Hondo Inoparadza Us (tsanangudzo)

Pane zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinobudirira kupfuura hondo yekudzivirira.

Kuronga hondo kunotungamira kuhondo. Hondo inogadzira inomutsa njodzi. Uye zvombo zvehondo zvine njodzi yekuzvidira kana netsaona apocalypse.

Hondo yekuronga inotungamirira kuhondo.

"Taura zvishoma uye utore tsvimbo huru," akadaro Theodore Roosevelt, uyo aifarira kuvaka chiuto chikuru kana zvakadaro, asi kwete chaizvoizvo kuchiishandisa kunze kwekumanikidzwa. Izvi zvakashanda zvakaisvonaka, pamwe chete nemamwe maduku mashomanana eRoosevelt ekuunganidza simba kuPanama mu1901, Colombia mu1902, Honduras mu1903, Dominican Republic mu1903, Siria mu1903, Abyssinia mu1903, Panama mu1903, Dominican Republic mu 1904, Morocco mu1904, Panama mu1904, Korea mu1904, Cuba mu1906, Honduras mu1907, uye kuPhilippines mumutungamiri weRosevelt.

Vanhu vokutanga vatinoziva avo vakagadzirira hondo - hero yeSumerian Gilgamesh neshamwari yake Enkido, kana vaGiriki vakarwa paTroy - vakagadzirirawo kusaka mhuka dzesango. Barbara Ehrenreich anotsanangura kuti,

 ". . . pamwe nekuderera kwezvikara zvepanyika uye mhuka dzevanhu, hapangadai zvisiri zvishoma kutora varume vakange vaine ruzivo mukuvhima uye kupesana nemudziviriri wezvidziviriro, uye hapana nzira yakanyatsotarisana kuenda kune chinzvimbo che 'hero.' Chii chakaponesa muvhimi-defender murume kubva kune chekusimudzika kana hupenyu hwekurima kwekurima ndeyekuti ane zvombo uye unyanzvi hwokuzvishandisa. [Lewis] Mumford inoratidza kuti muvhimi-mudziviriri akachengetedza chimiro chake kuburikidza nekushandura kurudzi rwe'kuchengetedza racket ': kumubhadhara (pamwe nezvokudya uye kurarama kwevanhu) kana kuzviisa pasi pezvakaitika kare.

"Pakupedzisira, kuvapo kwevavhimi vasina kudzidzira mune dzimwe nzvimbo kwakagadzirisa dambudziko idzva uye 'rekune imwe nyika' kudzivirira. Vanovhima-vadziviriri veboka rimwe kana kuti kugadzirisa zvinogona kururamisa kuchengeta kwavo nekuratidza kutyisidzira kunoitwa nevamwe vavo mune mamwe mapoka, uye njodzi inogona kuramba ichiitwa zvakajeka nekurondedzera kupamba nguva nenguva. Sezvakanyorwa naGwynne Dyer mukuongorora kwake kwehondo, 'hondo yekare yakagadzikana. . . yakanga iri mhando yepamusasa mutambo wevarume kune vatsva vasina basa. '"

Mune mamwe mazwi, hondo ingave yatanga senzira yekuwana ushingi, sezvinoramba ichienderera mberi nemhemberero imwe chete. Zvichida zvakatanga nokuti vanhu vakange vakashonga uye vachida vavengi, sezvo vadzivisi vavo vekare (shumba, mabheji, mhumhi) vakanga vachifa kunze. Chii chakauya pakutanga, hondo kana zvombo? Chirahwe ichocho chinogona kunge chaine mhinduro. Mhinduro yacho inoratidzika kuva zvombo. Uye avo vasingadzidze kubva pakutanga vanogona kuparadzwa kuti vadzoke zvakare.

Tinoda kutenda kune umwe neumwe vavariro dzakanaka. "Gara wakagadzirira" ndiyo mutsara wa Boy Boy, shure kwezvose. Zvinongonzwisisika, zvinotarisirwa, uye zvakachengeteka kugadzirirwa. Hazvifaniri kugadzirirwa zvaizova zvisina musoro, zvakarurama?

Dambudziko iri nharo nderokuti haisi kupenga zvachose. Pane zvishoma zvishoma hazvipenzi zvachose kuti vanhu vatsvake pfuti mumisha yavo kuti vadzivirire kubva kumabhiriji. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvokufungisisa, kusanganisira kukwirira kwezviitiko zvepfuti, kushandiswa kwepfuti mumamiriro ekutsamwa, kukwanisa kwevapambi vemhosva kuti vashandise pfuti dzeimba kumirisana navo, kubiridzira kwepfuti, kushungurudzwa Mhinduro yepfuti inokonzera kuedza kuderedza zvinokonzera utsotsi, nezvimwewo.

