Izvo zvinokonzerwa nehondo muIraq, Afghanistan nePakistan zvinogona kuonekwa kwete chete mumasangano evanhu, zvezvematongerwe enyika uye ezvematongerwe enyika munzvimbo idzi asiwo mumamiriro ezvinhu ayo hondo idzi dzave dzichiitwa. Makore akawanda ehondo akaunza kuparadzwa kukuru kwemafuro emasango uye kuwedzera kwekodhi yakabudisa. Mukuwedzera, mvura iyi yakasvibiswa nemafuta kubva mumotokari yemasoja uye uranium yakapera kubva kumapuni. Pamwe nekuderedzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa munyika idzi, mhuka uye shiri dzinowanikwawo zvakashata zvakanyanya. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, vanachiremba veIraq uye vatsvakurudzi vehutano vakakumbira kutsvakurudza kwakawanda pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa nehondo sezvinoita kuti zvive nehuwandu hwehutano husina hutano munyika uye huwandu huri hwehutachiona uye zvirwere.
Mvura & Ivhu Kusvibisa: Munguva ye 1991 mhirizhonga yeArabic, US inoshandiswa mamiriyoni ane gumi emisero yezvombo zvinenge zvakapera uranium (DU). Mvura uye ivhu zvingave zvakasvibiswa nemakemikari anogara ezvombo izvi, uyewo benzene uye trichlorethylene kubva mumhepo yebasa. Perchlorate, chinhu chinotyisa mu rocket propellant, ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinosvibisa zvinowanzowanikwa mumvura pasi pepasi pedo munitions kuchengetedza nzvimbo pasi rose.
Hutano kukanganisa kwehukama-hwakanangana nekuratidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunoramba kuchinetsa. Kushaikwa kwekuchengetedzeka pamwe nekutaura zvisirizvo muzvipatara zveIraq zvakaomesa kutsvagisa. Asi, ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa dzakaratidza zvinovanetsa. Ongororo yemumba muFallujah, Iraq kutanga kwegore ra2010 yakawana mhinduro kumubvunzo wekenza, kuremara kwekuzvarwa, uye kufa kwevana. Zvikuru kwakanyanya mwero wekenza muna 2005-2009 uchienzaniswa nemitengo muEgypt neJorodhani yakawanikwa Iyo yekufa kwevana vacheche muFallujah yaive makumi masere ekufa pa80 vanozvarwa vapenyu, zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura mitengo ye1000 muEjipitori, 20 muJoridhani uye gumi muKuwait. Chiyero chekuzvarwa kwevanhurume nekuzvarwa kwevakadzi muzera remakore 17-10 chaive mazana masere nemakumi masere kusvika mazana matanhatu kana zvichienzaniswa necingatarisirwa gumi nemazana pagumi. [0]
Dhaka Inotyisa: Dzinorema mota dzemauto dzakavhiringidzawo pasi, kunyanya muIraq neKuwait. Yakasanganiswa nekusanaya kwemvura nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwemasango uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, guruva rave dambudziko guru rinowedzerwa nekufambisa kukuru kwemotokari dzemauto munzvimbo yese. Mauto eUS akatarisa pahutano hweguruva revashandi vemauto vanoshanda muIraq, Kuwait neAfghanistan. Kufumurwa kwenhengo dzebasa reIraq kune zvinokachidza chepfu zvakabatana nezvinetso zvekufema zvinowanzovatadzisa kuramba vachishumira nekuita zviitiko zvezuva nezuva sekurovedza muviri. US Geologic Survey microbiologists vakawana simbi dzinorema, kusanganisira arsenic, lead, cobalt, barium, uye aluminium, izvo zvinogona kukonzera kutambudzika kwekufema, uye mamwe matambudziko ehutano. [11] Kubva 2001, pakave nekukwira makumi maviri neshanu muzana muzana yehutano hwehuropi, 251 muzana inowedzera padanho rematambudziko ekufema, uye 47 muzana inokwira muzvikamu zvechirwere che Cardio-vascular mune nhengo dzebasa remauto izvo zvinogona zvine chekuita nedambudziko iri. [34]
Greenhouse Gas uye Mhepo Inosvibisa kubva kuMotokari Masoja: Kunyangwe ichimisa parutivi kukurumidza kushanda tempo yenguva yehondo, iro Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rave riri iro chete nyika mutengi mukurusa wemafuta, richishandisa anenge 4.6 mabhiriyoni emarita emafuta gore rega rega. [1] Motokari dzemauto dzinodya peturu-yakavakirwa mafuta nemutengo wepamusoro-soro: M-1 Abrams tank inogona kungopfuura hafu mamaira pagoroni remafuta paira kana kushandisa marita mazana matatu mumaawa masere ekushanda. [300] Bradley Kurwisa Mota dzinodya ingangoita 2 gironi pairaira inotyairwa.
