I. HONDO INOGONA KUPEDZWA

Uranda Hwakabviswa

Mukupera kwezana remakore nemasere gumi nemazana evanhu vari vapenyu pasi pano vakaitwa muuranda kana serfdom (zvikamu zvitatu zvevanhu vepasi, zvirokwazvo, maererano neThe Encyclopedia of Human Rights kubva kuOxford University Press). Pfungwa yekubvisa chimwe chinhu chakazara uye yakagara kwenguva refu seuranda yaiwanzoonekwa sechinhu chisina maturo. Uranda hwakagara huri nesu uye nguva dzose hwaizova. Mumwe aisakwanisa kuifarira kure nemanzwiro asina maturo kana kusazvidza mitemo yehupenyu hwedu hwevanhu, husingafadzi kunyange zvingava. Chitendero nesayenzi uye nhoroondo uye zvehupfumi zvose zvinotarisirwa kuratidzira kurarama kwehuranda, kugamuchirwa, uye kunyange kuda. Uranda huripo muBhaibheri hwechiKristu hwakaratidza kuti huri mumaziso evanhu vazhinji. Muna VaEfeso 6: 5 St. Pauro akarayira varanda kuti vateerere vatenzi vavo vepanyika sezvavakateerera Kristu.

Kuwanda kweuranda kwakabvumirawo nharo yokuti kana imwe nyika isingaiti imwe nyika ingadai ichiti: "Vamwe vabati vemazuva ano vanogona kushora kutengeswa kwevaranda sevanhu vasina kunaka uye vakaipa," akadaro mumwe weParamende yeBritain paMay 23, 1777, "Asi ngationei izvozvo, kana makoloni edu achifanira kukurudzirwa, izvo zvinogona kuitwa chete nemaAfrican negroes, zviri nani zviri nani kuzvipa vashandi ivavo muzvikepe zveBritain, kupfuura kuvatenga kubva kuFrench, Dutch kana Danish vatengesi." Musi waApril 18, 1791, Banastre Tarleton akaparidzirwa muParamende-uye, pasina mubvunzo, vamwe vakatomutenda-kuti "vaAfrica pachavo havana chavanopesana nebasa racho."

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, uuranda hwakavharwa pose pose uye nokukurumidza pakuderera. Mune chikamu, izvi zvaive nokuti vashoma vevashandi vekuEngland muZ1780 vakatanga hurumende inotsigira kubvisa, nyaya yakataurwa zvakanaka muna Adam Hochschild's Bury the Chains. Ichi chaiva sangano rakagumisa kugurisa kwevaranda neuranda chikonzero chetsika, chikonzero chekubayirwa nekuda kwevanhu vari kure, vanhu vasingazivikanwi zvakasiyana zvikuru nezvako. Yaiva sangano rekumanikidzwa kwevanhu. Yakanga isingashandisi chisimba uye haina kushandisa vhoti. Vanhu vazhinji vakanga vasina kodzero yekuvhota. Panzvimbo pacho yakashandisa izvo zvinonzi maonero asina maturo uye kushingaira kusateerera kwezvinonzi zvinotarisirwa zvehutarisiro hwedu hwevanhu. Yakashandura tsika, iyo ndeyechokwadi, chii chinogara chichiwedzera uye ichiedza kuchengetedza pachayo nekuzviti pachako "chimiro chevanhu."

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvakakonzera kuparadzwa kweuranda, kusanganisira kushorwa kwevanhu varanda. Asi kushorwa kwakadaro kwakanga kusati kwatsva munyika. Kuparadzirwa kwehutapwa-kusanganisira neveimbova varanda-uye kuzvipira kusabvumira kudzoka kwayo: iyo yaiva itsva uye yakasarudzwa.

Izvo pfungwa dzinopararira nemhando dzekukurukurirana isu iye zvino tinofunga nezvepakutanga. Pane humwe uchapupu hwokuti munguva ino yekukurukurirana kwepasi pose tinogona kuparadzira pfungwa dzakakodzera zvakakurumidza.

Saka, varanda varipo here? Hungu uye kwete. Kunyange zvazvo kuva nemumwe munhu kwakarambidzwa uye mukusavhiringidza pasi pose, maitiro euranda achiripo kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Izvo hazvisi nhaka yevanhu vakave varanda vehupenyu, kutakurwa uye kubatwa nekurohwa pachena nevanini vadzo, izvo zvingazonzi "varanda vemazuva ose." Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakadaro, chikwereti cheuranda uye hutano hwepabonde hwakaviga munyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Kune zvikwama zveuranda hwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana muUnited States. Ikoko kune basa rejeri, pamwe nevashandi vasingaverengeki kuva vana vevaimbova varanda. Kune vamwe veAfrica -America mushure mevasungwa kana pasi pekutungamirirwa nehurumende yehurumende yehutongi muUnited States nhasi kupfuura kune vaAfrica -America varanda muUnited States mu1850.

Asi zvakaipa izvi zvemazuva ano hazvibvumi kuti ani zvake kuti hutanda, chero ipi zvayo, hugadziriswe zvachose munyika yedu, uye haufanire. Vakawanda veAfrica -America havasungwa. Vazhinji vashandi vari munyika havasi varanda muuranda chero hwehupi. Muna 1780, dai iwe wakanga uchitaura kuita hutanda kunze kwekutonga, chinonyangadza chinoitwa muchivande, chakavanzika uye chikafukidzwa pane chakanga chichiripo mune chero chipi zvacho, iwe ungadai wakaonekwa seusingazivi uye usingazivi semunhu anenge achida kukwana kubviswa kweuranda. Kana iwe uchida kuronga kudzorera varanda nenzira huru mazuva ano, vanhu vakawanda vangashora pfungwa iyi sechekare uye ine utsinye.

Mhando dzose dzeuranda dzingadai dzisina kubviswa zvachose, uye dzingave dzisingamboiti. Asi ivo vanogona kuva. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, hutanda hwemadzitateguru hunogona kudzorerwa pakugamuchirwa kwakakurumbira uye kudzorerwa mukurumbira muchizvarwa kana maviri. Tarisa rumutsiriro rwakakurumidza mukugamuchira kushandiswa kwekutambudzwa mukutanga kwemazana makumi maviri nemakore ekutanga semuenzaniso wekuti tsika yaive yega yekuti dzimwe nyika dzakanga dzatanga kusimba dzakadzorerwa zvakadini. Mune nguva ino, zvisinei, zvakajeka kuvanhu vazhinji kuti uuranda isarudzo uye kuti kuparadzwa kwayo inzira-kuti, chokwadi, kubviswa kwayo nguva dzose kwaive kusarudzo, kunyange kana yakaoma.

Hondo Yakanaka Pakati Pevanhu?

MuUnited States vamwe vanogona kuva netsika yekusava nechokwadi kubviswa kweuranda semuenzaniso wekugumisa kwehondo nekuti hondo yakashandiswa kupedza uhuvha. Asi yakafanirwa kushandiswa here? Ingadai inofanira kushandiswa mazuva ano here? Uranda hwakapera husina hondo, kuburikidza nekubhadharwa kusunungurwa, muBritish makoroni, Denmark, France, Netherlands, uye vazhinji veSouth America neCaribbean. Mutevedzeri iwoyo wakashandawo muWashington, DC Varanda vaine zvikamu muUnited States vakaramba, vazhinji vavo vakasarudza kusarudzwa panzvimbo. Ndiyo nzira yakaitika kare, uye vanhu vazhinji vangadai vakafanirwa kufunga zvakasiyana kwazvo kuti iende kune imwe nzira. Asi mutengo wekusunungura varanda kuburikidza nekuutenga ungadai wakanga uri muduku kudarika neNorth wakapedza pahondo, kwete kuverenga izvo South rakapedza, kwete kuverenga kufa nekukuvadzwa, kuurayiwa, kushungurudzika, kuparadzwa, nemakumi emakore ekurwadziwa kuuya, nepo hutapwa kwenguva refu yakaramba ichitsvaga mune zvose asi zita. (Ona Mari inoshandiswa neHondo Huru dzeAmerica, neC Congressional Research Service, June 29, 2010.)

Musi waJune 20, 2013, Atlantic yakabudisa nyaya inonzi "Kwete, Lincoln Haana Kuve 'Akatenga Varanda'." Sei? Zvakanaka, varidzi vevaranda vakanga vasingadi kutengesa. Izvozvo zvakakwana zvechokwadi. Havana, kwete zvachose. Asi Atlantic inotarisa pane imwe nharo, iyo iyo ingadai yakangodhura, inodhura zvakanyanya se $ 3 bhiri (mune mari ye1860). Asi, kana iwe ukaverenga zvakanyanya-zviri nyore kurisuwa-munyori anobvuma kuti hondo inodhura kaviri zvakanyanya. Mari yekusunungura vanhu yakanga isingagoni kugadziriswa. Asi zvinodhura-zvakapetwa kakawanda-zvekuuraya vanhu, zvinotanga kusvika zvisingatarisirwi. Sezvo nevanofadzwa nevanhu vanoda kudya, zvinoratidzika kunge kune imwe nzvimbo yakakwana yakasiyana yemari yemari, kamuri rakachengetedzwa kure nekutsoropodza kana kumbvunzurudza.

Pfungwa yacho haisi yakawanda zvokuti madzitateguru edu angadai akaita sarudzo yakasiyana (vakanga vasipo pedyo nekuita zvakadaro), asi kuti kusarudzwa kwavo kunotarisa upenzi kubva pakuona kwedu. Kana mangwana taizosimuka tigoona munhu wese akakodzera kutsamwa pamusoro pekutyisa kwekuiswa mumajeri, zvingabatsira kuwana mimwe mikuru yakakura iyo yekuurayana muzvizhinji? Izvozvo zvingave zvakadini nekupedza mapurisa? Uye Hondo Yenharaunda ine chokuita neikuparadza varanda? Kana-zvakanyanya kupesana nenhoroondo chaiyo-vashandi veUnited States vakanga vasarudza kugumisa hutapwa pasina hondo, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti sechisarudzo chakaipa.

Rega ndiedze chaizvo, kunyanya kusimbisa pfungwa iyi: izvo zvandiri kutsanangura ZVAKASI zvakaitika uye zvakanga zvisiri kuzoitika, kwakanga kusina kure kure pedyo nekuitika; asi kuitika kwayo kwaizove chinhu chakanaka. Dai varanda vemapurisa uye vezvematongerwe enyika vakashandura mafungiro avo nekusarudza kugumisa uhuvha pasina hondo, vangadai vakagumisa nekutambura kwakanyanya, uye zvichida vakapedza zvachose zvakakwana. Chero mamiriro ose ezvinhu, kufungidzira uranda hunoguma pasina hondo, tinoda kungoona nhoroondo chaiye yeimwe nyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Uye kufungidzira kuchinja kukuru kuri kuitwa munharaunda yedu nhasi (kunyangwe kuvhara mapurisa, kusika magwaro ezuva, kunyorazve Gwaro reMitemo, kushandura hurumende yakagadziriswa, sarudzo yepasimende yepaguru, kusimbisa zvematongerwo enyika, kana chimwe chinhu-iwe ungasada chero humwe pfungwa idzi , asi ndine chokwadi kuti iwe unogona kufunga nezvekuchinja kukuru kwaungada) hatisi kutora seChitambo 1 "Tsvaga minda yakawanda iyo kuti vana vedu vaurayane nhamba dzakawanda." Pane kudaro, tinosvetuka kururamisa nechocho kutora 2 "Itai chinhu chinoda kuita." Uye saka tinofanira.

Kuvapo Kunotungamirirwa Essence

Kune umwe muzivi wekugovana maonero aJean Paul Sartre pasi pano hapana chikonzero chekuratidza kubviswa zvachose kweuranda kuitira kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti uuranda hunosarudza. Isu tiri vanhu, uye nokuda kweSartre zvinoreva kuti takasununguka. Kunyange kana tiri varanda, isu takasununguka. Tinogona kusarudza kusataura, kwete kudya, kwete kunwa, kwete kuita zvepabonde. Sezvandakanga ndichinyora izvi, nhamba huru dzevasungwa dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa mukurota nenzara muCalifornia uye muGuantanamo Bay uye muPalestina (uye vakanga vachikurukurirana). Zvose zvakasarudzika, nguva dzose zvave, nguva dzose zvichave. Kana tikasarudza kusadya, tinogona kusarudza kusaita mubasa rakawanda, tichida kubatana kwevanhu vazhinji, kusimbisa kana kuchengetedza sangano reuranda. Kubva maonero aya zviri pachena kuti tinogona kusarudza kusunga varanda. Isu tinogona kusarudza rudo rwepasi rose kana hurumende kana chipi nechipi chatinoona chakakodzera. Vabereki vanoudza vana vavo, "Iwe unogona kuva chero chaunosarudza kuva," uye zvakafanana zvinofanirawo kuva zvechokwadi pamusoro pekuungana kwakaungana kwevana vose.

Ndinofunga maonero aya ari pamusoro apa, asinganzwisisiki sezvaanoita, anonyatsoreva. Izvo hazvirevi kuti zviitiko zvenamangwana hazvisi zvido zvepanyama nevakapfuura. Zvinoreva kuti, kubva pakuona kwevanhu vasiri vanhu, zvisarudzo zviripo. Izvi hazvirevi kuti iwe unogona kusarudza kuva nehuviri hwemunhu kana matarenda ausina. Hazvirevi kuti iwe unogona kusarudza kuti nyika yose inofambisa sei. Iwe haugoni kusarudza kuva nemadhora mabhiriyoni kana kutora medari yegoridhe kana kutora mutungamiri akasarudzwa. Asi iwe unogona kusarudza kuva rudzi rwemunhu asingadi kuva nemadhora mabhiriyoni apo vamwe vane nzara, kana rudzi rwevanhu vanozoita izvozvi uye vanotarisira kuva nemadhora mabhiriyoni maviri emadhora. Iwe unogona kusarudza maitiro ako pachako. Iwe unogona kupa kukunda medari yegoridhe kana kuve akapfuma kana kusarudzwa shingairo yako yakanakisisa kana imwe hafu yemwoyo kana kushanda pasina. Iwe unogona kuva rudzi rwevanhu vanoteerera mirairo yepamutemo kana younzenza, kana rudzi rwevanhu vanovhiringidza. Iwe unogona kuva rudzi rwemunhu anobvumira kana kukurudzira chimwe chinhu seuranda kana rudzi rwemunhu anoedza kupedza zvachose kunyange vamwe vakawanda vachichitsigira. Uye nokuti isu tinogona kukwanisa kusarudza kubvisa, ndinopokana, tinogona kusarudza pamwe chete kuti tiipedze.