Pamusoro pehuwandu hwehondo nekusimbisa rudzi rwehondo, zvinhu zvakafanana zvinofanira kufungwa. Njodzi dzinokonzerwa nezvombo, kushandiswa kwakaipa kune vanhu, kuba, kutengesa kune vanobatana vanova vavengi, uye kukanganisa kubva kuedza kuderedza zvikonzero zvehugandanga nehondo zvinofanira kufungwa zvose. Saka, zvechokwadi, inofanirwa kushandiswa kushandisa zvombo kana iwe uinazvo. Pane dzimwe nguva, zvombo zvakawanda hazvikwanisi kubudiswa kusvikira pesa iripo yapera uye hutsva hutsva huongororwa "panhandare yehondo."

Asi pane zvimwe zvikonzero zvekufunga nezvazvo. Rudzi rwekuunganidza zvombo zvehondo rinomanikidzwa kune mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kunyange rudzi ruchida kurwisana chete mukuzvidzivirira, runogona kunzwisisa "kudzivirirwa" kuti ive yekukwanisa kudzorera kune mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kugadzira zvombo uye mazano ehondo ine utsinye, uye kunyange "hondo yekutanga," kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvemutemo zvinotanga kuvhura nekudziwedzera, uye kukurudzira mamwe marudzi kuti aite zvakafanana. Kana iwe ukaisa vanhu vazhinji kuti vashandire kuronga chimwe chinhu, kana chirongwa ichocho chiri chaicho chikuru chekutsinhanisa kwevanhu uye chikonzero chinodada, zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuchengetedza vanhu ivavo kuwana mikana yekuita zvirongwa zvavo. Read more.

Kuita hondo kunokonzera ngozi.

Kubva 1947, apo Dhipatimendi reAmerica reUnited States rakatumidzwa zita reDhipatimendi reZviviri, hurumende yeUnited States yave iri kunyangadza zvishoma nezvakagara. Kuparara kweVanhu veAmerica, Philippines, Latin America, nezvimwewo, neDhipatimendi Rehondo vakanga vasina kudzivirira; uye haasi iyo Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi rekudzivirira muKorea, Vietnam, Iraq, etc. Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirirwa kwakanakisisa mumitambo yakawanda kungava kukanganisa kwakanaka, kukanganisa muhondo hakudziviriri, kwete kana kuchiita ruvengo, kutsamwa, uye kuvhara, kwete kana izvo zvinoreva hapana hondo zvachose. Nenzira yezvinonzi hondo yenyika yose yehugandanga, ugandanga hwave huchiwedzera.

Izvi zvaive zvichifanotaurwa uye zvakafanotaurwa. Vanhu vakatsamwiswa nekurwiswa uye mabasa avo vaisazobviswa kana kukundwa nekurwiswa uye mabasa akawanda. Vachifananidzira kuti "vanovenga rusununguko rwedu," seMutungamiri George W. Bush vakati, kana kuti ivo vane chitendero chisina kunaka kana kuti havana hanya zvachose hazvichinje izvi. Kutsvaka kubvumirwa kwepamutemo kuburikidza nekushusha avo vane mhosva yezvakaipa zvekuuraya-ku9 / 11 zvingave zvakabatsira kudzivisa humwe hugandanga hwakanaka kupfuura kutanga hondo. Izvo zvingadai zvisingakuvadzi kuti hurumende yeUnited States irege kudzivirira vatongi vehondo (hondo yeEgipita inorwisa vagari veEgipita vaine zvombo zvakapiwa neUnited States, uye White House iri kuramba kubvisa "rubatsiro," kureva zvombo), kudzivirira mhosva kuzorwa nePalestine (edza kuverenga The General's Son naMiko Peled), uye kuisa mauto eUnited States mune dzimwe nyika dzevanhu. Hondo dzeIraq neAfghanistan, nekushungurudzwa kwevasungwa panguva iyo, yakava hurukuro yekudzidzira zvigandanga zvekurwisa US.

