvengi." Asi akawanikwa ane mhosva ye "tepi", kuitira kuti azadzise mutemo wake wepamutemo nepamutemo wekubudisa pachena hurumende-kuita. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumwe mucheche wechidiki, Edward Snowden, akatiza nyika achitya hupenyu hwake. Uye vatori venhau vakawanda vakati mamiriro mukati mehurumende airamba kusataurira kutaura navo. Hurumende yezvematongerwo enyika yakagadzira "Insider Threat Program, â €" kukurudzira vashandi vehurumende kuti vashandise chero vashandi vanofungidzirwa kuva vanyori kana vasori.

Tsika yedu, tsika dzedu, pfungwa yedu yekuziva: izvi zvinogona kuurayiwa nehondo kunyange apo hondo iri zviuru zvemakiromita kubva kumahombekombe.

Nzvimbo yedu yechisikigo ndiyo inonyanya kufambidzana, zvakare, hondo idzi pamusoro pezvinhu zvinotyisa zvinenge zviri kutungamirira vatengi vemafuta, uye vhuyi venyika, mweya, uye mvura nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Kugamuchirwa kwehondo munharaunda yedu kunogona kuenzaniswa nemapoka makuru ezvakatipoteredzaâ € ™ kusada kusvika ikozvino kutora pane chimwe chezvinhu zvinoparadza zvikuru zviripo: hondo yehondo. Ndakabvunza James Marriott, vanyori veMafuta Road, kana akafunga kuti mafuta ekushandisa anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuhondo kana kuhondo kunowedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta. Akapindura, "Iwe hausi kuzobvisa mumwe kunze kweumwe" (kungowedzera kuwedzerwa, ndinofunga).

Sezvatinoisa masimba edu nesimba kuhondo tinorasikirwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo: dzidzo, mapaki, zororo, maitiro. Tine mauto epamusoro uye majeri akakwirira, asi nzira iri kumashure mune zvose kubva kuchikoro kusvika kune utano hwehutano kune ye-internet uye mafoni ehurongwa.

Muna 2011, ndakabatsira kuronga musangano unonzi "The Military Industrial Complex ku50â €" yakatarisa mhando dzakawanda dzekuvhiringidzika kwemauto emabhizimisi anoshandiswa (Ona DavidSwanson.org/mic50). Chiitiko chacho chakanga chiri chiratidzo chemazana emakore kubvira apo Mutungamiri Eisenhower akawana musungo mumashoko ake okutaurirana kuti ataure chimwe chezvinyanya kuzivikanwa, zvingangodaro zvinokosha, uye zvinosuruvarisa zvisati zvisingatauri nyevero nezvehupenyu hwevanhu:

Mune mapurisa ehurumende, tinofanira kutarisana nekuwana kwechikonzero chisina kukodzera, pasinei nekutsvaga kana kusagutsikana, nemauto ehurumende. Izvo zvinogona kukwira kukuvadza kwesimba rakashata zviripo uye zvicharambira. Hatimbofaniri kurega kurema kwekubatana uku kuisa pangozi rusununguko rwedu kana hurumende. Hatifaniri kutora chinhu chisingabvumirwi. Chenguva yakangwarira uye vagari vanoziva vanogona kumanikidzira maitiro akaenzana emakambani makuru emabhizimisi nemauto ezvidziviriro nemararamiro edu ane rugare nezvinangwa, kuitira kuti kuchengeteka uye rusununguko zvigone kubudirira pamwe chete.

Imwe Nyika Inobvira

Nyika isina hondo ingadai iri nyika ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvatinoda uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvatisingafungi. Iri bhuku rinopemberera nokuti kuparadza kwehondo kunoreva kuguma kwezvinotyisa, asiwo nekuda kwezvinogona kutevera. Runyararo uye rusununguko kubva kune kutya zvinowedzera zvakanyanya kupfuura mabhomba. Rusununguko irworwo rwaigona kureva kuberekwa kwetsika, nekuda kweunyanzvi, nesayenzi, kubudirira. Tinogona kutanga nekurapa dzidzo yepamusoro-soro kubva kuchikoro chisati chava kuchikoro sekodzero yevanhu, kusataura nezveimba, utano hwehutano, zororo, uye kubhadhara. Tinogona kusimudza upenyu, mufaro, njere, kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye tarisiro yehupenyu husingaperi.

