HONDO HAIYE KUITA KUTI KUVIMBISA KUNA KUSAI

Zviitiko zvegandanga zvakakura panguva uye mukupindura kune "Hondo Nekutya." Izvi hazvifaniri kutishamisa isu. Hondo ine nhoroondo yekukonzera hondo, kwete rugare. Munharaunda yedu yemazuva ano, hondo iri ikozvino inowanzo, uye kugadzirira kusingaperi kwehondo hakuoneki nehuwandu hwekutyisa iyo inofanirwa.

Apo hurumende inotanga kutanga hondo itsva, kana patinoona kuti hondo yakave yakagadzikana zvinyararire kunze kwekuti iwe-iwe-iwe unobva kuMutemo kana isu vanhu, kuti mamiriro ezvinhu matsva ehondo haasi pachena zvakasiyana chaizvo nehupenyu hwedu huripo. Hatifaniri kutakura hondo kubva pakutanga. Tine hondo yakamira. Kutaura zvazviri, tine hondo yakamira mumakona mazhinji enyika, chokwadi icho chinowedzera kudarika chinotsanangura kukosha kwehondo itsva. Hatifaniri kukwira mari yehondo. Isu tinogara tichidarika chikamu chemauto edu ekubvunzurudza ehurumende, uye mamwe mabhiriyoni emamwe achawanikwa kana kubhadhara - hapana mibvunzo yakabvunzwa.

Isuwo tine hondo mundangariro dzedu. Ari mumaguta edu, mune zvekuvaraidza kwedu, munzvimbo yedu yebasa, uye kumativi ose. Kune zvigaro kwose kwose, masikati akafanana, Chirangaridzo Chinoitika, Zviitiko zveZuva reVeterans, Zviitiko zveZuva rePatriots, kuburitswa kwevarwi, mari yekuendesa varwi, kugamuchirwa kwemauto kwemauto, kushambadzira mahofisi, mahofisi ekutsvaga, mauto emari, anotarisana nemasoja ehondo, mauto emasangano ehondo. Hondo iri mumatayipi edu, mafirimu edu, materevhizheni edu. Uye iri chikamu chikuru chehupfumi hwedu uye yezvikoro zvedu zvepamusoro. Ndakaverenga nyaya yemapepanhau nezvemhuri yakabva kuVirginia Beach nekuda kweshoko risingaperi rejetsiti dzehondo. Vakatenga purazi mumaruwa chete kuti vazive kuti mauto aizotanga kuzarura ndege yepamusoro pfupi pedo nemusuo. Kana iwe uchida chaizvo kuti uende kure nemauto muUnited States, waizoenda kupi? Ingoedza kuedza kupedza zuva risina kubatana neuto. Haigoni kuitwa. Uye zvinenge zvose zvisiri zvemauto zvaungangosangana nazvo zvakanyatsobatanidzwa mune zvehondo.

Sezvo Nick Turse yave yakanyora, kunze kwekuti iwe uchitenga musha uye usati uri wekambani, hazvibviri kutenga kutenga kana kushandisa chigadzirwa chemhando chero ipi zvayo muUnited States iyo isingagadzirwa nePentagon makandarikari. Zvechokwadi, ndiri kunyora izvi pane kombiyuta yeApple, uye Apple ndiye mukuru wePentagon makontare. Asi zvino, ndizvo zvakaita IBM. Uye ndizvo zvakaita vazhinji vemakambani emubereki ezvimwe zvezvokudya zvisina kuchena uye zvigaro zvekutengesa uye mafaini epafi ndinogona kuona. Starbucks inonyanya kugovera mauto, ane dhaka kunyange muGuantanamo. Starbucks inodzivirira kuvepo kwayo paTorture Island nekuzviti kuti kusava ikoko kunogona kuwedzera kutora chinzvimbo chezvematongerwo enyika, asi kuvapo kune kungoenderana nemaitiro emuAmerica. Zvechokwadi. Haisi chete mahofisi ezvigadzirwa zvezvombo zvekare zvinowanikwa pamwe nevatengesi vemotokari uye mabhiriji emagetsi mune zvakawanda zvisingaverengeki zveAmerican suburban strip malls, asi vatengesi vemotokari uye mabheji ehurger vanowanikwa nekambani inotungamirirwa nePentagon kushandiswa, sezvakangoita nhepfenyuro dzemashoko dzisingatauri iwe pamusoro peizvi.