Pane nzira dzakasiyana dzokuti mumwe munhu angave asingabvumirane neizvi. Zvichida, vangave vakaratidzira, rimwe simba rine simba rinotidzivirira isu tose kubva pakusarudza zvatinogona kusarudza mumwe nomumwe semukana wekujekesa. Simba iri rinogona kungova mararamiro evanhu vasinganzwisisiki kana simba risingaitiki remashikiti kune vane simba. Kana kuti inogona kunge iri kukwikwidzana kwemakwikwi ezvemari kana kuwanda kwevanhu kana kushayikwa kwezviwanikwa. Kana kuti dzimwe nguva chikamu chevanhu vedu chinorwara kana chakavhiringidzwa nenzira inovamanikidza kuti vateerere chigaro cheuranda. Ava vanhu vanogona kupa mutemo weuranda kune dzimwe nyika. Zvichida nhapwa-chidimbu chechikamu chevanhu vanobatanidza varume vose, uye vakadzi havagone kukurira mumiriri wekutengesa kuuranda. Zvichida uori hwemasimba, huri pamwe nekuzvitsaurira kwevaya vanofarira kutsvaka simba hunoita kuti hurumende dzisarambe dzisingaiti. Zvichida kushandiswa kwevabatsiri uye unyanzvi hweva propagandist zvinotipa isu tisingakwanisi kurwisa. Kana kuti zvichida chikamu chikuru chepasi chaigona kugadzirirwa kupedza uranda, asi imwe imwe sangano yaizounza hutapwa zvakare sechirwere chinotapukira, uye kuchigumisa panguva imwe chete chakanga chisingaitiki. Zvichida hurumende inobereka hurumende, uye huwandu hwemari hunozvidzivirira. Zvichida kuparadza kwevanhu kunotarirwa kunzvimbo yakasikwa kunosanganisira varanda. Zvichida rusarura kana hukama hwenyika kana chitendero kana xenophobia kana kuti nyika yekuda nyika kana kukanganisa kana kutya kana makaro kana kukanganisa kusinganzwisisiki pachako kunopesana uye kunotsigira hutanda pasinei nokuti zvakaoma sei kuedza kufunga nekuita nzira yedu kubva nayo.

Izvozvi zvinyorwa zvekusabvumirwa zvinonzwika zvisinganyanyi kunzwisisika apo zvakataurirwa kune imwe nzvimbo iyo yatotonyanya kubviswa, seuranda. Ini ndichataura navo pasi apa maererano nezvenzvimbo yehondo. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa izvi-kuwanda kwevanhu, kushayikwa kwezviwanikwa, nezvimwe-zvinowanzozivikanwa pakati pevadzidzi vanotarisa kune vasiri nyika dzeMadokero senzira huru yekugadzira hondo. Zvimwe zvinyorwa, zvakadai sokukanganiswa kwezvakaitwa naMutungamiri Dwight Eisenhower mauto emabhizimisi akaoma, vanowanzozivikanwa pakati pevanhu vakaora mwoyo vanovhiringidza muAmerica. Hazvisi zvisizvo, zvisinei, kunzwa vatsigiri vehondo dzeUnited States vachitaura kuti vanoda kurwisana nezvinhu uye "mararamiro" sechikonzero chehondo dzakaratidzwa pane terevhizheni seine zvinokurudzira zvakasiyana. Ini ndichava netariro yekujekesa kuti izvozvi zvisingabviri zveuranda kana hondo hazvina chikonzero chaicho, chero zvipi zvavanoshandiswa. Iko kunzwisisika kwepikisano iyi kuchabatsirwa kana tikatanga kufunga kuti ingani masangano anoremekedzwa atosiya.

Ropa Ropa uye Duels

Hapana munhu muUnited States ari kuronga kudzorera ropa feuds, kutsiva kuurayiwa kwemitezo yemhuri imwe nhengo dzemhuri dzakasiyana. Vanouraya vakadaro vaimbova tsika yakajairika uye inogamuchirwa muEurope uye ichiri kunyanya kuzhinji kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika. Izvo zvisingaiti Hatfields naMecCoys havana kutora ropa rimwe nerimwe kwemazana emakore. Muna 2003, mhuri idzi mbiri dzekuUnited States dzakagamuchira chisungo. Kuramba kweropa muUnited States kwave kwenguva yakareba kwave kuchikanganiswa uye kwakarambwa nevevanhu vaifunga kuti zvingaita zviri nani uye zvaita zviri nani.

Zvinosuruvarisa, mumwe weMcCoys aibatanidzwa mukusainira truce yakaitwa zvishoma kudarika mazwi akanaka, asi United States yakaita hondo muIraq. Maererano neOrlando Sentinel, "Reo Hatfield weWaynesboro, Va., Vakauya nechinangwa sekuparidzira rugare. Izwi rakapararira iro rinotumira kunyika, iye akati, ndechokuti apo kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kuri pangozi, vanhu veAmerica vanoisa kusiyana kwavo voga uye vanomira vakabatana. "Maererano neBBCS News," Reo akati mushure meSvondo 11 aida kuita chirevo chepamutemo runyararo pakati pemhuri mbiri kuratidza kuti kana hukama hwemhuri hwakadzika zvikuru hunogona kugadziriswa, saizvozvo rudzi runogona kubatana kuti ruchengetedze rusununguko rwayo. "Rudzi. Kwete nyika. "Kudzivirira rusununguko" munaJune 2003 yaiva nheyo ye "kurwisana," pasinei nokuti hondo, yakafanana nehondo dzakawanda, yakaderedza rusununguko rwedu.
Takaita here kuti tishandise mhuri dzekuda ropa sehurumende yenyika? Takambomira kuuraya vavakidzani pamusoro pevenguru dzakabiwa kana kuti zvikomborero zvatakagara nhaka nokuti simba risingazivikanwi rinotikomberedza kuti tiuraye rakadzoserwa kuuraya kune dzimwe nyika kuburikidza nehondo? Ko Kentucky yaizoenda kuhondo neWest Virginia, uye Indiana neItaly, dai vakanga vasingakwanisi kuenda kuhondo neAghanistan pane? IEurope inozopedzisira yava nerunyararo pachayo chete nokuti inogara ichibatsira United States kurwisa nzvimbo dzakadai seAngland, Iraq, neLibhiya? Ko Mutungamiriri weGeorge W. W. Bush haana kururamisa hondo yeIraq mune chimwe chikamu nokutaura kuti mutungamiri weIraq akanga aedza kuuraya baba vaBush? Hondo dzeUnited States hadzisi kubata Cuba here kana kuti Hondo yeCold haina kumbomira zvikuru nekuda kwekuita inertia? Mushure mekunge auraya munharaunda weUnited States ainzi Anwar al-Awlaki, haana mutungamiri weBarack Obama kutumira imwe mushure mavhiki maviri gare gare akauraya mwanakomana weAnglaki ane makore ane gumi nemana, uyo asina mhosva dzekuita zvakaipa zvisina kumboitwa? Kana--kusava nechinoshamisa kunze kwekuti ingadai iri-yaAmai yechidiki yakatarwa isina kuonekwa, kana iye nevamwe vechidiki vaaiva naye vakaurayiwa kuburikidza nekusava nehanya kwakachena, hakufananidzi neropa rekutsvaga richiripo here?

Zvechokwadi, asi kufanana hakuna kufanana. Ropa, sezvakange riri, rakabva kune tsika dzeUnited States uye dzimwe tsika dzakawanda pasi rose. Zviratidzo zveRopa zvaive, pane imwe nguva, zvaifunga zvakasikwa, zvisikwa, zvinonakidza, uye zvisingaperi. Vaizodiwa netsika uye kukudzwa, nemhuri uye tsika. Asi, muUnited States uye nedzimwe nzvimbo, ivo vabva. Zvipfeko zvavo zvinogara. Ropa rezveRopa rinowanzoonekwa zvakare muhutomu hwakaoma, pasina ropa, dzimwe nguva pamwe nemagweta akaiswa panzvimbo yepfuti. Nzira dzekutsvaga ropa dzinozvibatanidza nemitambo yemazuva ano, yakadai sehondo, kana zvechisimba zvechikwata, kana kutambudzirwa kwemhosva uye kutumirwa. Asi kutyisa kweropa hakubviri pakati pehondo dziripo, hazvikonzeri hondo, hondo hadzingatevedzeri maonero avo. Ropa risina kuchinjwa kuva hondo kana chimwe chinhu. Vakaparadzwa. Hondo yakanga iripo uye shure kwekubviswa kweropa, uye yakave nezvimwe zvakafanana kuwedzerwa ropa ropa risati rapera kupfuura shure. Ihurumende dzinorwisana nehondo dzakagadzirisa kurambidzwa kwechisimba, asi kubvumirwa kunongopfuurira apo vanhu vakagamuchira simba rayo, apo vanhu vakabvumirana kuti kutyisa ropa kunofanira kusara shure kwedu. Kune zvikamu zvenyika umo vanhu vasina kubvuma izvozvo.

Dueling

Kuvandudzwa kwekukanganiswa kunoratidzika kunge kushoma kudarika kudzokera kuuranda kana ropa feuds. Duels yaimbova inowanikwa muEurope neUnited States. Misiyuta, kusanganisira US Navy, yakashandura kurasikirwa nemapurisa akawanda kuti azvibatane pachavo pane kurwisana nemuvengi wekunze. Dueling yakarambidzwa, yakasvibiswa, yakaseka, uye yakarambwa munguva yegumi nemapfumbamwe sechiito chinonyadzisa. Vanhu vose vakasarudza pamwe kuti ingasara shure, uye yakanga iri.

Hapana munhu anotsvaga kubvisa utsinye kana kusakarurama kusingagadziri paanenge achichengetedza kudzivirirwa kana kuti kubatsiririra vanhu munzvimbo. Izvo zvinogona kutaurwa nezvekutengesa ropa uye muranda. Iyi miitiro yakarambwa seyese, isina kuchinjwa kana kubudirira. Hatina Geneva Conventions kuti tishandise hutanda hwakanaka kana kuti hunobudirira ropa feuds. Uranda hwakanga huri hunochengetwa semuitiro unogamuchirwa kune vamwe vanhu. Ropa rega rega harina kubvumirwa kune dzimwe dzimba dzakakosha dzaifanira kuve dzakagadzirira kudzivisa mhuri dzisinganzwisisiki kana dzakaipa dzisingakwanisi kufunga nezvazvo. Dueling harina kuramba iri pamutemo uye inogamuchirwa kune vanhu chaivo. Sangano reUnited Nations harina mvumo yekudzora nzira iyo inogonesa hondo. Kubva kune dzimwe nyika, iyo yaimbova nayo, inonzwisiswa seyo inoparadza, yakadzokera shure, yekare, uye yekusaziva nzira yekuti vanhu vanoedza kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwavo. Chero chipi zvacho chinoshora mumwe munhu chinogona kukanganisa kwauri chava kuda kuve chakasimba-sezvatinotarisa zvinhu nhasi-pane kupomerwa kwekuve benzi uye utsinye kuti tibatanidzwe mu duels. Saka kubata hakusi iyo nzira yekudzivirira mukurumbira wemunhu kubva pakuzvidzwa.

Iko nguva inoshandiswa tsvina ichiri kuitika here? Zvichida, asi ndizvo zvinowanzoitika (kana kwete zvakadaro) kuponda, kubata, uye kuba. Hapana arikutsvaga kubhadhara avo avo, uye hakuna munhu ari kuronga kudzosa zvakare. Isu tinowanzoedza kudzidzisa vana vedu kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwavo nemashoko, kwete zvikwata kana zvombo. Kana tisingakwanisi kushanda zvinhu, tinokumbira shamwari kana mutariri kana mapurisa kana dare kana imwewo simba rekugombedzera kana kupa mutongo. Hatina kubvisa kukakavadzana pakati pevanhu, asi takadzidza kuti isu tose tave nani pakudzigadzirisa kwete nechisimba. Pane imwe nhanho vazhinji vedu tinonzwisisa kuti kunyange munhu uyo ​​angangodaro akakunda mu duel asi uyo anorasikirwa nedare rekutonga achiri nani zviri nani. Munhu iyeye haafaniri kurarama semhirizhonga nyika, haafaniri kutambura ne "kukunda" kwake, haafaniri kupupurira kutambura kwevadzivisi vake, haafaniri kutsvaga kugutsikana kana "kusungwa" pasina iyo manzwiro asingakoshi ekutsiva, haafaniri kutya chero rufu rwemudiwa wega kana kukuvadzwa mu duel, uye haafaniri kugara akagadzirira kuti pacheche yake inotevera iuye.
International Duels:
Spain, Afghanistan, Iraq

Zvakadini kana hondo yakaipa nzira yekugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwenyika dzakawanda sekukwanisa kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwevamwe? Kufananidza kungave kwakakosha kudarika zvatinofunga kufungidzira. Duels yaiva makwikwi pakati pevarume vevarume vakanga vasarudza kuti kusawirirana kwavo hakugoni kugadziriswa nokutaura. Zvechokwadi, tinoziva zviri nani. Vangadai vakagadzirisa nyaya nekutaura, asi havana kusarudza. Hapana munhu aisungirwa kurwisana ne duel nokuti mumwe munhu waakanga achikakavadzana nawo yakanga isina musoro. Chero ani zvake akasarudza kurwisa a duel aida kurwisana ne duel, uye akanga ari-naizvozvo-asingakwanisi kuti mumwe munhu ataure naye.