Hatina ... tinoda hondo kuitira kuti tirambe tichirarama. Tinofanira kutamira kune dzimwe nyika, mhepo, uye zvimwe zvinodzorerwa kana tichizopona. Kuita izvi kune zvakawanda zvinobatsira. Chimwe chinhu, nyika inenge yapiwa haichazogoni kuvhara kupfuura chikamu chayo chakanaka chezuva. Kune zvakawanda zvokufamba-famba, uye zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pedyo nekusangana kwazvo. Tinogona kuvandudza mararamiro edu mune dzimwe nzira, kukura zvakanyanya zvekudya, kugadzira hupfumi hwemunharaunda, kudzosera kusaenzana kwehupfumi hwandakadana nemakore ekumazana kusvika purofesa akaratidza kuti hupfumi hwemakore ekumazana hwakanga hwakaenzana kupfuura edu. MaAmerica havafaniri kutambura kuitira kuti vararame zvigaro zvakaenzana uye nekutarisira kutarisira.

Rutsigiro rwehurumende yehondo, uye kupinda muchiuto, kutora chikamu paunhu hunowanzofarirwa nezvehondo uye varwi: kufara, kuzvipira, kuvimbika, ushingi, uye kubatana. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa muhondo, asi kwete muhondo chete. Mienzaniso yezvinhu izvi zvose, pamwe netsitsi, tsitsi, uye kuremekedzwa zvinowanikwa kwete muhondo chete, asiwo mubasa revanhu, vashandi, uye vanoporesa. Nyika isina hondo haifaniri kurega kufara kana kushinga. Kusvibiswa kwechisimba kunokonzera kuparara uku, sezvinozoita mhinduro dzakanaka kumasango anomoto uye mafashamo anouya mune remangwana sezvo shanduko yedu yekushanduka. Tinoda kusiyana uku kwekubwinya uye kutambira kana isu tichizopona. Sevamwe rutivi rwekubatsira vanopa chero nharo yezvakanaka zvekugadzira hondo. Yakave yakareba nguva yakareba kubva kuna William James kutsvaga imwe nzira yezvinhu zvose zvakanaka zvehondo, ushingi, kubatana, zvibayiro, nezvimwewo. Zvakarewo nguva refu kubva apo Mohandas Gandhi akawana imwe.

Zvechokwadi, nzvimbo yekuchengetedza apocalypse haisi yega yerudzi rukuru-dambudziko runotyisidzira. Sezvo zvombo zvenyukireya zvinowedzera, sezvo teknolojia inotyisa inowedzera, uye sekuvhima kwevanhu kunowanzoitika, tinoisawo panjodzi yenyukireya nedzimwe njodzi dzine chokuita nehondo. Kupedza hondo hakusi nzira yekuenda kune utopia; Izvowo nzira yekupona. Asi, saEisenhower akanyevera, hatigoni kupedza hondo pasina kupedza hondo yekugadzirira. Uye isu hatigone kupedza zvirongwa zvehondo pasina kubvisa pfungwa yokuti hondo yakanaka inogona kuuya rimwe zuva. Kuti tiite izvozvo, zvichange zvichitibatsira kana tikabvisa, kana zvichida kuderedza, pfungwa yokuti isu taona hondo dzakanaka munguva yakapfuura.

â € œHasina kumbove
Hondo Yakanaka Kana Rugare Rwakaipa "€
Nzira Yokurwisana Navo Hitler neHondo

Benjamin Franklin, uyo akataura izvo zvishoma mukati memashoko ekudzokorora, akararama pamberi paHitler uye saka angave asina kukodzera-mupfungwa dzevakawanda-kutaura pamusoro penyaya yacho. Asi Hondo Yenyika II yakaitika mune imwe nyika yakasiyana zvikuru kubva nhasi, haina kumbofanira kuitika, uye ingadai yakatorwa nenzira yakasiyana apo yakaitika. Izvo zvakaitikawo zvakasiyana nedzimwe zvatinowanzodzidziswa. Chimwe chinhu, hurumende yeUnited States yaida kwazvo kupinda muhondo, uye kusvika pakawanda yakapinda muhondo, muAtlantic nePacific, pamberi Pearl Harbor.