Muna 2006, masangano enjere eUS akaburitsa National Intelligence Estimate yakasvika pamhedziso iyoyo chete. Sangano reAssociated Press rakati: "Hondo muIraq yave chisakiso checrelèbre chevanyengeri vechiIslam, ichiunza chigumbu cheUS icho chingangoita chisati chave nani, vaongorori venyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika vanopedzisa mushumo vachipesana negakava raMutungamiri Bush. kukura kwenyika kwakachengeteka. … [T] vaongorori verudzi rwese venyika vanogumisa kuti kunyangwe paine kukuvara kwakanyanya kuhutungamiriri hweAl-Qaida, kutyisidzira kunobva kune veIslam vanopandukira kwakapararira muhuwandu uye nenzvimbo.

Nzira iyo hurumende yeUnited States inotevedzera mitemo yehugandanga iyo inoziva ichaita hugandanga yakatungamirira vazhinji kugumisa kuti kuderedza hugandanga haisi chinhu chinokosha, uye vamwe kugumisa kuti kuunza hugandanga ndicho chaicho chinangwa. Leah Bolger, aimbova purezidhendi weVeterans For Peace, anoti, "hurumende yeUnited States inoziva kuti hondo dzinopesana nekubudirira, kureva, kana chinangwa chako chiri kuderedza nhamba ye 'magandanga.' Asi chinangwa chehondo dzeAmerica hachisi chokugadzirisa rugare, ndezvekuita vavengi vakawanda kuti tigone kuramba tichienderera mberi kwehondo. "

Veterans veUnited States vanouraya mauto muIraq neAghanistan vakabvunzurudzwa mubhuku raJeremy Scahill uye firimu Dirty Wars vakati chero nguva pavakashanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nehuwandu hwevanhu kuti vauraye, vakapiwa ruzivo rwakakura; iyo yakanyora yakakura sechikonzero chekushanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nayo. Gavhuna Stanley McChrystal, uyo mutungamiriri we US ​​uye mauto eNATO muAghanistan akaudza Rolling Stone muna June 2010 kuti "kune munhu wose asina mhosva iwe waunouraya, unosika 10 vavengi vatsva." Bhizinesi reInvestigative Journalism nevamwe vakanyora zvakanyora mazita evanhu vakawanda vasina mhosva vakaurayiwa nematambudziko e drone.

Muna 2013, McChrystal akati kune kupararira kwakapesana nehondo dze drone muPakistan. Maererano nepepanhau rePakistanmambakwedza musi waFebruary 10, 2013, McChrystal, "akanyevera kuti zhinji dzakawanda drone inouraya muPakistan pasina kuziva kuti vanhu vanofunga kuti varwi pachavo vanogona kuva chinhu chakaipa. Gen. McChrystal akati akanzwisisa nei chiKapistani, kunyange munzvimbo dzisingatambudziki nedrones, dzakaita zvisina kunaka nematambudziko. Akakumbira vaAmerica kuti vaizoita sei kana nyika yevakidzani seMexico yakatanga kupisa dhoni dzedhara kuTexas. VaPakistani, akati, vakaona drones sekuratidzira simba reAmerica kurwisana nenyika yavo uye vakaita nenzira yakakodzera. 'Zvinondityisidzira pamusoro pemakwikwi emadhora ndizvo zvavanoonekwa munyika yose,' Gen. McChrystal akati mune imwe hurukuro yakambotaurwa. 'Kusuruvara kwakagadzirwa neAmerica kushandiswa kwekusagadzikana ... kwakawanda zvikuru kudarika mavhareji emuAmerica anokoshesa. Ivo vanovengwa panzvimbo yakatarisa, kunyange nevanhu vasina kumbobvira vaona mumwe kana kuona migumisiro yeimwe. '"

Kubva kare 2010, Bruce Riedel, uyo akabatanidza kubvunzurudzwa kweAganist mutemo weMutungamiri Obama akati, "Kushushikana kwatakaisa pa [jihadist forces] mugore rapfuura zvakare kwakavaunganidza pamwe chete, zvinoreva kuti musangano wezvibatanidzwa uri kukura yakasimba kwete isisina simba. "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Aimbova Mutungamiriri weNational Intelligence Dennis Blair akati kunyange zvazvo" kudhakwa kurwisa kwakabatsira kuderedza hutungamiri hweKaeda muPakistan, vakawedzerawo ruvengo rweAmerica "uye vakavhiringidza" mano edu kushanda pamwe nePakistan [mu] kubvisa zvinyorwa zveTaliban, kukurudzira Indian-Pakistani kukurukurirana, uye kugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya zvePakistan zvakachengeteka zvikuru. "(The New York Times, August 15, 2011.)