Hondo inopikisana pakati pemarudzi (kunyange apo inorondedzerwa sekunorwisana nechimwe chinhu se "kutya") - marudzi asingagoni kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwavo nokutaura. Tinofanira kuziva zviri nani. Marudzi aigona kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwavo nekutaura, asi vasasarudza. Hakuna nyika inosungirwa kurwisana nehondo nokuti imwe nyika haisati yambofunga. Chero rudzi rwakasarudza kurwisana nehondo yaida kurwisana nehondo, uye yakanga iga-saka-haigoneki kune imwe nyika kuti itaure naye. Iyi ndiyo nzira yatinoona muhondo dzakawanda dzeUnited States.

Rutivi rwakanaka (rutivi rwedu, rwechokwadi) muhondo, tinoda kutenda, takamanikidzwa mukati maro nokuti rimwe rutivi runonzwisisa chete chisimba. Iwe haugoni kutaura nevanhurani, semuenzaniso. Zvaizova zvakanaka kana iwe uchikwanisa, asi iyi ndiyo nyika chaiyo, uye munyika chaiyo dzimwe nyika inomhanya nemasviki enhema asingagoneki kufunga!
Ngatitorei nekuda kwekukakavadzana kuti hurumende dzinoita hondo nokuti rumwe rutivi haruzovi nehanya uye kutaura navo. Vazhinji vedu hatitendi kuti izvi ndezvechokwadi. Tinoona kugadzirisa hondo sezvinotungamirirwa nechishuvo chisina maturo uye makaro, hondo yezvakarurama semapakiti emanyepo. Ini ndakanyora bhuku rinonzi War Is a Lie vachitsvaga mhando dzakawanda dzenhema pamusoro pehondo. Asi, nokuda kwekuenzanisa nekutengesa, ngatitarisei nyaya yehondo sekusarudzwa kwekupedzisira kana achitaura kukundikana, uye ona kuti inogadzirisa sei. Uye ngatitarise mamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira United States, sezvaanozivikanwa kune vakawanda vedu uye mamwe akajairika kune vamwe vakawanda, uye seUnited States (sezvandichakurukura pasi apa) ndiye mutungamiri wenyika wehondo.

Speini

Dzidziso yokuti hondo ndiyo yekupedzisira yakashandiswa kunopesana neavo vasingakwanisi kufunga nezvayo haitsigiri zvakanaka. Hondo yeSpain-America (1898), somuenzaniso, haina kukodzera. Spain yaida kuzviisa pasi pekutongwa kwevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika, mushure mekunge United States inopomera veSpanish kuti vaikwidza chikepe chinonzi USS Maine, asi United States yaisimbirira kuenda kuhondo pasinei nokuti isina uchapupu hunotsigira kupomerwa kweSpain , mhosva dzaishumira sehondo yekururamisa. Kuve nemanzwisisiro yemaonero edu ehondo isu tinofanira kuisa Spain muine basa rekunzwisisa mutevedzeri uye United States mubasa rekudya. Izvozvo hazvigoni kuva zvakarurama.

Kunyanya: haikwanise kuva yakarurama. IUnited States yakanga isingamhanyi uye yakanga isingagari nemagetsi. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuona nenzira iyo nyanzvi dzinogona kuita zvakanyanya kudarika zvasarudzwa nevatungamiri vedu, asi chokwadi chinoramba chiripo kuti Spain yakanga isingaiti nemaoko evanhu, kunze kwevaAmerica. Uye United States yakanga isiri kutarisana nemasvikiro evanhu, kunze kweSpanish. Nyaya yacho ingadai yakagadziriswa patafura, uye rumwe rutivi rwakatoita kuti chirevo ichocho. Ichokwadi ndechekuti United States yaida hondo, uye kwakanga kusina chiSpanish chaigona kutaura kuti chidzivirire. IUnited States yakasarudza hondo, sezvo se dueler yakasarudza kudhinda.

Afuganisitani

Mienzaniso inomuka mupfungwa kubvira munhau yekare zvakare, kwete kubva mazana emakore apfuura. IUnited States, kwemakore matatu pamberi peSeptember 11, 2001, yakanga iri kubvunza vaTaliban kuti vashandure Osama bin Laden. VaTaliban vakanga vakumbira uchapupu hwemhosva yake yezvakaipa chero chipi zvacho uye kuzvipira kumuedza munyika yepasi isina kutenderera pasina chirango chekufa. Izvi zvakaramba zvichienda munaOctober, 2001. (Ona, semuenzaniso "Bush Rejects Taliban Inopa Kubata Bin Laden Kupfuura" muThe Guardian, Gumiguru 14, 2001.) VaTaliban vanokumbira hazviiti sevasina mano kana kuti mapenzi. Zvinoratidzika sezvinoda zveumwe munhu ane nhaurirano inogona kuenderera mberi. VaTaliban vakanyeverawo United States kuti bin Laden akanga achironga kurwisa kwevhu reUnited States (izvi maererano neBBC). Mutori wekare wekuPakistani kunze kwenyika, VaNiaz Naik, vaudza BBC kuti vakuru vakuru vekuAmerica vakamuudza pamusangano weUnited-sponsored muBerlin munaJuly 2001 kuti United States inotora matanho kuTaliban pakati pemwedzi waOctober. Iye akati hazvina chokwadi kuti kuzvipira kwaBad Laden kwaizochinja zvirongwa izvi. Apo United States yakarwisa Afghanistan munaOctober 7, 2001, vaTaliban vakakumbira zvakare kutaurirana kugovera bin Laden kunyika yechitatu kuzotongwa. IUnited States yakaramba chipo ichi uye yakaramba ichirwisana muAfghanistan kwemakore akawanda, kwete kuimisa iyo bin bin Laden akatendwa kuti akasiya nyika iyo, uye kwete kunyange kuimisa pashure pokuzivisa kufa kwaBin Laden. (Ona Gwaro Rezvemamwe Marongerwo Enyika, September 20, 2010.) Zvichida kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvekuchengetedza hondo yacho kwemakore gumi nemaviri, asi zvakajeka kuti chikonzero chekutanga chakanga chisina kuti hapana imwe nzira yekugadzirisa nayo nharo dzaivepo. Zviri pachena kuti United States yaida hondo.

Sei mumwe munhu aida hondo? Sezvo ndichikakavadzana muHondo Ishema, United States yakanga isina kunyanya kutsvaga kutsiva kweSpain inofungidzirwa kuparadzwa kweMaine sekutora mukana wokukunda masango. Kurwisa Afghanistan kwakanga kusina kana kuita neBin Laden kana hurumende yakanga yabatsira bin Laden. Asi, sangano reUnited States raive rakabatana nemafuta emafuta emafuta, kusarudzwa kwezvombo, kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika, geo-zvematongerwo enyika, kutungamira kuenda kunopinda muIraq (Tony Blair akaudza Bush Afghanistan kuti aifanira kuuya pakutanga), chifukidzo chekuda nyika chechigamba chemasimba uye chisingadikanwi mitemo pamba, uye kubatsirwa kubva muhondo nezvimwe zvinotarisirwa. United States yaida hondo.

IUnited States ine zvishoma pasi pe5 muzana yevanhu vepasi pose asi inoshandisa chikamu chetatu chemapepa enyika, chikamu chemafuta epasi, 23 muzana yemarasha, 27 muzana yealuminium, uye 19 muzana yemhangura. (Ona Scientific American, September 14, 2012.) Izvo zvinhu hazvigoni kupfuurira nekusingaperi kuburikidza nekukurukurirana. "Ruoko rwakavanzika rwemusika haruzoshanda pasina chibhakera chakavanzika. McDonald's haigoni kubudirira kunze kweMcDonnell Douglas, muumbi we US ​​Air Force F-15. Uye chibvumirano chakavanzika chinochengetedza nyika kuchengetedzwa kwekombiyuta yeSilicon Valley kuti ibudirire inonzi US Army, Air Force, Navy uye Marine Corps, "anodaro munhu akavanza ruoko uye munyori wepepanhau reNew York Times Thomas Friedman. Asi makaro haisi kukakavadzana kuti mumwe munhu haafungi kana kuti utsinye. Ingori makaro chete. Tose takaona vana vaduku uye kunyange vanhu vakwegura vakadzidza kuva vashoma. Kunewo nzira dzinoenda kune simba rakasimba uye hupfumi hwemunharaunda iyo inotungamirira kubva kuhondo yemakaro pasina kutungamirira kukutambura kana kushaya hurombo. Nhamba yakawanda yekuwanda kwekutendeuka kune simba rakaoma haifaniri kufunga nezvekuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda kubva kuhondo. Tichakurukura kuti chii chinopera hondo inogona kuita pasi apa. Pfungwa apa ndeyokuti hondo haina kukodzera kuonekwa sekuremekedzwa kupfuura kudhevedza.

Hondo yakanga isingagoni kudzivirirwa kubva pakuona maAfghans, ndiani akawana United States isina kufarira mukutaurirana? Zvechokwadi kwete. Kunyange zvazvo kupikisa kwechisimba kwakakundikana kugumisa hondo kwemakore anodarika gumi, zvinoita kuti kusagadzikana kusina kuve kwakagadzikana kwaive kwakabudirira. Tinogona kubatsirwa, sezvakaitwa mumazana emakore akapfuura, kubva munhoroondo yekusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana muArab Spring, kuEastern Europe, kuSouth Africa, muIndia, muCentral America, mukubudirira kwemaFhilippines nePuerto Ricans kuti ivhare mauto eUnited States zvigaro, nezvimwewo.

Dai izvi zvisinganzwisisike sekuti ndiri kungopa mazano asina kufanira kune vaFghans apo hurumende yangu ine mabhomba, ndinofanira kutaura kuti chidzidzo chimwe chete chinogona kushanda munyika yangu zvakare. Vanhu veUnited States vanotsigira kana kuti vanobvumira kushandiswa (kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana-sangana neWar Resisters League kana National Priorities Project) yepamusoro $ $ 1 trillion gore negore pamusoro pekugadzirira hondo zvakakwana nekuda kwekutya (fantastical kunyange zvingadaro) ye kupinda kweUnited States nedzimwe nyika. Kana izvi zvikaitika, simba rekune dzimwe nyika raizobatanidza zvombo zveUnited States. Asi, dai taizoputsa zvombo izvi, hatidi-zvinopesana nemafungiro evanhu vakawanda-ngazvive zvisingagoni kuzvidzivirira. Tingazokwanisa kuramba kusabatanidzwa kwedu nebasa. Tinokwanisa kuunganidza vamwe vanozvidzivirira kubva kurudzi runopinda uye nhoo dzevanhu kubva kumativi ose enyika. Tinogona kutevera kururamisira kuburikidza nemafungiro evanhu, matare, uye zvimhosva zvinotarisirwa kune avo vane mhosva.

Chaizvoizvo, iUnited States neNATO inopinda kune vamwe. Hondo uye basa reAfghanistan, kana tikadzoka kubva kwazviri zvishoma, zvinoratidzika sechisimba sechael. Kuranga hurumende inoda (pane mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anonzwisisika) kutendeudzira munhu anopomerwa mhosva, nekushandisa zvakanaka kwemazana gumi emabhomba nekuuraya vanhu vorudzi irworwo (vazhinji vavo vakanga vasati vambonzwa nezvekurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, 2001, zvakanyanya kusatsigira ivo, uye vazhinji vavo vanovenga maTaliban) hazviiti sechiito chinopfurikidza chiito pane kupfura muvakidzani nokuti babamunini vake vakabata nguruve sekuru vako. Zvechokwadi hondo inouraya vanhu vakawanda kupfuura ropa feuds. Makore gumi nemaviri gare gare, hurumende yeUnited States, sezvandinonyora izvi, iri kuedza kukurukura neTaliban-chiito chisina kururama pakuti vanhu veAk Afghanistan havasi ivo vanomiririrwa nevechimwe sangano mukutaurirana, asi nzira inogona kutorwa zviri nani nzvimbo 12 makore apfuura. Kana iwe uchikwanisa kutaura navo ikozvino, sei usina kukwanisa kutaura navo ipapo, tisati tava nemasikirini akawandisa? Kana hondo yeAramu ichigona kudziviswa, nei hondo isingagoni kuitika kuA Afghanistan?
Iraki

Zvino pane imwe nyaya yeIraq muna March 2003. Sangano reUnited Nations rakaramba kurambidza kurwisa kweIraq, sezvo yakaramba makore maviri apfuura neA Afghanistan. Irak yakanga isiri kutyisidzira United States. IUnited States yakanga ine uye yakanga iri kugadzirira kushandisa kurwisana neIraki yose yezvisikwa zvepasi rose zvakashorwa: white phosphorus, mhando itsva ye napalm, masumbu emasumbu, uranium yakapera. Sangano reUnited States raiva rekurwisa hutachiona uye nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda nehasha dzakadai kuti, zvinopesana nezvose zvakaitika kare, vanhu vaizo "kutya uye kushorwa" -imwe shoko raizotyisidzirwa-kuiswa. Uye kururamiswa kwakabudisa izvi izvi zvaive kuIraq inofungidzirwa kuchengetedza makemikari, zvisikwa, uye zvombo zvenyukireya.