Pre-WWII Germany ingangodaro yakarisa yakasiyana zvakasiyana nedzimwe dzimba dzakaoma dzakatevera Hondo Yenyika I iyo yakaranga vanhu vose panzvimbo yevarwi vehondo, uye pasina mari yakakosha yakatsigirwa kwemakumi emakore akapfuura uye inopfuurira kuburikidza neHondo Yenyika II nehurumende yeUnited States seGM , Ford, IBM, uye ITT (ona Wall Street uye Rise of Hitler naAnthony Sutton).
(Itai kuti ndiise mashoko ekureva pano apa kuti ndine tariro yokuti vazhinji vachawana zvakashata, asi ini ndinoziva vamwe vachada kunzwa.Iri kutaura nezveHondo Yenyika II, uye ndangopomera mumwe munhu kunze kweHitler-iyo US makambani- saka regai ndichimbidzike kuti nditaure kuti Hitler achiri kutora mhosva yezvakaipa zvose zvaakaita. "Chiremera chakafanana nekupisa kwezuva kudarika fossil fuels, tinokwanisa kupa kuna Henry Ford kutsigira kwake Hitler pasina kutora zvishoma zvishoma kubva Adolph Hitler pachake uye asingaenzanisi kana kuenzanisa izvo zviviri.)

Kusapindira kwekudzivirira maNazi kuDenmark, Holland, neNorway, uyewo kupemberera kwekubudirira muBerlin nevadzimai vasiri vaJudha vevasungwa vechiJudha vakataura zvingave zvisina kumbozadzika-kwete kunyange pedyo. Pfungwa yokuti Germany ingadai yakachengetedza basa rekugara kweEurope yose neSoviet Union, uye yakaramba ichirwisa mumaAmerica, haigoni kunyanya, uye yakapiwa zivo ye1940 'ine ruzivo rwekusagadzikana kwechisimba. Masoja, Germany yakanyanya kukundwa neSoviet Union, mamwe mavengi ari kutamba zvikamu zviduku.

Pfungwa inokosha haisi iyo kuti, kusagadzikana kwakasarudzwa kunofanirwa kushandiswa kunopesana nemaNazi muZ1940s. Hakanga isiri, uye vanhu vazhinji vaizofanira kuona nyika zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kuitira kuti izvozvo zviitike. Asi pfungwa ndeyekuti zvishandiso zvekusasuruvara zvinonyanya kunzwisiswa zvakanyanya nhasi uye zvinogona kuva, uye zvichange zvichange zvichishandiswa, zvichirwisana nekukwira kwevatongi. Hatifanire kufungidzira kudzokera kune imwe nguva iyo yakanga isiri iyo, kunyange kana kuita zvakadaro kunobatsira kururamisa mafungiro ezvakaipa zvekushandisa mari! Tinofanira, pane kudaro, kusimbisa zvatinoedza kuita kuti tisakanganise kukura kwemasimba ane utsinye vasati vasvika pane dambudziko, uye panguva imwe chete vachidzivisa kuedza kuita basa repasi rehondo dzinouya kwavari.