Hondo inowedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta. Nokufungidzira kumwe, mauto eUS akashandisa mamirioni 1.2 emabhiramu emafuta muIraq mumwedzi mumwe chete wa2008. [3] Ichi chihombe chekushandisa kwemafuta pamusoro pemamiriro asiri munguva yehondo chinofanirwa kuita muchidimbu nenyaya yekuti mafuta anofanirwa kuendeswa kune mota dziri mumunda nedzimwe mota, dzichishandisa mafuta. Imwe fungidziro yemauto muna 2003 yaive yekuti zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvemafuta anoshandiswa nemauto zvakaitika mumotokari dzaiendesa mafuta kunhandare yehondo. [4] Mota dzechiuto dzinoshandiswa muIraq neAfghanistan dzakaburitsa mazana emazana ezviuru ematani ecarbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, mahydrocarboni, uye sulfur dioxide kuwedzera kune CO2. Mukuwedzera, kushamwaridzana kwebhomba rekuputika kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze-toxics-kusunungura nzvimbo dzakadai sezvikwata zvemahofisi, uye kuisa nemaune moto wemafuta naSaddam Hussein panguva yekupinda kweIraq mu2003 kutungamirira kumhepo, ivhu, nekusvibiswa kwemvura. [5]
Hondo-Inokurumidza Kuparadza nekukuvadza kweMasango neMafuta: Hondo dzakaparadzawo masango, materu nematope muAfghanistan, Pakistan neIraq. Kutemwa kwemasango kwakaperekedza iyi nehondo dzakapfuura muAfghanistan. Nzvimbo yese yemasango yakadzikira makumi matatu nemasere muzana muAfghanistan kubva muna38 kusvika 1990. [2007] Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekutema matanda zvisiri pamutemo, izvo zvinofambidzana nesimba rinokwira revatungamiriri vehondo, vakafarira rutsigiro rweUS. Uye zvakare, kutemwa kwemasango kwakaitika mune yega yeaya nyika sezvo vapoteri vanotsvaga mafuta uye zvekuvakisa. Kusanaya, kugwenga, uye kurasikirwa kwemarudzi izvo zvinofambidzana nekurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara zvave zviri mhedzisiro. Zvakare, sezvo hondo dzakakonzera kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, nharaunda yakashatiswa pachayo inobatsira mukuwedzera mhirizhonga. [6]
Hondo-Inokurumidza Kuitika Kwemhuka Kuparadza: Kubhomba muAfghanistan uye kutemerwa masango kwakatyisidzira nzira yakakosha yekutama kune shiri dzinotungamira munzvimbo ino. Huwandu hwe shiri dziri kubhururuka nenzira iyi dzadzika ne 85 muzana. [8] Mabheseni eUS akazova musika unogutsa wematehwe eiri pangozi Snow Leopard, uye varombo uye vapoteri veAfghan vanga vachidisa kutyora kurambidzwa kwekuvavhima, panzvimbo kubva 2002. [9] Vabatsiri vekunze kwenyika vakasvika muguta hombe manhamba anotevera kudonha kwehutongi hweTaliban vakatengawo matehwe. Huwandu hwavo hwakasara muAfghanistan hwakafungidzirwa pakati pezana nemazana maviri muna100. [200] (Peji rakagadziridzwa kubva munaKurume 2008)
[1] Col. Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro Energy Strategic: Kudzidzisa Imbwa Yekare Zvitsva Tricks. 21st Century Dziviriro Initiative. Washington, DC: Iyo Brookings Institution, Nyamavhuvhu, 2007, peji. 10.
[2] Global Security.Org, M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-specs.htm
[3] Associated Press, "Chokwadi pamusoro pekushandisa Mafuta emauto," USA Today, 2 April 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-04-02-2602932101_x.htm.
[4] Yakataurwa muna Joseph Conover, Harry Husted, John MacBain, Heather McKee. Kugadziriswa uye Kugona Kukosha kweiyo Bradley Kurwisa Motikari ine Fuel Cell Inobatsira Simba Chikwata. SAE technical Mapepa Akateedzana, 2004-01-1586. 2004 SAE World Congress, Detroit, Michigan, Kurume 8-11, 2004. http://delphi.com/pdf/techpapers/2004-01-1586.pdf
[5] United Nations Statistics Chikamu. "Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose Statistics - Zvakatipoteredza Statistics United Nations Statistics Chikamu. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envelo/Questionnaires/country_snapshots.htm.
[6] Carlotta Gall, Hondo-Yakaparadzwa Afghanistan muDambudziko Rezvakatipoteredza, The New York Times, January 30, 2003.
[7] Enzler, SM "Zvakatipoteredza zvinokonzerwa nehondo." Kurapa Kwemvura uye Kuchenesa - Lenntech. http://www.lenntech.com/environmental-effects-war.htm.
[8] Smith, Gar. "Inguva yekudzorera Afghanistan: Afghanistan Inochema Needs." Earth Island Zvinyorwa. http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/its_time_to_res… Noras, Sibylle. "Afuganisitani." Kuchengetedza Snow Leopards. snowleopardblog.com/projects/afghanistan/.
[9] Reuters, "Vatorwa vanotyisidzira Afghan Snow Leopards," 27 Chikumi 2008. http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/37501
[10] Kennedy, Kelly. "Nyanzvi yekuongorora Navy inobatanidza chepfu muguruva renzvimbo yehondo nezvirwere." USA Today, May 14, 2011. http://www.usatoday.com/news/military/2011-05-11-Iraq-Afghanistan-dust-soldiers-illnesses_n.htm.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Busby C, Hamdan M naAriabi E. Cancer, Kufa Kwevacheche uye Kuberekwa Bonde-Ratio muFallujah, Iraq 2005-2009. Int.J Environ.Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 2828-2837.
[13] Ibid.