Zvinosuruvarisa nekuda kwezvirongwa izvi, nzira yekuongorora kwepasi pose yakanga yabvisa Iraq yezvombo izvi zvakapfuura uye yakasimbisa kusavapo kwavo. Kuongororwa kwaive kuenderera mberi, kusimbisa zvakare kusakwana kwezvombo zvakadaro, apo United States yakashuma kuti hondo yaizotanga uye vatsva vanofanira kubva. Hondo yaidiwa, hurumende yeUnited States yakati, kuparadza hurumende yeIraq-kubvisa Saddam Hussein kubva pasimba. Zvisinei, maererano neshoko remusangano munaFebruary 2003 pakati peMutungamiri George W. Bush uye Prime Minister weSpain, Bush akati Hussein akanga ataura kuti abve muIraq, uye kuti aende kuutapwa, kana aigona kuchengeta $ 1 mabhiriyoni. (Ona El Pais, September 26, 2007, kana Washington Post yezuva rakatevera.) Washington Post yakataura kuti: "Kunyange zvazvo hurumende yaBush panguva yemusangano yakanga iri yokuti musuo wakaramba wakasununguka kugadziriswa kwemauto, mazana ezviuru mauto eUnited States akanga atoendeswa kune muganhu weIraq, uye White House yakanga yaita kuti kushivirira kwayo kuve pachena. 'Nguva inopfupika,' Bush akati mumusangano wehau ne [[gurukota reSpanish] Jose Maria] Aznar musi iwoyo. "

Zvichida mutongi ari kubvumirwa kutiza ne $ 1 mabhiriyoni haisi mhinduro yakanaka. Asi kupa kwacho hakuna kuziviswa kuvanhu veUnited States. Takaudzwa kuti kudyidzana kwakange kusingabviri. Kutaurirana kwaisakwanisika, takaudzwa. (Nokudaro, pakanga pasina mukana wekupa pepa rekupa imwe hafu yemadhora mabhiriyoni, somuenzaniso.) Kuongororwa kwakanga kusina kushanda, vakati. Zvombo zvacho zvakanga zviripo uye zvinogona kushandiswa chero nguva ipi zvayo inopikisana nesu, ivo vakati. Hondo, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinosuruvarisa, kushungurudzika ndiko kusarudzwa kwekupedzisira, vakatiudza. Mutungamiri Bush nebhurumende yeBritish Tony Blair vakataura ku White House musi waJanuary 31, 2003, vachiti hondo inogona kudziviswa kana zvichibvira, mushure mekunge musangano wega wega umo Bush aida kuti ndege yekubvumirana yeU2 inobhururuka nevekurwisana neIraq, zvakavezwa muUUN mavara, uye kutarisira kuti Iraq ichapfuta pamusoro pavo, sezvo izvo zvingave zvaive zvikonzero zvokutanga hondo. (Ona Nyika Isingabvumirwi nePhillipe Sands, uye ona zvakapararira zvakaparadzirwa zvemashoko paHarareIsACrime.org/WhiteHouseMemo.)

Panzvimbo pokurasika mabhiriyoni emadhora, vanhu veIraq vakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwevanhu vane mamiriyoni e1.4, vakaona 4.5 mamiriyoni evanhu akaita vapoteri, ruzivo rwehurumende yavo uye dzidzo uye hurongwa hwehutano hwakaparadzwa, hurumende dzevanhu dzakarasikirwa dzakange dziripo kunyange pasi pekutonga kwechisimba kwaSaddam Hussein, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinopfuura kudarika kufungidzira, zvirwere zvezvirwere nekuremara kwekuberekwa sezvinotyisa sezvinyika inoziva. Rudzi rweIraq rwakaparadzwa. Mari inosvika kuIraq kana kuUnited States mumadhora yakanga yakawanda kudarika mabhiriyoni (United States yakabhadhara kupfuura $ 800 mabhiriyoni, kwete kuverenga mabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora emadhora akawanda, kubhadharwa kubhadharwa, veterans kutarisira, uye kurasika mikana). (Ona DavidSwanson.org/Iraq.) Hapana chimwe cheizvi chakaitwa nokuti Iraq yakanga isingagoni kurangariridzana nayo.

Hurumende yeUnited States, iyo yakakwirira yepamusoro, yakanga isingakurudzirwi nezvombo zvisiri izvo zvachose. Uye hazvisi nzvimbo chaiyo yehurumende yeUnited States kuti ichitaridzire kuIraq kana mutongi wavo ari kumhanya. Hurumende yeUnited States inofanira kunge yakashanda pakugumisa kutsigira kwayo kune vanodzvinyirira mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda vasati vapindira neIraq nenzira itsva. Iro sarudzo yaivepo yekugumisa zvigadziro zvezvemari uye mabhomba uye kutanga kutanga kugadzirisa. Asi kana United States 'ichitaura zvinokurudzirwa yakanga iri yadzo chaiye, tinogona kugumisa kuti kutaura kwaive chinhu chakanga chisarudzwa. Kutaurirana neIraq kubviswa kubva kuKaititi kwaive kusarudzo panguva yekutanga yeGulf War. Kusarudza kusatsigira nekupa simba Hussein akanga ari chisarudzo kare kare. Kune nguva dzose pane imwe nzira yekutsigira chisimba. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange kubva kuIraqi yenzvimbo yekuona. Kurwisana kudzvinyirira kunogona kunge kusina chekuita kana kusimba.

Ongorora chero hondo ipi yaunoda, uye zvinoitika kuti kana vamanikidzi vanga vaida kutaura zvido zvavo pachena, vangadai vakapinda mukukurukurirana pane kupinda muhondo. Pane kudaro, vaida hondo-hondo nokuda kwayo, kana hondo yezvikonzero zvisingaverengeki kuti hapana rumwe rudzi rwaizobvuma.

Hondo Inosarudza

Munguva yeCold War, Soviet Union yakashongedzerwa uye, chaizvoizvo, yakapfura ndege yeU2, iro chiito icho Mutungamiri Bush aitarisira kuti aizotanga hondo kuIraq, asi United States neSoviet Union vakataura nyaya yacho pane kuenda kuhondo. Izvozvo zvinogara zviripo-kunyange kana kutyisidzika kwekuparadzana kwese kusipo. Yaivapo neBay of Pigs uye Cuban Missile Crises. Apo vatsigiri vemutungamiri weMutungamiri John F. Kennedy vakaedza kumubata muhondo, akasarudza panzvimbo pekupisa moto vakuru vakuru uye vanoramba vachitaura neSoviet Union, apo kushandiswa kwakafanana kwehondo kwakange kuri kutamba uye kunopikiswa naSiki Nikita Khrushchev. (Verenga James Douglass 'JFK neChirangaridzo.) Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, zvigadziro zvekurwisa Iran kana Siriya zvakaramba zvichirambwa. Kurwisa ikoko kunogona kuuya, asi ivo vanogona kuzviita.

Muna March 2011, African Union yakanga ine chirongwa chekurarama muLibhiya asi yakadziviswa neNATO, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwe "hapana fukirwe" nzvimbo uye kutanga kwebhomba, kuenda kuRibya kuzokurukura. MunaMuvhuro, African Union yakakwanisa kukurukura chirongwa chayo neChina mutungamiri weRibya Muammar al-Gaddafi, uye akaratidza chibvumirano chake. NATO, iyo yakanga yawana mvumo yeUUN yekudzivirira vaRibyria vachiti inenge iri pangozi asi pasina mvumo yekuenderera mberi nekuputira nyika kana kuparadza hurumende, yakaramba ichingoputira nyika uye kuparadza hurumende. Mumwe angatenda kuti chinhu chakanaka chaifanira kuita. "Takasvika. Takaona. Akafa! "Akadaro Munyori wehurumende weUnited States Hillary Clinton, achiseka achinyarara mushure mekufa kwaGaddafi. (Tarisa vhidhiyo paWarIsCrime.org/Hillary.) Saizvozvowo, vatengesi vaidavira kuuraya mumwe mukomana chakanga chakanaka kuita. Pfungwa apa ndeyokuti yakanga isiri iyo chete inogona kuwanikwa. Sezvo nekunetsana, hondo dzaigona kuchinjwa nekutaurirana nekugadzirisa. Munhu anomanikidzwa angave asingawanzobvi pambvumirano yenyika izvo avo vari mushure mekuita hondo vachivanda uye vachinyadzisa vachida, asi izvozvo zvingava chinhu chakaipa zvakadaro here?

Izvi ndezvechokwadi nehondo yakave yakatyisidzika yehondo yeUn Iran. Kuedza kwehurumende yeIranian pakukurukurirana kwakarambwa neUnited States kwemakore gumi apfuura. Muna 2003, Iran yakarongedza kukurukurirana nezvose zviri patafura, uye United States yakabvisa chipo. Iran yakabvumirana nemiganhu yakakura pane chirongwa chenyukireya pane zvinotarisirwa nemutemo. Iran yakaedza kubvumirana neUnited States, achidzokorora kakawanda kutumira mafuta enyukireya kunze kwenyika. Muna 2010, Turkey neBrazil zvakaenda kune dambudziko guru kuti Iran inobvumirana neicho izvo hurumende yeUnited States yaiti yaidiwa, izvo zvakaguma muhurumende yeUnited States chete inoratidza kutsamwa kwayo kuTurkey neBrazil.

Kana izvo izvo United States ichida chaizvo ndezvekutonga Iran nekushandisa zvayo zvayo, Iran haigoni kutarisirwa kukanganisa nokubvuma kutonga zvishoma. Izvo zvinangwa hazvifanirwe kutevedzwa nekupikisana kana hondo. Kana izvo izvo United States chaizvoizvo zvichitsvaga ndezvemamwe marudzi kuti asiye simba renyukireya, zvingawana zvakaoma kuisa mutemo iwoyo pamusoro pavo, kana pasina kushandiswa kwehondo. Nzira inowanikwa pakubudirira haizove hondo kana kukurukurirana, asi muenzaniso uye rubatsiro. IUnited States inogona kutanga kuputsa zvombo zvenyukireya uye masimba emasimba. Inogona kuisa mari mumagetsi. Nhepfenyuro yezvemari inowanikwa kune magetsi, kana chimwe chinhu, kana hondo yehondo ichibviswa zvisinganzwisisike. IUnited States inogona kupa simba rekushandisa rubatsiro kunyika kune chikamu chiduku chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa kupa hurumende-kusataura nezvekumisa zvigadziro zvinodzivirira Iran kuti irege kuwana zvikamu zvemhepo.

Hondo Kune Mumwe Nomumwe

Kuongorora hondo dzakarwa nevanhu uye mapoka maduku evanhu vanonzi mapurisa anoratidzawo kuti kutaura kwave kuripo, kunyange zvazvo kwakarambwa, sarudzo. Zvechokwadi, zvakaoma kuwana mhaka umo kuurawa kunoratidzika kuva ndiyo yekupedzisira kusarudzwa. Muna May 2013 Mutungamiri Obama akapa hurukuro yaaitaura kuti yevanhu vose vaakange vauraya ne drone kurwisa vana chete vakanga vari vagari vemuUnited States, uye mune rimwe remakumbo mana aya ainge asangana nedzimwe nzira dzaaizvigadzirira asati agamuchira kuurayiwa. Zvose zvinowanikwa pachena pachena zvinopesana nemhosva iyoyo, uye chaizvoizvo hurumende yeUnited States iri kuedza kuuraya Anwar al-Awlaki zvisati zvamboitika apo Mutungamiri Obama akazoti Awlaki akaita chikamu chakakonzera kuuraya kwake. Asi Awlaki haana kumbopomerwa mhosva, asina kutongopomerwa, uye kuwedzera kwake hakuna kumbobvunzwa. Musi waJune 7, 2013, mutungamiri wemadzinza Yemeni Saleh Bin Fareed akaudza Democracy Zvino kuti Awlaki angadai akadzorerwa uye akaiswa mukutongwa, asi "havana kutitibvunza isu." Mune dzimwe nguva dzakawanda zvinoratidzika kuti drone vanga vaishungurudzwa vangadai vakasungwa kana iyo nzira yaimbove yakamboedzwa. (Muenzaniso usingakanganwiki waiva November 2011 drone kuuraya muPakistan ye16 ane makore ane makore Tariq Aziz, mazuva mushure mokunge apinda musangano weAn anti-drone mumuguta mukuru, kwaangangodaro akasungwa-dai akanga atongerwa kune vamwe utsotsi.) Zvichida pane zvikonzero zvekuda kuuraya pamusoro pokutora. Asi, zvakare zvakare, zvichida pane zvikonzero nei vanhu vakasarudza kurwisana nemafungiro ekunyora mitemo yemutemo.

Pfungwa yekumisa mitemo kune vanhu pachavo nekupfura zvombo zvavo pavari yakatamirwa kumarudzi muAugust-September 2013 kukurudzira kurwisa kweSiria-iyo yaifanira kurwiswa sechirango chekushandiswa kwechirwere chakadziviswa. Asi, chokwadi, mutongi chero upi zvake wakaipa zvokuti akauraya mazana evanhu kuti afe haazofungidziri kurangwa apo mamwe mazana ezvo akaurawa, sezvaakaramba asina kugutsikana uye asina chokwadi.

Hondo Yakaisvonaka Yakanaka Mune Ramangwana

Zvechokwadi, kunyora hondo dzingadai dzakatsiviwa nekukurukurirana kana kuburikidza nekuchinja zvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika hazvigoni kunyengetedza munhu wese kuti hondo haifaniri kudiwa munguva yemberi. Kutenda kwakanyanya mumafungiro emamiriyoni evanhu ndeiyi: Mumwe haagoni kutaura naHitler. Uye kugadzirisa kwayo: Munhu haagoni kutaura neHitler anotevera. Kuti hurumende yeUnited States yave isingazivikanwi neHitlers itsva kwemazana matatu kubva muzana remakore-panguva iyo dzimwe dzakawanda dzimwe nyika dzakawana United States kuti ive rudzi rwausingagoni kutaura-harina kutaurira pfungwa yokuti Hitler angadzoka rimwe zuva . Iyi njodzi yezvinyorwa inopindurwa nehuwandu hwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga uye simba, nepo njodzi dzakadai sekudziya kwepasi pose, sezviri pachena, zvinopupurirwa kuti zvave zvatopinda musingaverengeki dambudziko rekukurira njodzi tisati taita.