Isati yasvika kuPearl Harbor, iyo yakanga isiri chikamu cheUnited States, Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akaedza kureva nhema kuvanhu veAmerica pamusoro pezvikepe zveUnited States pamwe chete neGerer neKearny, iyo yaive ichibatsira ndege dzeBritain kuti dzifunge zvigungwa zveGermany, asi ndeipi Roosevelt akazviti ainge aitirwa zvakaipa. Roosevelt akaedzawo kusimbisa rubatsiro rwekupinda muhondo nekunyengera kuti iye aive mune yake yakavanzika mapazi eNazi anovanda kukunda South America, uyewo chirongwa cheNazi chakavanzika chekutora zvitendero zvose neNazism. Zvisinei, vanhu veUnited States vakaramba pfungwa yekuenda mune imwe hondo kusvikira kuJapan kurwisa Pearl Harbor, iyo Roosevelt yakanga yatotanga kunyorwa, yakagadzirisa National Guard, yakagadzirwa uye yakatanga kushandisa Navy huru mumakungwa maviri, vatengesi vekare vaitengesa kuEngland vachichinjana nechisungo chezvigaro zvaro muCaribbean neBermuda, uye vakayira pakavanda kusikwa kwevanhu vose veJapan neJapan-America muUnited States.

Apo Mutungamiri Roosevelt akashanyira Pearl Harbor makore manomwe nyika yeJapan isati yatanga, mauto eJapan (ayo, akafanana naHitler kana ani zvake munyika yose, anokwidza mhosva yezvakaipa zvose zvisiri pamhosva) akaratidza kutya. Muna March 1935, Roosevelt akapa Wake Island kuUnited States Navy ndokupa Pan Am Airways mvumo yekuvaka migwagwa ye Wake Wake, Midway Island, neGuam. Vatungamiri veuto reJapan vakataura kuti vakanganiswa uye vakaona iyi migwagwa sechityiso. Saizvozvowo vanoita zvematongerwo enyika muUnited States.

MunaNovember 1940, Roosevelt akabhadhara China $ 100m yehondo neJapan, uye mushure mekutaurirana neBrithani, Munyori weUnited States weHaimari Henry Morgenthau akaita zvirongwa zvekutumira maChinese mabhomba nevashandi veUnited States kuti vashandise kuputira bhomba Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan.

Kwemakore asati aitika kuPearl Harbor, US Navy yakashandira zvirongwa zvehondo neJapane, yaMarch 8, 1939, iyo yakarondedzera "hondo inotyisa kwenguva refu" iyo yaizoparadza mauto uye inoparadza upenyu hwehupfumi hwe Japani. MunaJanuary 1941, muJapan Advertiser akaratidza kushatirwa kwake pamusoro pePearl Harbor mune imwe hurukuro, uye mumiriri weUnited States kuJapan akanyora mubhuku rake remabhuku achiti: "Kune zvakawanda zvekutaura kumativi eguta kusvika kuJapan, kana veUnited States, vari kuronga kuenda kunze kwose mukushamiswa kwemazhinji kuPearl Harbor. Zvechokwadi ndakaudza hurumende yangu. "

Musi waMay 24, 1941, iyo New York Times yakashuma pamusoro pekudzidziswa kweUnited States kwemauto emhepo, uye kupa "mauto akawanda ehondo uye bhomba" kuChina neUnited States. "Kuputika kweMaguta eJapan anotarisirwa" verenga musoro wehurukuro.

Musi waJuly 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akati, "Kana tikachera mafuta, [maJapan] zvichida tingadai taenda kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye iwe ungadai wakanga uine hondo. Yakanga yakakosha zvikuru kubva pachedu pachedu pachedu pachedu yekufunga nezvekudzivirirwa kuti tidzivise hondo kubva kutanga kuSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wekune dzimwe nyika waiva kuedza kumisa hondo kubva kubuda kunze uko. "Vatapi venhau vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati" pane "pane" pane. "Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akabudisa mutungamiri wehurumende akaisa mari yeJapan. IUnited States neBrithani vakagura mafuta uye zvigadzirwa zvematare kuJapan. Radhabinod Pal, muJurist jurist uyo akashanda pamatare ehondo zvehondo muTokyo mushure mehondo, yainzi embargoes "kutyisa uye kwakanyanya kutyisa kuvepo kweJapane," ndokugumisa United States yakatsamwisa Japan.

Hurumende yeUnited States iri kusimudzira izvo zvinodada zvichiti "zvikanganiso zvinokanganisa" kuIran sezvandinonyora.