Mari yehondo uye inoongorora mafirimu eHollywood, inotumira souf-up Hummers nemasikirwo emasikirwo ekutengeserana mafairo, kutambisa $ 150,000 mabhonasi okusayina pasi, uye anoronga kuti akudzwe mberi uye munguva yemitambo mikuru. Simba makambani, anongotengeswa chete nevatengi munyika ino hurumende isingateereri isu vanhu, kuzivisa zvakanyanya soro kana makambani emishuwarisi yemotokari. Kuburikidza nekuputika kwekona imwe neimwe yenyika yedu, hondo inoitwa kuti iite seyakanaka, yakachena, yakachengeteka, uye yakagadzikana. Tinofungidzira kuti hondo inodzivirira isu, kuti inogona kuramba iripo nekusingaperi isina kuita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo isingabatsiri yekurarama, uye kuti inopa mupiro wemabasa uye mari inobatsira. Tinofungidzira kuti hondo, uye umambo, zvinoda kuchengetedza mararamiro edu anonyadzisa, kana kunyange mararamiro edu anotambudza. Izvozvo hazvisi izvozvi: hondo inotitorera munzira dzose, uye mukudzoka haina kupa chinhu chekubatsira. Haikwanise kuenderera mberi nokusingaperi pasina njodzi yenyukireya, kuparara kwezvakatipoteredza, kana kudiwa kwemari.

Chikamu: NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE

Tad Daley anotsanangura muApocalypse Usati: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isina-Nyika Isingagoni kusarudza kuderedza uye kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kana kuparadza upenyu hwose pasi pano. Hapana nzira yechitatu. Heino chikonzero.

Chero bedzi zvombo zvenyukireya zviriko, zvingangopararira. Uye chero bedzi pavanowedzera kuwedzera kwekupararira kunogona kuwedzera. Izvi ndechokuti kwenguva yakawanda apo dzimwe nyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya, mamwe mahurumende achavada. Nhamba yenyika yenyukireya yakasimuka kubva pamatanhatu kusvika kune mapfumbamwe kubva pakuguma kweCold War. Nhamba iyoyo inogona kukwira, nokuti pane zvino zvikamu mapfumbamwe nzvimbo iyo isiri yenyukireya nyika inokwanisa kuenda kune unyanzvi hwekombiyuta uye zvinhu, uye dzimwe nyika zvino dzine zvombo zvenyukireya. Dzimwe hurumende dzichasarudza kukudziridza simba renyukireya, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, nokuti zvichavaisa pedyo nekuvandudza zvombo zvenyukireya kana vachizoita kudaro.

Chero bedzi zvombo zvenyukireya zviripo, njodzi yenyukireya ingangoitika munguva pfupi inotevera, uye kana zvombo zvikawanda, njodzi inokurumidza ichauya. Pakave nemazana kana asiri mazana eakapotsa padhuze, zviitiko zvine tsaona, kuvhiringidzika, kusanzwisisana, uye / kana kusagadzikana machismo zvakapotsa zvaparadza nyika. Muna 1980, Zbigniew Brzezinski aive munzira yekumutsa Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter kuti amuudze kuti Soviet Union yainge yarova zvombo makumi maviri nemaviri paakanzwa kuti mumwe munhu aisa mutambo wehondo mukomputa system. Muna 220 mumwe Soviet Lieutenant Colonel akatarisa komputa yake ichimuudza kuti United States yakanga yatanga zvombo. Akazeza kupindura kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti aone kuti yaive mhosho. Muna 1983, Mutungamiri weRussia Boris Yeltsin akapedza maminetsi masere achigutsikana kuti United States yatanga kurwisa kwenyukireya. Maminetsi matatu asati arova nekuparadza nyika, akaziva kuvhurwa kwaive kuri kwemamiriro ekunze satellite. Tsaona dzinogara dzakanyanya kupfuura zviito zvehutsinye. Makumi makumi mashanu nematanhatu magandanga asati auya kuzorovera ndege muWorld Trade Center, mauto eUS netsaona akabhururuka nendege yake muUniversity State Building. Muna 1995, zvombo zvitanhatu zveAmerica zvine zvombo zvenyukireya zvakaziviswa netsaona kana nemaune kuti zvakashaikwa, ndokuisa ndege mukumisikidzwa, ndokuyambuka nyika. Izvo zvakanyanya padyo kupotsa izvo nyika inoona, iko kuri mukana wekuti isu tione kunyatso kuburitswa kwechombo chenyukireya uko mamwe marudzi achapindura nenzira yakafanana. Uye hupenyu hwese panyika huchave hwapera.