Ndichatarisa guru reAlbatross reHondo Yenyika II muChikamu II chebhuku rino. Izvozvi, zvisinei, zvakakodzera kucherechedza zvekuti ikozvino katatu kwezana remakore ndeyenguva refu. Zvakawanda zvachinja. Pakave pasina Hondo Yenyika III. Nyika dzakapfuma nyika dzakasara hadzina kuenda kundorwa zvakare. Hondo dzinorwisana pakati pemarudzi ari varombo, uye nyika dzine urombo semapurisa, kana nenyika dzakapfuma kurwisa varombo. Madzimambo ekare akasiyana-siyana akabuda mufashoni, akatsiviwa nevekusiyana kweUnited States (mauto ehondo munyika ye175, asi hapana makoloni akaiswa). Vatongi venguva duku vangave vasina kufadza, asi hapana mumwe wavo ari kuronga kukunda nyika. United States yakave nenguva yakaoma zvikuru kupinda muIraq neAngland. Vakuru vatsigiri veUnited States muTunisia, Egypt, uye Yemen vave vakaomerwa nekudzivisa kusagadzikana kwevanhu vasingatendi. Madzimambo uye utsinye vanokundikana, uye vanokundikana nokukurumidza kupfuura kare. Vanhu veEastern Europe avo vasina kukanganisa vakabvisa Soviet Union nevatongi vavo vechiKomonisiti havazombotengeswi neHitler idzva, uyewo hakuna mamwe marudzi evanhu. Simba rekusagadzikana kusina kukanganisika rava kunyatsozivikanwa. Iko pfungwa yekoloniyasi neumambo yave yakavhiringidza zvakare. Hitler itsva ichave yakanyanya kunyanyisa kunakisa kupfuura iyo inogona kutyisidzira.

Small-Scale State Killing

Imwe nzvimbo inoyemekedzwa iri kuenda nenzira yeDodo. Pakati pezana remakore gumi nemasere ekutsvaga kubvisa chirango chekufa kwaive kwakanyanya kuonekwa sengozi uye mapenzi. Asi hurumende dzakawanda dzepasi hazvisashandisi chirango chekufa. Pakati pemarudzi akapfuma pane imwechete yakasara iripo. IUnited States inoshandisa chirango chekufa uye, chaizvoizvo, pakati pevashanu vanouraya munyika-izvo zvisingatauri zvakawanda mumashoko ezvakaitika kare, kuuraya kwakaderera zvakanyanya. Uyewo mumatunhu mashanu: re Iraq "yakasunungurwa" munguva pfupi yapfuura. Asi vazhinji veUnited States '50 vanoti havasisiri kushandisa chirango chekufa. Pane 18 inotaura kuti yakaipedza, kusanganisira 6 kusvika ikozvino mumazana makumi maviri nezana remakore. Makumi makumi matatu nemana haana kushandisa chirango chekufa mumakore ekupedzisira e5, 26 mumakore akapfuura 10, 17 mumakore akapfuura 40 kana kupfuura. Mamwe mashomanana ekumaodzanyemba-neTexas ari mutungamiri-anoita vazhinji kuurawa. Uye kuuraya kwose kwakabatanidzwa kusvika kune chikamu chiduku cheyero iyo chirango chekufa chakashandiswa muUnited States, chakagadzirirwa kuhuwandu, mumazana emakore akapfuura. Nharo dzechirwere chekufa dzichiri nyore kuwana, asi dzinenge dzisingamborevi kuti haigoni kubviswa, chete kuti hazvifaniri kuva. Pane imwe nguva inoonekwa seinokosha kune kuchengeteka kwedu, chirango chekufa ikozvino yose inofungidzirwa sarudzo uye yakawanda inofungidzirwa sarchaic, inogutsa-inobereka, uye inonyadzisa. Zvakadini kana izvozvo zvaizoitika kuhondo?

Dzimwe Mhando dzechisimba Kuderedza

Yakaenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, pamwe chete nechirango chekufa, marudzi ose ezvakaipa zvinotyisa uye maitiro ekutambudzwa uye utsinye. Yakapera kana kuderedzwa chinhu chikuru chechisimba icho chaive chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva mumazana nemazana makumi emakore apfuura. Kuuraya mutengo, mumaonero akareba, kuri kuderera zvikuru. Saka nharo inorwisana nekurohwa, kurwisana kune vakaroorana, chisimba kuvana (nevadzidzisi nevabereki), chisimba kumhuka, nekugamuchirwa kwevanhu vose zvechisimba zvakadaro. Sezvo munhu upi zvake anoziva uyo anoedza kuverengera vana vavo mabhuku avo aanofarira kubva paudiki, haasi kungofanana nenyaya dzekare dzakaita zvechisimba. Hondo dzokurwa dzinowanzofanana nemhepo mumabhuku ehuduku hwedu, kwete kutaura mafirimu ekare. Apo Mr. Smith anoenda kuWashington, Jimmy Stewart anoedza hurumende chete mushure mekurova vanhu vose vanotadza kugadzirisa matambudziko ake. Zviziviso zveMagazini uye terevhizheni sit-coms muZ1950s dzinofungidzirwa nezvechisimba chemhuri. Mhirizhonga yakadaro haina kuenda, asi kugamuchirwa kwayo kwevanhu kwakapera, uye chokwadi chayo chiri kupera.

Izvi zvingave sei? Chisimba chedu chinotarisirwa kuve chekururamisira kune masangano akaita sehondo. Kana mhirizhonga yedu (kunyanya mune mamwe maitiro) ingasara kumashure kwedu, pamwe nemanzwiro pamusoro pezvatiri "munhu," nei chikonzero chinovakirwa pamusoro pekutenda mumhirizhonga ichi chinoramba chiripo?

Chii, shure kwezvose, "chechisiki" pamusoro pechisimba chehondo? Vakawanda vevanhu kana nharo kana mamamenha pakati pemarudzi zvinosanganisira kutyisidzira uye bluffs uye kudzivisa. Hondo inosanganisira kurwisa kwose kune vanhu vamusati vamamboona. (Verenga mabhuku aPaul Chappell nokuda kwekukurukurirana kwakanyanyisa.) Avo vanofarira hondo vari kure vanogona kuratidzira maitiro avo. Asi vanhu vazhinji havana chavanoita nacho uye havadi kuita neiri. Hazvisi zvisizvo here? Ndizvo vanhu vakawanda vari kurarama kunze kwe "chimiro chevanhu" here? Iwe ndiwe "asina kusimba" munhu nokuti haurwi hondo here?

Hapana munhu akambotambura mushure mekutambudzika kunetseka kwepfungwa kubva mukurwisana kwehondo. Kubatanidzwa muhondo kunoda, kune vanhu vazhinji, kudzidzisa kwakasimba uye kugadzirisa. Kuuraya vamwe uye kutarisana nevamwe vachiedza kuuraya iwe zvose zviri zviviri zvakaoma zvikuru izvo zvinowanzosiya zvakanyanya kukuvara. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, uto reUnited States rave richirasikirwa nemasoja akawanda kuzviuraya mukati kana shure kwekudzoka kubva kuAfghanistan kudarika chero chimwe chinokonzera muhondo iyoyo. Anofungidzirwa kuti nhengo dze20,000 dzeuto reUnited States dzakasara mukati memakore gumi ekutanga e "hondo yepasi rose nekutyisa" (izvi maererano naRobert Fantina, munyori weDespertion uye American Soldier). Tinoudza mumwe nomumwe kuti mauto "okuzvidira." Akaitwa "nokuzvidira," kwete nokuti vanhu vazhinji vaida kujoina, asi nekuti vanhu vazhinji vakavenga rondedzero uye vaida kudzivisa kusangana, uye nekuti kuparadzira uye zvipikirwa zvemupiro wemari zvinogona kukurudzira vanhu kuti "vagozvipira." Vazvipiri havana hanya nevanhu vakanga vasina zvimwe zvingasarudzwa. Uye hapana anozvipira muuto reUnited States anobvumidzwa kusiya basa rokuzvipira.

Mazano Ayo Nguva Yavo Yakauya

Muna 1977 mushandirapamwe unonzi Hunger Project wakatsvaga kubvisa pasi rose nzara. Kubudirira kunoramba kusiri. Asi vanhu vazhinji nhasi vanogutsikana kuti nzara uye nzara zvinogona kubviswa. Muna 1977, Project Hunger yakanzwa yakamanikidzwa kurwisana nekutenda kwakapararira kuti nzara yakanga isingadzivisiki. Uyu ndiwo waiva mutsamba wepepu yavakashandisa:

Nzara haingadzivisiki.
Munhu wose anoziva kuti vanhu vachagara vachifa nenzara, nenzira iyo munhu wose aiziva kuti munhu aisazombobhururuka.
Pane imwe nguva munhoroondo yevanhu, munhu wese aiziva kuti ...
Nyika yakanga yakazara,
Zuva rakapoteredza pasi,
Uranda hwakanga hwakakosha,
Maira mana emaminiti akanga asingakwanisi,
Polio nehosikoni nguva dzose zvingava nesu,
Uye hakuna munhu aizombosimuka pamwedzi.
Kusvikira vanhu vakashinga vakapikisa zvitendero zvekare uye nguva yenguva itsva yakanga yasvika.
Zvose masimba ari munyika hazvina simba sechirevo icho nguva yasvika.

Mhedziso yekupedzisira iyo yakakweretwa kubva kuna Victor Hugo. Akafungidzira kubatana kweEurope, asi nguva yakanga isati yasvika. Iyo gare gare yakauya. Akafungidzira kubviswa kwehondo, asi nguva yakanga isati yasvika. Zvichida iye zvino yava. Vazhinji vakanga vasingafungi kuti migodhi yemigodhi inogona kubviswa, asi izvi zviri kufamba zvakanaka. Vakawanda vaifunga kuti hondo yenyukireya yakanga isingagoni kudzivirirwa uye kugadziriswa kwekireya yenyu hakugoneki (kwenguva yakareba kudai kunonyanya kudikanwa kwaiva kwekuzununguka mukugadzirwa kwezvombo zvitsva, kwete kuparadzwa kwavo). Iye zvino kugadziriswa kwenyukliya kunoramba kuri chinangwa chiri kure, asi vanhu vakawanda vanobvuma kuti inogona kuitwa. Nhanho yekutanga yekupedza hondo ichave yekuziva kuti, zvakare, inogoneka.

Hondo Isinganzwisisiki Pane Kufungidzira

Hondo inonzi "yechisikigo" (chero zvinorevei) nokuti inofanirwa kuva nguva dzose. Dambudziko nderokuti harina. Mumakore e200,000 ehupenyu hwevanhu uye hwekutanga kusina uchapupu hwehondo pamusoro pemakore e13,000, uye hapana kana makore anopfuura 10,000. (Nokuti avo venyu vanotenda pasi ndeye makore 6,500 chete, regai nditaure izvi: Ndangotaura naMwari uye akatirayira tose kuti tishandise kubvisa kwehondo.Akaita, zvakadaro, anofanirwawo kuverenga zororo rebhuku rino uye kutenga mamwe mavhidhiyo akawanda.)
Hondo haisi inowanzo pakati pevadudziri kana vatsva nevatori. (Ona "Kushandiswa Kwemafodya muMusasa Wemagetsi Mabhizimisi uye Zvinokonzerwa Nokutanga Kwehondo," muScience, July 19, 2013.) Zvisikwa zvedu hazvina kuchinja nehondo. Hondo ndeyemagariro evanhu vakaoma-asi kune vamwe vavo, uye dzimwe nguva chete. Mhirizhonga masangano anokura murugare uye zvakasiyana. Mukupfuura Hondo: Izvo Zvingaita Kuti Vanhu Vave Norugare, Douglas Fry anotaura nhengo dzisiri dzehondo dzinobva munyika yose. Australia kwenguva yakati vasati vasvika veEurope, Arctic, Northeast Mexico, Guru Guru reNorth America-munzvimbo idzi vanhu vaigara vasina hondo.

Mune 1614 Japan akazvicherechedza kubva kumadokero, uye akawana rugare, kubudirira, uye kukura kwemaitiro echiJapane netsika. Muna 1853, US Navy yakamanikidza Japan kuzarura vatengesi veSU, mamishinari, uye zvekurwa. Japan rakaita zvakanaka neSangano reRunyararo kubva pakuguma kweHondo Yenyika II (kunyange zvazvo United States ichikurira zvakaoma kuti iparadzwe), sezvo ine Germany-isina kubatsira NATO nehondo dzayo. Iceland neSweden neSwitzerland havana kurwisana nehondo dzavo pachavo, kunyange zvazvo vakabatsira NATO mukugara muAfghanistan. Uye NATO inoshingaira ikozvino inotarisana nechokumaodzanyemba kweNorway, Sweden, neFinland. Costa Rica yakagumisa mauto ayo mu1948 ndokuiisa mu musamuziyamu. Kosta Rica yakararama pasina hondo kana kukwikwidza zvechiuto, zvakasiyana zvikuru nevavakidzani vayo, kubvira-kunyange zvazvo yakabatsira United States 'mauto, uye kunyange hutachiona uye zvombo zveNicaragua zvakaderera. Kosta Rica, kure kure nekukwana, inowanzotaridzwa semunhu anofara kana imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzekugara pasi pano. Mune 2003 marudzi akasiyana-siyana aifanira kuputirwa kana kutyisidzirwa kupinda mu "hondo" yeIraq, uye nemabasa mazhinji aya haana kubudirira.
MuKugumo kweHondo, John Horgan anorondedzera miitiro yekugumisa hondo yakaitwa nevamiriri vezera reAmazonian muZ1950s. Vaorani vagari vomunharaunda vakanga varwisana kwemakore. Boka revarume vechiAorani nemamishinari maviri akasarudza kubhururuka ndege duku pamusoro pemisasa yakashata uye kununura mashoko ekuyananisa kubva kune mukurukuri mukuru. Zvadaro paiva nemisangano-chiso nechiso misangano. Zvadaro hondo dzakamira, kune kugutsikana kukuru kwevose vaibata. Vagari vemo havana kudzokera kuhondo.