Musi waNovember 15, 1941, Mukuru weVashandi veGeorge Marshall akaudza vatapi venhau nezvechinhu chatisingayeuki se "Marshall Plan." Zvechokwadi isu hatizviyeuki zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inopesana neJapan," Marshall akadaro, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengetere zvakavanzika.

Mazuva gumi gare gare Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akanyora mubhuku rake rekunyora kuti akanga asangana muOval Office naM Marshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Munyori weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Munyori wehurumende Cordell Hull. Roosevelt akanga avaudza kuti vechiJapan vaizogona kurwisa nokukurumidza, zvichida Muvhuro unotevera. Izvo zvakanyatsorongedzwa kuti United States yakanga yatyora maJapan 'maitiro uye kuti Roosevelt aive nevanokwanisa kuwana.

Izvo hazvina kuuya neUnited States kupinda muhondo kana kuti zvienderere mberi zvaive nechido chokuponesa vaJudha kubva pakutambudzwa. Kwemakore Roosevelt akavhara mutemo waizoita kuti vaJudha vapoteri vaibva kuGermany vapinde muUnited States. Pfungwa yehondo yekuponesa vaJudha inowanika pane imwe yemapapanhau emapapanhau ehondo uye zvakasimuka pakapera hondo, sezvo pfungwa ye "hondo yakanaka" yakabata makumi emakore gare gare sekuenzanisa neHondo yeVietnam.

“Anonetsekana muna 1942,” akanyora kudaro Lawrence S. Wittner, “nerunyerekupe rwezvirongwa zveNazi zvekuparadza, Jessie Wallace Hughan, mudzidzisi, wezvematongerwo enyika, uye muvambi weWar Resisters League, akanetseka kuti mutemo wakadai, uyo waionekwa sewechokwadi, kubva pamaonero avo ekurwara, 'zvinogona kuitwa kana Hondo Yenyika II ikaenderera. 'Zvinoita sekunge nzira chete yekuponesa zviuru uye pamwe mamirioni evaJudha vekuEurope kubva mukuparadzwa,' akanyora kudaro, 'ichave yekuti hurumende yedu iratidze chivimbiso' che '' armistice pachinzvimbo chekuti vashoma veEurope vasazoshungurudzwa zvakare. … Zvingava zvinotyisa kana mwedzi mitanhatu kubva zvino tikaziva kuti kutyisidzira uku kwakaitika pasina kuita chiratidzo chekudzivirira. ' Kufanotaura kwake pazadziswa zvakanyatsonaka na1943, akanyorera kuDhipatimendi reHurumende neNew York Times, achizvidza chokwadi chekuti 'mamirioni maviri [maJuda] akatofa' uye kuti 'mamirioni maviri achaurayiwa panopera hondo. ' Zvakare akateterera kumisa ruvengo, achipokana kuti kukundwa kwemauto eGerman kwaizoita kutsiva chaiko pambudzi yechiJudha. 'Kukunda hakuzovaponesa,' akadaro, 'nekuti vanhu vakafa havagoni kusunungurwa.' ”

Pakuguma vamwe vasungwa vakanunurwa, asi vakawanda vakaurayiwa. Kwete hondo chete yakanga isingadziviri kuparadza, asi hondo pachayo yakanga yakaipa. Hondo yakasimbisa kuti vagari vemauto vakanga vakanaka mitambo yekuuraya vakawanda uye vakavauraya nemakumi makumi emamiriyoni. Kuedza kushamiswa uye kukudzwa kuburikidza nekuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda kwakakundikana. Moto-mabhomba emaguta akashanda pasina chinangwa chikuru. Kudonha imwe, uye zvakare yechipiri, nyukireya yakanga isina nzira yakarurama seyo nzira yokugumisa hondo yakanga yava kutopera. Chimiro cheGermany neJapan chakagadziriswa, asi umambo hweUnited States hwezvigaro zvehondo nehondo dzakange dzakazvarwa-dzakaipa nhau dzeMiddle East, Latin America, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, nedzimwewo. Dzidziso dzeNazi dzakanga dzisakundwa nechisimba. Masayendisiti mazhinji eNazi akaunzwa kuzoshanda Pentagon, migumisiro yehupenyu hwavo hunoonekwa.