Iyi haisi nyaya yekuti "Kana pfuti dzave dzichitsvaga, zvipuka chete zvaizova nepfuti." Kana nyika dzakawanda dzine nukes, uye dzimwe nukes dzavazvo, zvinowanzoitika kuti gandanga ichawana mutengesi. Ichokwadi chokuti nyika dzine nukes dzingazozvitsivira hazvisi izvo zvinodzivisa chero zvese kune magandanga anoda kuzvigamuchira nekuzvishandisa. Ichokwadi, munhu mumwe chete anoda kuzviuraya uye anounza nyika yose pasi panguva imwe chete anogona kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvachose.

Sangano reUnited States rekugona kunotanga-kutanga-sarudzo ndeye chirongwa chekuzviuraya, chinangwa chinokurudzira mamwe marudzi kuti awane nukes mukuzvidzivirira; iyo zvakare kupesana kweNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, sekusakundikana kwedu kushanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu (kwete kungova bi-lateral) kusagadziriswa uye kuparadzwa (kwete kungoita kuderedza) zvombo zvenyukireya.

Hapana basa-rinofanira kugadzirwa mukubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya, nokuti hazviiti kuti tive nekuchengeteka. Havana kudzivisa kuparadzirwa kwegandanga nevasati vasi venyika nenzira ipi zvayo. Kana kuti haawedzere iota kuhondo yedu yekukwanisa kudzivisa marudzi kuti atirwise, achipiwa simba reUnited States kuparadza chero chero nguva chero ipi zvayo panguva ipi zvayo nezvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya. Nukeswo haisi kukunda hondo, sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva mukuti United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, neChina vese vakarasikirwa hondo pamusoro pesimba risina magetsi kana vane nukes. Kana, kana zvichiitika hondo yenyika yenyukireya, zvingave zvigadziri zvombo zvombo zvinodzivirira United States chero ipi zvayo kubva apocalypse.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kuverenga kunogona kutarisa zvakasiyana zvikuru kumarudzi maduku. North Korea yakawana zvombo zvenyukireya uye yakaita zvakanyanya kuderedza kubwinya kwechibvumirano ichibva kuUnited States. Iran, kune rumwe rutivi, hauna kuwana nukes, uye iri pasi pekutyisidzira. Nukes inoreva kureva kurudzi ruduku. Asi chinoratidzika chinonzwisisika chisarudzo chekushandiswa nenyenyukireya chinongowedzera mikana yekubvumirana, kana hondo yevagari vemo, kana kuwedzera kwehondo, kana kukanganisa kwemagetsi, kana kukodzera kwehasha pane imwe nzvimbo munyika inogumisa isu tose.