Uyo Anorwisana Nayo

Sezvandinoziva, hapana munhu anotonga nyika maererano nekunaka kwavo kutanga kana kupinda muhondo. Fry's list of 70 kana 80 nyika dzorugare dzinosanganisira nyika dzinopinda muhondo dzeNATO. Iko Global Peace Index (ona VisionOfHumanity.org) inotarisa nyika inotarisana neC22 zvinhu zvinosanganisira uipi hwechisimba mukati mehurumende, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika, nezvimwewo. United States inopedzisira yakarongedzwa pakati, uye nyika dzeEurope kusvika kumusoro-kureva, pakati pe vazhinji "rugare."

Asi Global Global Index Index inokubvumira kuti uchinje mararamiro kuburikidza nekutsvaga chete chinhu chimwe che "nharo dzakarwisana." Paunoita izvi United States inoguma kusvika pedyo nepamusoro-ndiko kuti, pakati pemarudzi akabatanidzwa mumakakatanwa akawanda. Sei zvisiri pamusoro-soro, "mukuru mukurwisana wechisimba munyika," saDkt Martin Luther King Jr. akazvitumidza? Nokuti United States inongororwa maererano nemafungiro ekuti yakabatanidzwa mumakakatanwa matatu chete mumakore akapfuura e5-izvi pasinei nehondo inonzi drone mumarudzi akawanda, mauto ehondo mumapoka akawanda, uye mauto akamira mune imwe 175 uye kukwira. Nokudaro United States inoparadzaniswa nemarudzi matatu ane nharo ina imwe neimwe: India, Myanmar, uye Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kunyangwe nechiyero ichi chisina maturo, zvisinei, chii chinokwira kwamuri ndeyekuti huwandu hwemarudzi-kunenge nyika dzose pasi pano-husingabatanidzwi mukuita hondo kunze kweUnited States, uye marudzi mazhinji haana kuziva hondo mumakore mashanu akapfuura , apo mhirizhonga yemarudzi akawanda yakange iri hondo yekubatana inotungamirirwa neUnited States uye mune mamwe mimwe mitambo iri kutamba kana iri kutamba zviduku.

Tevera Mari

IWorld Peace Index (GPI) inobatana neUnited States pedyo nekuguma kworugare kwechiyero pachinzvimbo chekushandisa mari yehondo. Iyo inoita izvi izvi kuburikidza nematambudziko maviri. Chokutanga, GPI inobvisa huwandu hwenyika dzepasi pose pamagumo ekupedzisira ane rugare pane kuti igovagovera zvakafanana.

Chechipiri, GPI inobata kushandiswa kwemauto semapurogiramu emitengo yakawanda yepamba (GDP) kana ukuru hwehupfumi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti nyika yakapfuma ine hondo huru inogona kuva nerunyararo kupfuura nyika ine urombo nediki duku remauto. Zvimwe izvi ndizvo zvakadaro maererano nechinangwa, asi hazvisi izvo maererano nemigumisiro. Ndizvo zvazviri here zvakadaro maererano nechinangwa? Imwe nyika inoda imwe yemhando yekuuraya mitambo uye inoda kugovera mberi kuti iwane. Izvo imwe nyika inoda chiyero chakafanana chehondo pamwe chete nezvimwe zvizhinji, kunyange zvazvo chibayiro chiri mune imwe pfungwa zvishoma. Kana nyika yakashata iyo ikava yakakosha asi inorega kuvaka imwe hondo yakakura zvakakwana nokuti inogona kukwanisa, inenge yava kuderera zvishoma kana kuti yakaramba yakafanana here? Uyu hausi mubvunzo wechidzidzo chete, sezvo matangi anofungidzira muWashington anokurudzira kushandisa mari yakakwirira yeGDP pauto rehondo, zvakangoita sokuti munhu anofanira kuwedzera mari muhondo chero nguva zvichibvira, pasina kumirira kudiwa kunodzivirira.

Kusiyana neGPI, sangano reStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) rinonyora United States seyo mukuru wevarwi vehondo munyika yose, inotaridzwa mumadhora anoshandiswa. Ichokwadi, maererano neSIPRI, United States inopedza zvakawanda muhondo nekugadzirira hondo sezvo vazhinji venyika yose vakaungana. Ichokwadi chinogona kuva chinoshamisa zvikuru. SIPRI inoti kushandiswa kweuto reUnited States mu2011 kwaiva $ 711 bhiriyoni. Chris Hellman weNational Priorities Project anoti iri $ 1,200 mabhiriyoni, kana $ 1.2 trillion. Musiyano unobva pakusanganisira mari yekushandisa mari inowanikwa mune rimwe dhipatimendi rehurumende, kwete chete "Kudzivirira," asiwo Homeland Security, State, Energy, US Agency for International Development, Central Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Veterans Administration , kufarira nezvemakwereti ehondo, nezvimwewo. Hapana nzira yekuita maapuro-aporosi achienzanisa nemamwe marudzi asina ruzivo rwechokwadi rwechokwadi pamashandisirwo ose emarudzi ekushandisa mari, asi zvakachengeteka zvikuru kufunga kuti hakuna rumwe rudzi pasi pano riri kushandisa mari 500 mabhiriyoni akawanda kupfuura ayo akanyorwa pane iyo muSIPRI nharaunda. Uyezve, vamwe vevashandi vakuru vehondo mushure meUnited States vashandi veUnited States uye nhengo dzeNATO. Uye vazhinji vevashandi vakuru nevaduku vanokurudzirwa kushandiswa kupedza, uye kushandisa mari yeUnited States, neUnited States Department uye neuto reUnited States.

Kunyange zvazvo North Korea inenge ichitsvaga yakawanda yepamusoro yezvigadzirwa zvayo zvekugadzirisa hondo kunze kweUnited States, inenge inoshandisa zvishoma kudarika 1 muzana izvo izvo United States zvinopedzera. Saka ndiani anowedzera chisimba mubvunzo mumwe chete, zvichida asingatenderwi. Ndiani anonyanya kutyisidzira kune pasina mubvunzo zvachose. Pasina rudzi rinopisa United States, Vatungamiri veNational Intelligence mumakore achangopfuura vakaomerwa nekuudza Congress uyo muvengi uye akaona muvengi mumishumo yakasiyana-siyana se "vahedheni."

Pfungwa yekuenzanisa maitiro emari yekushandisa mari kwete kuti tinofanira kunyara pamusoro pekuti zvakaipa zveUnited States ndezvipi, kana kuzvikudza kwezvakasiyana. Pane kudaro, pfungwa ndeyokuti kuderera kwemauto hakusi kungoita vanhu; iri kuitwa zvino iye zvino nemamwe marudzi ose pasi pano, ndiko kuti: marudzi ane 96 muzana yevanhu. IUnited States inowedzera zvakanyanya muhondo yayo, inochengetedza mauto akawanda akatarirwa munyika dzakawanda, inopinda mumakakatanwa akawanda, inotengesa zvombo zvikuru kune vamwe, uye zvigunwe zvayo mhino dzayo zvakanyanyisa pakushandiswa kwematare kudzivisa hondo dzayo kana, kunyange, zvakare, kuisa munhu mukutongwa ndiani anogona kungorohwa nyore nyore nemoto wemoto wehero. Kudzidzira kuhondo kweUnited States hakuzoputsi mutemo we "hupenyu hwevanhu," asi hunounza United States zvakanyatsoenderana nehuzhinji hwevanhu.

Ruzhinji Opinion v. War

Hondo yehurumende haifaniri kunge yakakurumbira muUnited States sezvo mufambiro wehurumende yeUnited States ingaratidza kune mumwe munhu akatenda kuti hurumende yakatevera kuda kwevanhu. Muna 2011, vhidhiyo vakaita ruzha rukuru pamusoro penhaurirano yebhajeti uye vakaita zvizhinji zvokusarudza pamusoro pokugadzirisa kwayo. Anenge pasina munhu (asina nhamba yezvikamu mune mamwe mapurisa) aifarira mhinduro dzehurumende dzaifarira: kuchema Social Security uye Medicare. Asi yechipiri inonyanyogadziriswa sarudzo, mushure mekutengesa vapfumi, yaigara ichichera mauto. Maererano naGallup kuongorora, huwandu hwakatenda hurumende yeUnited States iri kushandisa mari yakawanda pamusoro peuto kubvira 2003. Uye, maererano nekusarudzwa, kusanganisira raRasmussen, uyewo maererano nezvakaitika kwandiri, anenge munhu wose anofungidzira kuti United States iri kushandisa mari yakawanda zvakadini. Vaya vashomanana chete muUnited States vanotenda kuti hurumende yeUnited States inofanira kupedza katatu kupfuura imwe nyika ipi zvayo pane zvehondo. Kunyange zvakadaro United States yakashandisa zvakanaka kupfuura iyo iyo yemakore kwemakore, kunyange yakaenzaniswa neSIPRI. Purogiramu Yekuburitswa Kwevanhu Munyika (PPC), yakabatana neChikoro chePublic Policy paYunivhesiti yeMadganic, yakaedza kugadzirisa kusaziva. Kutanga PPC inoratidza vanhu izvo bhajeti rehurumende inoratidzika seiri. Zvadaro inobvunza kuti chii chaizochinja. Ruzhinji runofarira kukura kukuru kuhondo.

Kunyangwe pazvinouya kune hondo dzakasiyana, hurumende yeUnited States haisi kutsigira sezvinenge dzimwe nguva inofungidzirwa nevanhu veUnited States pachavo kana nevagari vemamwe nyika, kunyanya nyika dzakapindirwa neUnited States. IVietnam Syndrome yakanyanya kuchema muWashington kwemakumi emakore yakanga isiri urwere hunokonzerwa neAgent Orange asi pane zita rekupikiswa kwakakurumbira kwehondo-sekunge kushorwa kwaiva chirwere. Muna 2012, Mutungamiri Obama akazivisa 13-gore, $ 65-mamiriyoni epurogiramu yekuyeuka (uye kugadzirisa mukurumbira we) hondo yeVietnam. Vanhu veUnited States vakapikisa hondo dzeUnited States neSiriya kana Iran kwemakore. Zvechokwadi izvo zvinogona kuchinja maminiti iyo hondo inotangwa. Ikoko kwaive nekusimbiswa kwevanhu vakawanda pakutanga kwekupinda kweA Afghanistan neIraq. Asi zvakakurumidza kuti pfungwa iyoyo yakashanduka. Kwemakore, ruzhinji rune simba rwakaronga kugumisa hondo idzodzo uye dzakatenda kuti zvakanga zvisiri kukanganisa-apo hondo dzakakungurudzwa "kubudirira" pamwe nechinonzi chikonzero che "kuparadzira democracy." Hondo ye2011 yeLibhiya yakarwisana neUnited Nations (uyo kusarudza kwake hakubvumiri hondo kuti iparadze hurumende), neU.S. Congress (asi sei uchizvidya mwoyo pamusoro pehutano hwakadaro!), uye nehurumende yeUnited States (ona PollingReport.com/libya.htm). MunaSeptember 2013, sangano neCongress rakaramba hurukuro huru nemutungamiri wekurwisa Siriya.

Human Hunting

Apo patinotaura kuti hondo inodzokera kumashure 10,000 makore haisi pachena kuti tiri kutaura pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chete, kusiyana nezvinhu zviviri kana zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvichienda nezita rimwe chete. Fungidzira mhuri iri muYemen kana kuti Pakistan inogara pasi pechirwere chinogara chichigadzirwa ne drone pamusoro. Rimwe zuva imba yavo nevose vayo vari kuputsika nemisasa. Vakanga vari muhondo here? Ndeipi yaiva hondo? Ndeipi yaiva zvombo zvavo? Ndiani akazivisa hondo? Chii chakapikiswa muhondo? Izvozvo zvaizoguma sei?

Ngatitorei mhaka yeumwe munhu chaiye akabatana nehugandanga hwekurwisa US. Anorohwa nemusasa kubva kune imwe ndege isina kuonekwa isati yasungwa uye akaurayiwa. Akanga ari muhondo mupfungwa yokuti muGirisi kana muRoma aizoziva here? Zvakadini nehondo muhondo yekare yemazuva ano? Ko mumwe munhu anofunga nezvehondo sekuda kwehondo uye kurwisana pakati pemapoka maviri anoziva drone murwi akagara padhesiki rake achiita kombiyuta yake mufaro semurwi zvachose?

Kungofanana nokukwikwidza, hondo yakambofungidzirwa seyakabvumirana pamakwikwi pakati pevadzidzisi vemasangano. Mapoka maviri akabvumirana, kana kuti vatongi vavo vakabvumirana, kuenda kuhondo. Iye zvino hondo inogara inotengeswa sechisarudzo chekupedzisira. Hondo nguva dzose dzinorwirwa "rugare," apo hakuna munhu anomboita rugare nokuda kwehondo. Hondo inoratidzirwa senzira isina kufanira kune imwe mugumo unofadza, nhamo yakaipa inotarisirwa nekusaziva kweimwe rutivi. Iye zvino rumwe rutivi haruri kurwisana pamusoro penhare chaiyo yehondo; panzvimbo iyo iyo yakagadzirirwa nehutaneti hwetaneti inovhima inonzi fighters.