Asi zvizhinji zvatinofunga nezvezvakaipa zvakanyanya zveNazi (eugenics, kuedza kwevanhu, nezvimwewo) zvinogona kuwanikwa muUnited States, zvakare, panguva, uye shure kwehondo. Bhuku rachangobva kunzi rinonzi Against Their Will: Chakavanzika Chakavanzika Chekuongorora Kurapa Kwevana muCold War America inounganidza zvakawanda zvezvizivikanwa. Eugenics yakadzidziswa mumazana ezvikoro zvezvokurapa muUnited States neA1920s uye nekufungidzirwa kumwe muzvikamu zvitatu zvemakoroji eU.S. pakati peC1930s. Zvisiri-kubvumidzwa kuedza kwevana nevakuru vakuru vakange vakajairika muUnited States kare, panguva, uye kunyanya shure kweU.S. uye vashandisi varo vachisungirirwa neNazi nokuda kwekuita mu1947, kutonga vazhinji mutirongo uye vanomwe kuti vasungirirwe. Dare rekutonga rakagadzira Nuremberg Code, mitemo yezvekurapa iyo yakakurumidza kuregererwa kumusha. Vanachiremba veAmerica vakazviona "chirevo chakanaka chevanhu vasiri vanhu." Nokudaro, taive neTuskegee syphilis kudzidza, uye kuedza kuJudha Chronic Disease Hospital muBrooklyn, Willowbrook State School paStenen Island, Prison yeHolmesburg muFiladelphia, nevamwe vakawanda , kusanganisira kuongororwa kweUnited States kuGuatemalans munguva yeNuremberg. Uyewo munguva yemhosva yeNuremberg, vana vekuPennhurst kuchikoro kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwePennsylvania vakapiwa chirwere chehepatitis-laced kuti vadye. Kuedza kwevanhu kwakawedzera mumakumi emakore akatevera. Sezvo nhau imwe neimwe yave yakaburitsa takaiona sekusununguka. Kupikisa Kuda Kwavo kunoratidzira zvimwe. Sezvandinonyora, pane kuratidzira kwekuvandudzwa kwezvinoitika zvevakadzi mujeri reCalifornia.

Icho chikonzero hachisi kuenzanisa zviyero zvehuipi hwevanhu kana vanhu. Makambani evasungwa eNazi anoshungurudza zvakanyanya kufanana nenyaya iyi. Pfungwa ndeyokuti hapana rutivi muhondo yakanaka, uye mufambiro wakaipa haisi kururamisira kwehondo. American Curtis LeMay, uyo aitarisira kuputika kwemoto mumaguta eJapan, achiuraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu, akataura kuti kana rumwe rutivi rwakakunda iye angadai akatongerwa semhosva yehondo. Chiitiko ichocho hachingadai chakaita mhirizhonga yehondo inonyangadza yeJapan kana maGermany anogamuchirwa kana kurumbidzwa. Asi zvingadai zvakaita kuti nyika irege kuvapa pfungwa shoma, kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kufunga kwakakwana. Panzvimbo pezvo, mhosva dzevabatanidzwa dzaizova hukuru, kana kuti imwe pfungwa, yekutsamwa.

Iwe haufaniri kufunga kuti kupinda kweUnited States muHondo Yenyika II yaiva pfungwa yakaipa kuitira kupikisa hondo dzose dzomunguva yemberi. Iwe unogona kuziva mazano asina kururama emakumi emakore akatungamirira kuHondo Yenyika II. Uye iwe unogona kuziva kuipa kwemativi ose maviri sechigadzirwa munguva yavo. Kune avo avo, nenzira iyi, vanozvidzivirira varanda vaTeast Jefferson. Kana tikakwanisa kuita izvozvi, zvichida tinogonawo kuregerera hondo yaFranklin Roosevelt. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti isu tinofanira kunge tichigadzirira kuronga chimwe chezvinhu izvozvo.