Michael Boyle, mumwe weboka raObama rinopikisa hugandanga panguva yake yesarudzo muna 2008, anoti kushandiswa kwemadrones kuri kuva ne "miganho yakashata isina kuyerwa zvakanaka maringe nezviyero zvine chekuita nekuuraya magandanga." … Kuwedzera kukuru kwenhamba yekufa kwevashandi vekunze kwakasimudzira kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika kuchirongwa cheUS muPakistan, Yemen nedzimwe nyika. ” (The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tiri kuona iyo blowback. Kana uri kuedza kuuraya nzira yako kune imwe nzira, zvisinei kuti iwe uri chaiye, uri kutsamwisa vanhu kunyange kana vasina kutarirwa, "akadaro Gen. James E. Cartwright, aimbova vachigaro wekasi Joint Chiefs of Staff. (The New York Times, March 22, 2013.)

Aya maonero haawanzozivikanwi. Mutungamiri weCIA weIslamabad mu2005-2006 akafunga kuti drone inorwisa, asi ichiri kuwedzera, "yakadukusa zvishoma kunze kwekuvengana kwemafuta kuUnited States mukati mePakistan." (Ona Nzira Yeji rakanyorwa naMark Mazzetti.) Mukuru wehurumende yeUnited States muhurumende yeAustralia, Matthew Hoh, akazvimiririra mukupikisa uye akataura, "Ndinofunga kuti tiri kuwedzera hutsinye. Tiri kuparadza zvinhu zvakawanda zvakanaka chaizvo zvinotora mushure mevakomana vepakati pevane vasina kutyisidzira United States kana kuti havana simba rokutyisidzira United States. " Read More.

Hondo dzehondo inopisa njodzi kana kuti apocalypse chisinganzwisisiki.

Tinogona kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kana kuti tinogona kuvatarisa zvakanyanya. Hapana nzira yapakati. Isu tinogona kunge tisina zvombo zvenyukireya, kana kuti tinogona kuva nevakawanda. Iyi haisi yemitemo kana kuti inonzwisisika, asi kunyatsocherechedza kunotsigirwa nekutsvakurudza mumabhuku akafanana Apocalypse Musingaiti: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isapon-Free World naTad Daley. Chero bedzi dzimwe nyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya vamwe vachazvida, uye zvakanyanya izvo zvinezvo zviri nyore ivo vachapararira kune vamwe vachiri.

Kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvikaramba zviripo, panogona kunge paine njodzi yenyukireya, uye zvombo zvikawanda, zvichakurumidza kuuya. Mazana ezviitiko akapotsa aparadza nyika yedu kuburikidza netsaona, kuvhiringidzika, kusanzwisisana, uye zvakanyanya zvisina musoro machismo. Kana iwe ukawedzera mune chaiyo chaiyo uye ichiwedzera mukana weasina-nyika magandanga kuwana nekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, njodzi inokura zvinoshamisa - uye inongowedzerwa nemitemo yenyika dzenyukireya dzinopindura hugandanga munzira dzinoita sedzakagadzirirwa kutsvaga mamwe magandanga.

Kubva chibvumirano chakarambidzwa chekubvisa bvunzo muna 1963, United States yakazvipira "kukurumidza kuita chibvumirano pane zvombo zvese." Iyo Nyukireya Isiri-Kuwedzera Chibvumirano cha1970 inoda zvombo.

Kune rimwe divi reiyo equation, kuva nezvombo zvenyukireya hakuite zvachose kuti tirambe takachengeteka, kuitira kuti pasave nekutengeserana kwakabatanidzwa mukuzvibvisa. Ivo havadzivise kurwiswa kwemagandanga nevasiri venyika vatambi munzira ipi neipi. Kana ivo havawedzere iota kugona kwemauto kudzivirira nyika kubva pakurwisa, zvichipiwa United States 'kugona kuparadza chero chinhu chero nguva chero nguva nezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya. MaNukesi haakundewo hondo, uye United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, neChina vese vakarasikirwa nehondo vachipesana neasina-simba renyukireya vachiri nemanyukireya. Kana, muchiitiko chehondo yenyika yenyukireya, chero huwandu hunotyisa hwezvombo hunogona kudzivirira nyika munzira ipi neipi kubva kuapocalypse.

Nhepfenyuro yezviri pamusoro apa.

Zvishandiso nemamwe mashoko.
Zvimwe zvikonzero zvekugumisa hondo.