Kutya kwekushandurwa uku hakusi iyo teknolojia iyo pachayo kana mauto ehondo, asi kupikiswa kwevanhu pachena kuisa US mauto kuhondo. Izvozvowo kufuratira kurasikirwa "vedu vakomana vedu" ndizvo chaizvo zvaitungamirira kuVietnam Syndrome. Kuzvidzivirira kwakadaro kwakaunza kushorwa kwehondo dzeIraq neAngland. Vazhinji vekuAmerica vaiva uye vasina chavanoziva nezvehuwandu hwekufa uye kutambura kunotungamirirwa nevanhu kune dzimwe rutivi rwehondo. (Hurumende haifaniri kuzivisa vanhu, avo vakave vachizivikanwa kuti vanopindura zvakakodzera.) Ichokwadi kuti vanhu veUnited States havana kuramba vachiomerera kuti hurumende yavo inovapa nemashoko ekutambura kunokonzerwa nehondo dzeUnited States. Vakawanda, kusvika pamwero wavanoziva, vave vachirerura marwadzo evatorwa. Asi kufa nekukuvadzwa kwemauto eUnited States zvakanyanya kunyanya kusagadzikana. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti US yapfuura inofamba kuenda kumhepo yehondo uye drone hondo.
Mubvunzo ndewokuti dheonheyo hondo ndeyehondo zvachose. Kana yakarwiwa nemabhobhoti kune rimwe divi risina kukwanisa kupindura, rinonyatsoratidzika sei sezvatinoisa mumatunhu evanhu sekugadzira hondo? Hazvirevi here kuti hatina kugumisa hondo uye ikozvino inofanira kupedzisa chimwe chinhu zvakare (zita racho rinogona kunge riri: kuvhima kwevanhu, kana kana uchida kuurayiwa, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvinowanzoreva kurondwa kwevanhu vakawanda )? Uye zvino, hazvizoiti basa rekugumisa kuti chimwe chinhu chinotipa isu nechechi chinoremekedzwa zvikuru kuti chiparadze?

Vose masangano, hondo nehukuvhima kwevanhu, zvinosanganisira kuurayiwa kwevatorwa. Iyo itsva inosanganisira kuuraya nemaune vagari vomuUnited States zvakare, asi yekare yakabatanidzwa nekuurawa kwevatengesi veUnited States kana kuti vadikani. Kunyange zvakadaro, kana tikakwanisa kuchinja mararamiro edu okuuraya vatorwa kuti vaite zvisinganzwisisiki, ndiani angati hatigoni kubvisa tsika yacho zvachose?

Hatina Kusarudzwa Here?

Kunyange zvazvo mumwe nomumwe wedu angasununguka kusarudza kupedzisa hondo (mubvunzo wakasiyana kubva pane iwe unenge waita panguva ino unosarudza) pane zvimwe zvisingagoni here izvo zvinotidzivirira kuita chisarudzo ichocho pamwe chete? Ikoko kwakanga kusina kana pakasvika nyaya yekutambirwa varanda, ropa feuds, kubhadhara, chirango chikuru, kushanda kwevana, tar uye kupera, mazamu uye pillory, madzimai sevhangeri, chirango chehuchani, kana zvimwe zvisingaverengeki zvakapfuura kana zvakakurumidza-kunyange zvazvo Kwemakore akawanda pane imwe neimwe nyaya yakaratidza kusingagoni kubvisa tsika yacho. Ichokwadi kuti vanhu kazhinji vanoungana pamwe nenzira inopesana nekuti vazhinji vavo vanotaura sei kuti vanoda kuda kuita. (Ndakatomboona sarudzo umo vazhinji vema CEO vanoti vanofarira kuverengwa zvakare) Asi hapana humwe uchapupu hwokuti kusagadzikana pamwe chete hakugoneki. Izvo zvinoreva kuti hondo yakasiyana nedzimwe zvivako izvo zvakabviswa ndechokusava nemafungiro asina chinhu kunze kwekuti mamwe maitiro echokwadi anogadzirwa sekuti tadzivirirwa sei kuti tisapedzisa.

John Horgan's End of War is worth worth reading. Munyori weScientific American, Horgan anosvika mubvunzo wekuti hondo inogona kuguma seasayendisiti. Mushure mekutsvakurudza kwakanyanyisa, anogumisa kuti hondo inogona kupera pasi rose uye ine nguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo dzakapera. Asati asvika pamhedziso iyoyo, Horgan anoongorora zvirevo zvinopesana.

Nepo hondo dzedu dzichiziviswa semafambiro evanhu kana kudzivirirwa kutyisidzira zvakaipa, uye kwete semakwikwi ezvigadzirwa, zvakadai semafashamo, mamwe masayendisiti anokakavhiringidzika kwehondo kusagadzikana anowanzofunga kuti hondo iri mukukwikwidzana kwemafuta. Vazhinji vagari vanobvumirana nekutsvakurudza uku uye kutsigira kana kurwisana nehondo pane izvozvi. Tsanangudzo yakadaro yehondo dzedu zvakajeka kusakwana, sezvo nguva dzose ine zvikonzero zvizhinji. Asi kana tikabvumirana nemhosva nekuda kwekukakavadzana kwekuti hondo dzemazuva ano dziri mafuta uye gasi, chii chatingaita panyaya yokuti haigoneki?

Iyo nharo inobata kuti vanhu vakagara vachikwikwidzana, uye kuti kana zviwanikwa zvishayikwa hondo inoguma. Asi kunyange vatsigiri vedzidziso iyi vanobvuma kuti havasi kunyatsopupura kuti hazvigoneki. Kana tikange tichida kutarisa kuwedzera kwevanhu uye / kana kuchinja kune simba rekushandisa uye / kana kuchinja maitiro edu ekushandisa, izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinodiwa zvemafuta uye gasi uye mazimbe hazvizove zvisingakwanisi kupa, uye kukwikwidza kwedu kwechisimba kwavasingazovizve hazvigoneki.

Kutarisa kuburikidza nenyaya yekare tinoona mienzaniso yehondo dzinoita seyakakodzana nemuenzaniso wezvinodzvinyirira zvinoshandiswa uye zvimwe zvisingaiti. Tinoona zvikwata zvinoremerwa nehurombo hushoma hunoenda kuhondo nevamwe vasina. Isu tinoonawo zviitiko zvehondo sechikonzero chekushaiwa, panzvimbo yezvakasiyana. Horgan inotaura mienzaniso yevanhu vakarwa zvakanyanya apo pfuma yakawanda kwazvo. Horgan zvakare inotaura nezvebasa reanthropologists Carol naMelvin Ember avo vakaongorora nezvemamwe mapoka e360 mumazana maviri emakore akapfuura havana kuwirirana pakati pekushaya simba kana kuwanda kwevanhu uye hondo. Lewis Fry Richardson akadzidza zvakanyanya saizvozvowo akawanawo kusawirirana kwakadaro.

Mune mamwe mazwi, nhau iyo kukura kwevanhu kana kushayikwa kwezvinhu zvinokonzera hondo ndeye nyaya-yakadaro. Inogadzira imwe pfungwa inonzwisisika. Zvinhu zvenyaya yacho zvechokwadi zvaive chikamu chenhoroondo yehondo dzakawanda. Asi humwe uchapupu hunoratidza kuti hapana chinhu chiripo munzira yekudiwa kana kukwana kwakakonzera. Izvi hazviiti kuti hondo isadzivirike. Kana imwe sarudzo inosarudza kuti icharwisana nezvinhu zvisingakwanisi, ipapo kupera kwezvinhu izvi kunoita kuti sangano iri riwedzere kuenda kuhondo. Ichocho chokwadi chiri njodzi chaiyo kwatiri. Asi hapana chinhu chisingadzivisiki pamusoro pekuita sarudzo kuti chimwe chiitiko chechiitiko chicharuramisa hondo munzvimbo yekutanga, kana kuita sarudzo iyo kana nguva yasvika.
Puppets of Sociopaths?

Zvakadini nemafungiro ekuti vamwe vanhu vakazvitsaurira kuhondo zvichangoerekana zvichitikwevera isu tose? Ndakataurirana pamusoro pekuti hurumende yedu inoda kwazvo hondo kune vanhu vedu. Ko avo vanofarira kurwa vanowanikwa kune avo vane masimba emasimba here? Uye izvi zvinotitongesa tose kurwisana nehondo kana tichida kana kwete here?

Ngatitangei pachena, kutanga, kuti hakuna chinhu chisingagoni kudzivirirwa pamusoro pekutaura kwakadaro. Vaya vanhu vanoita hondo vanogona kuonekwa uye kuchinjwa kana kudzorwa. Nzira yedu yehurumende, kusanganisira hurongwa hwedu hwokubhadhara mari uye sarudzo yedu yekukurukurirana, inogona kuchinjwa. Nzira yedu yehurumende, chaizvoizvo, yakaronga pasina mauto emauto uye yakapa masimba ehondo kuCongress kutya kuti chero mutungamiriri wehurumende aizovashandisa. Mune 1930s Congress yakave yakapa masimba ehondo kuvanhu vakawanda vachida kubhetera pamberi pehondo. Congress ikozvino yakapa simba rehondo kumapurezidhendi, asi izvozvo hazvifaniri kuva zvakadaro zvachose. Zvechokwadi, munaSeptember 2013, Congress yakasimuka kumutungamiri weSiria.

Mukuwedzera, ngatirambe tichifunga mupfungwa kuti hondo haisi yakasiyana neyo nyaya iyo hurumende yedu inoparadzanisa kubva kune vakawanda. Pamusoro pemimwe mimwe misoro, kuparadzanisa kunenge kwakasarudzwa, kana zvisakadaro: kubhadhara kunze kwebhangi, kuongororwa kwevanhu, rubatsiro rwevabhadharini nemakambani, zvibvumirano zvemabhizimisi ehurumende, mitemo yakavanzika, kukundikana kudzivirira nzvimbo. Izvo hazvina huwandu hwekunyengetedza kunokunda huwandu hwevanhu kuburikidza nesimba-kubata kwevanhu. Pane kudaro, kune vanhu vanorarama uye vasina-sociopaths vanowira pasi pesimba rehuori hwakanaka hwekare.

I2 yevoruzhinji yevanhu vanoita, zvidzidzo zvinoratidza, kufara zvizere nekuuraya muhondo uye havatamburi nayo, usasimuka kubva pakushamwaridzana kukanganwa (ona Dave Grossman's On Killing), zvichida hazvipindi pamwe neavo vane simba rekuita zvisarudzo kurwisa hondo. Vatungamiri vedu vezvematongerwo enyika havatorezve muhondo ivo pachavo uye munguva dzakawanda vakadzora hondo muhuduku hwavo. Kuedza kwavo kune simba kungavaita kuti vaedze kutonga kukuru kuburikidza nehondo inorwiwa nevanomiririra, asi hazviiti kudaro mune tsika umo kugadzirisa rugare kunowedzera simba kune simba kupfuura kugadzira hondo.

Mubhuku rangu, Apo Hondo Yenyika Yakabuda, ini ndakaudza nyaya yekusika kweKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo yakarambidza hondo mu1928 (ichiri mumabhuku!). Frank Kellogg, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States, akanga ari kutsigira hondo semumwe munhu kusvikira zvava pachena kwaari kuti rugare rwakanga ruri mutungamiri wekufambira mberi kwebasa. Akatanga kuudza mudzimai wake kuti angakunda Nobel Peace Prize, iyo yaakaita. Akatanga kufunga kuti aigona kuva mutongi paDare Repamusorosoro reHurumende, iro raakaita. Akatanga kupindura kune zvido zvorugare vanoita zvematongerwo enyika ainge ambotuka. Chizvarwa chisati chaitika kana kuti gare gare, Kellogg angangodaro aifambisa kugadzira hondo senzira yekuita simba. Mumamiriro ekurwisana nehondo munguva yake akaona nzira yakasiyana.

Vose-vane Simba
Military Industrial Complex

Apo hondo inoratidzwa sechinhu chakaitwa nevasiri vemuAmerica kana vasiri vekuMadokero, zvinonzi zvinokonzera hondo zvinosanganisira dzidziso pamusoro peiyo genetics, kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu, kushaiwa kwezvinhu, nezvimwewo. John Horgan ane kodzero yekuratidza kuti izvi zvinokonzera zvinokonzera hazviiti hondo isingavhiringidzi uye haisati ichinyatsobatana nemukana wehondo.

Apo hondo inonzwisiswa sezvo zvakare, kana kwete kunyanya, chimwe chinhu chakaitwa ne "nyika dzakabudirira", zvino zvimwe zvinokonzera zvinoitika izvo Horgan haana kutarisa. Izvi zvinokonzerawo hazvisi izvo zvisingadziviriki nazvo. Asi vanogona kurwisa hondo mune imwe tsika yakaita zvisarudzo. Zvakakosha kuti tinoziva uye tinzwisise zvinhu izvi, nokuti sangano rokugumisa hondo rinofanira kuzvirongedza pacharo kurwisa hondo neUnited States nevanoshamwaridzana navo nenzira yakasiyana kubva kune izvo zvingaita sezvakakodzera kudai hondo yaingova yakagadzirwa nemarudzi mashoma muAfrica apo International Criminal Court inogona kuwana zvese nyaya dzayo.

Mukuwedzera kune kubhabhatidzwa munyika yenhema kuona kusagadzikana kwehondo, vanhu vari muUnited States vanopesana nesarudzo dzakashata, vhidhiyo yakanyanyisa, sangano rekutsvaga, shanduro dzakashata, varaidzo inonyangadza, uye gamba rehondo rinogara risiri rinoratidzirwa senzira inokosha yezvehupfumi izvo zvisingakwanisi kubviswa. Asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chisingachinji. Tiri kutarisana pano nemasimba anokonzera hondo munharaunda yedu uye nzvimbo yedu, kwete zvipingamupinyi zvisingagadziki zvinotsigira hondo nokusingaperi. Hapana munhu anodavira kuti mauto ezvigadzirwa zvemauto ave achigara nesu. Uye nekufungidzira zvishomanana hakuna munhu angatenda kuti, kufanana nekupisa kwepasi, zvinogona kugadzira mhinduro yekunyorera kunze kwekutonga kwevanhu. Kusiyana naizvozvo, MIC iripo kuburikidza nehupenyu hwevanhu. Yakanga isiri nguva dzose. Inowedzera uye inobvumirana. Inoguma chero bedzi isu tichibvumira. Mauto ezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi ari, muchidimbu, kusarudza, sezvakangoitwa nehutambo hwehutanda hwaive hwakasarudzwa.

Mune zvikamu zvekupedzisira zvebhuku rino tichakurukura zvingaitwa pamusoro pekugamuchirwa kwemagariro ehondo iyo inotora zvishoma pamusoro pekukura kwevanhu kana kuti zvishoma zvishoma pane zvekuda nyika, hurombo, hurombo hwakashata hwehupfumi, uye hutungamiri hwezvematongerwe enyika emakambani akafanana neLloheheed Martin . Kunzwisisa izvi kuchatibvumira kuumba sangano rinopesana nehondo rinowanzobudirira. Kubudirira kwaro hakusi kuvimbiswa, asi hakuna pasina mubvunzo kunogona.

"Hatingagoni Kupedza Hondo
Kana Vasingagumi Hondo "

Pane musiyano wakakosha pakati pehutapwa (uye mamwe akawanda masangano) kune rumwe rutivi, uye hondo kune imwe. Kana boka rimwe revanhu richirwisana kune rimwe, saka vose vari muhondo. Dai Canada yakaita masimiro emuranda, United States yaisazofanira kuita saizvozvo. Kana Canada inopinda muUnited States, nyika mbiri dzaizove dziri muhondo. Izvi zvingaita sokuti hondo inofanira kubviswa kwose kwose pamwe chete. Kana zvisina kudaro, kudiwa kwokudzivirira kune vamwe kunofanira kuramba kuchirarama nokusingaperi.

Iyi nharo inozopera pamatunhu akawanda. Kune chimwe chinhu, kusiyana kwehondo neuranda hakusi nyore sezvinoratidzwa. Kana Canada iri kushandisa varanda, fungidzira apo Wal-Mart yaizotanga kutora zvinhu zvedu kubva! Kana Canada iri kushandisa varanda, fungidzira kuti Congress inenge iri kuisa mapurisa ekudzidza zvakabatsiro zvekugadzirisa zvakare! Chero chinzvimbo chinogona kupararira, kunyange kana zvichida kudarika hondo.

Uyewo, nharo pamusoro apa haisi yehondo zvakadai sekudzivirira hondo. Kana Canada ichirwisa United States, nyika inogona kutongesa hurumende yeKanada, kuisa vatungamiri vayo mukutongwa, uye kunyadzisa rudzi rwose. VaCanada vanogona kuramba kupinda muhurumende yavo yekuita hondo. VaAmerica vangaramba kubvuma simba rekune dzimwe nyika basa. Vamwe vaigona kuenda kuUnited States kubatsira rubatsiro rusina kudzivirira. Kufanana nevaDhani vari pasi peNazi, tinogona kuramba kushandira pamwe. Saka, kune zvombo zvekudzivirira kunze kwemauto.

(Ndinokumbira ruregerero kuCanada nokuda kwechirevo ichi. Ndiri, chaizvoizvo, ndinoziva kuti ndeipi yenyika dzedu mbiri ine nhoroondo yekupinda kune imwe [Ona DavidSwanson.org/node/4125].)

Asi ngatimbofungidzira kuti mamwe mauto ezvidziviriro akanga achiri kutenda kuti zvakakodzera. Ingadai inofanira kuva $ 1 trillion inokosha gore negore here? Hazvingadi kudzivirirwa kweUnited States kunofanirwa kunge kwakafanana nekuzvidzivirira kwevamwe mamwe marudzi here? Ngatitii muvengi haasi Canada, asi boka revapanduki vemarudzi ose. Izvi zvingazochinja zvido zvekudzivirirwa kwemauto here? Zvichida, asi kwete nenzira yekufananidza $ 1 trillion pagore. Nhare yenyukireya yeUnited States haina kuita kuti vasiye magandanga e9 / 11. Kugara kwenguva refu kwemamiriyoni emasoja mune dzimwe nyika dze175 hakubatsiri kudzivirira hugandanga. Asi, sezvakakurukurwa pasi apa, zvinomutsa. Inogona kutibatsira kuti tizvibvunze mubvunzo uyu: Sei Canada isiri iyo chinotyisa chehugandanga iyo United States iri?

Kupedza mhirizhonga haufaniri kutora makore mazhinji, asiwo haufaniri kunge iri pakarepo kana pasi rose kurongedzwa. IUnited States ndiyo inotungamira mutengesi wezvombo kune mamwe marudzi. Izvo hazvigone nyore nyore kururamisa maererano nehurumende yekudzivirira. (Chinangwa chaicho chaicho ndechekuita mari.) Kupedza zvombo zveAmerica zvisiri izvo zvinogona kuitwa kunze kwekukonzera United States 'pachake kudzivirirwa. Kufambira mberi mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda, kururamisira, uye kubvumirana kunogona kuwirirana nekufambira mberi kwekusagadziriswa uye kubatsirwa kwekunze kwenyika, uye nekuwedzera kwenyika yezvakasiyana-siyana zvekurwa kwehondo. Ugandanga hunogona kurapwa semhosva, ndiko kushungurudzika kwaro kuderedzwa, uye sarudzo yayo inopomerwa mhosva mumatare nehukuru hwekubatana kwenyika dzakawanda. Kuderedzwa kwehugandanga uye muhondo (aka hugandanga hwehurumende) kunogona kutungamirira kuwedzerwa kusagadziriswa, nekugadzirisa nekuguma kwechinangwa chekutora kubva muhondo. Kubudirira kusingabvumirwi kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwemakakatanwa kunogona kutungamirira mukuvimba zvikuru nekuteerera mutemo. Sezvatichaona muChikamu IV chebhuku rino, chirongwa chingave chakatangwa chingaita kuti nyika ibve kure nehondo, nyika dzenyika dzichienda kure nehondo, uye vanhu vakatsamwa vari kure negandanga. Hazvisi nyaya iyo yatinofanira kugadzirira hondo kunze kwekutya kuti mumwe munhu angatirwisa. Uyewo hatifaniri kubvisa zvese zvishandiso zvehondo neChitatu chinotevera kuitira kuti tisaita kuti tisambokwanisa kurwa hondo zvakare.

Iri muMisoro Yedu

Pano muUnited States, hondo iri mumisoro yedu, uye mabhuku edu, mafirimu edu, matoyi edu, mitambo yedu, zviitiko zvedu zvekare, zvivako zvedu, zviitiko zvedu zvemitambo, zvigaro zvedu, zvivako zveterevhizheni. Paakazotsvaga kuwirirana pakati pehondo uye chimwe chinhu, Horgan yakangowana chimwe chinhu. Hondo dzinogadzirwa nemitambo inofadza kana kushivirira hondo. Hondo pfungwa inopararira. Ichokwadi kuti inopararira. Uye inoshanda zvayo pachayo, kwete iyo yevanhu vayo (kunze kwevamwe vabatsiri).

Nyanzvi yemarudzi Margaret Mead yakadana hondo yechitsika chigadzirwa. Icho chimiro chemagariro anoparadzirwa. Hondo dzinoitika nekuda kwekugamuchirwa kwetsika, uye dzinogona kudziviswa netsika dzekuramba. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Douglas Fry, mubhuku rake rokutanga pamusoro peiyi nyaya, Human Potential for Peace, anorondedzera hukama hunoramba hondo. Hondo haisati yakasikwa nemajeni kana kudziviswa ne eugenics kana oxytocin. Hondo haisi kutungamirirwa nehuwandu huripo-huno hutsika hwemagariro evanhu kana kudziviswa nekuvatonga. Hondo hadzidzivirirwi nehuwandu hwemhizha kana kusaenzana kana kudziviswa kubudirira nekugoverana pfuma. Hondo hadzina kugadziriswa nezvombo zvinowanikwa kana simba revanobhadhara. Zvose izvi zvinotamba zvikamu muhondo, asi hapana kana imwe chete inogona kuita hondo dzisingadzivisiki. Icho chinonyanya kukosha chimiro chemhirizhonga, tsika inokudza hondo kana kunyange kungozvigamuchira iyo (uye iwe unogona kugamuchira chimwe chinhu kunyange iwe uchiudza sarudzo iwe unorwisana nayo, kushorwa kwechokwadi kunotora basa). Hondo inopararira sezvimwe zvikamu zvinopararira, tsika. Kubviswa kwehondo kunogona kuita zvakafanana.

Mumwe anofungidzira weSartrean anosvika pane zvishoma kana zvishoma izvi zvakafanana (kwete kuti hondo inofanira kuparadzwa asi inogona kunge iri) pasina Fry's kana kutsvakurudza kwaHorgan. Ndinofunga kuti tsvakurudzo inobatsira kune avo vanoida iyo. Asi pane utera. Chero bedzi tine chivimbo pane tsvakurudzo yakadaro, tinofanira kuramba tichifunga kuti imwe shanduro itsva kana chidzidzo cheanthropological chinogona kuuya pamwe kuratidza kuti hondo iri mujeri dzedu. Hatifaniri kupinda muitiro wekufungidzira kuti tinofanira kumirira zviremera kuti tiratidze kwatiri kuti chimwe chinhu chakaitwa munguva yakapfuura tisati taedza kuzviita. Zvimwe zviremera zvinogona kuuya pamwe uye zvinopesana nazvo.

Pane kudaro, tinofanira kusvika pakunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti kunyange kana pasina ruzhinji rwakambovapo risina hondo, yedu inogona kuva yekutanga. Vanhu vanoita mari yakawanda mukusika hondo. Vaigona kusarudza kusaita saizvozvo. Kushandura izvi zvakanyatsojeka kutsvaga mukuongorora kwesayenzi kwekuti vanhu vakakwana vakaramba hondo munguva yakapfuura kuti varambe mune ramangwana zvose zvinobatsira uye zvinokuvadza pachikonzero chacho. Inobatsira avo vanoda kuona kuti izvo zvavanoda kuita zvakaitwa kare. Zvinoshungurudza pamwe chete kukura kwekuvandudza kufungidzira.

Mafungiro asina kururama pamusoro pezvikonzero zvinokonzera hondo zvinogadzira tarisiro yekuzvizadzisa kuti hondo ichagara iri nesu. Kufanotaura kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuchaita kuti nyika yose isakundikana kukurudzira vanhu kuti vatsvake hurumende yemagetsi ehurumende, vachivamanikidza panzvimbo pekutsigira mari yekushandisa zvehondo uye kuchengetedza pfuti nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokurumidza. Kusvikira hondo inotangwa haisi kuzvidzivirirwa, asi kugadzirira hondo inonyatsoita kuti vawedzere. (Ona Tropic ye Chaos: Kushanduka Kwemhepo uye New Geography of Violence naKristu Parenti.)

Zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti kana vanhu vaine pfungwa yokuti havana "rusununguko rwokusununguka" vanozvibata vasina tsika. (Ona "Kukosha Kwekutenda Mukusununguka: Kukurudzira Kutenda muDermerminism Kunowedzera Kubiridzira," naK Kathleen D. Vohs naJonathan W. Schooler muPsychological Science, Volume 19, Nhamba 1.) Ndiani angavapa mhosva? Ivo "vakanga vasina rusununguko rwokuzvisarudzira." Asi chokwadi chokuti maitiro ose emunhu angave akafanorongedzerwa haashanduki chokwadi chokuti kubva pamaonero angu ndichagara ndichiita serusununguko, uye kusarudza kuzvibata zvisiri izvo kuchagara sechinhu chisina mhosva kunyange kana muzivi kana musayendisiti anonditadzisa kufunga kuti handina chakanosarudza. Kana tikashatiswa kuti tifunge kuti hondo isingadzivisiki, tichafunga kuti hatigoni kutongerwa mhosva yokutanga hondo. Asi isu tichatadza. Kusarudza maitiro akaipa kune nguva dzose inokodzera mhosva.

Asi Nei Zvichiri Mumisoro Yedu?

Kana kukonzera kwehondo ndiko kugamuchirwa kwemutambo wehondo, chii chinokonzera kugamuchirwa ikoko? Pane zvinokonzera zvinokonzera, zvakadai sekusaziva uye kusaziva kwakabudiswa nezvikoro uye nhepfenyuro yezvinobudisa nhepfenyuro uye varaidzo, kusanganisira kusaziva kwekukuvadza hondo hondo uye kusaziva pamusoro pekusava nehanya sezvinoita imwe nzira yemakakatanwa. Kune zvikonzero zvisingabatsiri zvinokonzera, zvakadai sekuchengetwa zvakanaka kwecheche nevana vaduku, kusachengeteka, kushaya hanya, kurwisana, kushungurudzika, pfungwa pamusoro pehupombwe, makaro, kusagadzikana kwevanhu, kusava nehanya, zvakadaro. zvakanyatsokodzera kana zvikonzero zvakakwana) zvehondo kurongedzwa. Panogona kunge kune zvakawanda zvokuita kunze kwekuita nharo dzakanaka pamusoro pehondo. Izvozvo hazvirevi, zvisinei, kuti mumwe wevabatsiri haazvidziviriki, kana kuti iyo inokonzera kukonzera hondo.