Zvombo zvekuongorora zvakave zvakabudirira kwazvo, kusanganisira muIraq kusati kwaitika kuitika kwe2003. Dambudziko, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, nderokuti kuongorora kusina hanya. Kunyangwe neCIA vachishandisa kuongorora semukana wekutsvaga uye kuedza kukurudzira, uye hurumende yeIraqi yakagutsikana kuti kubatana kwaisazoita chinhu chisina kupesana nehurumende yakagadzirirwa kuiparadza, kuongorora kunenge kuchiri kushanda. Kuongorora kwepasi rose kwenyika dzose, kusanganisira yedu, inogonawo kushanda. Ichokwadi kuti United States inoshandiswa kuwirirana. Zvakanaka kutarisa kune dzimwe nyika, kwete yedu. Asi isu tinoshandiswawo kurarama. Daley anobudisa chisarudzo chatinacho:

"Hungu, kuongororwa kwenyika dzakawanda pano kwaizotarisana nehuchangamire hwedu. Asi kudonhedzwa kwebhomba reatomu pano zvakare kwaizopinda muhuchangamire hwedu. Mubvunzo chete ndewekuti, ndeupi wevamwe vaviri vanofungidzira isu tinowona zvishoma. "

Mhinduro yacho haisi pachena, asi inofanira kuva.

Kana tichida kuchengetedzwa kubva mune zvombo zvenyukireya, tinofanirwa kubvisa zvigadzirisheni zvemagetsi enyu uye zvombo zvenyukireya uye zvombo zvepasi. Kubvira apo Mutungamiri Eisenhower vakataura pamusoro pe "maatomu ehugare" takanzwa pamusoro pezvinofungidzirwa zvinobatsira zvemairiyumu. Hapana kana mumwe wavo anokwikwidzana nematambudziko. Simba rekugadzira simba remagetsi enyu rinogona kunyangadzwa nevegandanga mune chimwe chinhu chingaita kuti kubhururuka ndege kuve chivako kunoratidzika zvishoma. Nyukliya simba, kusiyana nezuva kana mhepo kana chero imwe nzvimbo, inoda hurongwa hwekubuda, inogadzira zvigandanga zvegandanga uye tsvina inosvibisa iyo inogara nokusingaperi-peri, haigoni kuwana inshuwarisi yega yega kana vashandi vanozviisa pangozi vanoda kuisa njodzi pamusoro payo, uye inofanirwa kubatsirwe ne pfuma yevanhu vose. Iran, Israel, uye United States vose vakarova zvivako zvenyukireya muIraq. Ndeipi mazano ekunyengedza aizovaka zvivako nemamwe matambudziko akawanda ayo ariwo kuve nechinangwa chebhomba? Hatidi simba renyukireya.

Tingave tisingakwanisi kurarama pane imwe nyika ine simba renyukireya rinowanikwa chero kupi. Dambudziko nekubvumira nyika kuwana simba renyukireya asi kwete zvombo zvenyukireya ndeyokuti yekare akaisa rudzi pedyo nechekupedzisira. Rudzi rwunonzwa kutyisidzirwa runogona kutenda kuti zvombo zvenyukireya ndiyo chete inodzivirira, uye inogona kuwana simba renyukireya kuitira kuti uve nhanho iri pedyo nebhobho. Asi hutsinye hwepasi rose huchaona hurongwa hwekushandisa nyukireya sehutano, kunyange kana huri pamutemo, uye huchanyanya kutyisidzira. Uyu ndiwo mutambo unofambisa kukura kwenyukireya. Uye tinoziva kuti izvi zvinotungamirira kupi.

Simba guru re nyukliya harisi kudzivirirwa pakurwisana nehugandanga, asi munhu anozviuraya ari oga ane bhomba renyukireya anogona kutanga Amagedhoni. Muna May 2010, mumwe murume akaedza kubvisa bhomba muWatch Square, New York City. Yakanga isiri bhomba renyukireya, asi inofungidzirwa kuti inogona kunge yakabva sezvo baba vomurume uyu vaimbova vatariri vekuchengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya muPakistan. MunaNovember 2001, Osama bin Laden vakati

"Kana United States ikashinga kutirwisa nezvombo zvenyukireya kana chemakemikari, tinozivisa kuti tichadzorera nokushandisa rudzi rumwe rwezvombo. MuJapan nedzimwe nyika umo United States yakauraya mazana ezviuru zvevanhu, US inotarisa mabasa avo sechisimba. "

Kana asiri-ehurumende mapoka anotanga kujoina runyorwa rwemasangano anounganidza nukes, kunyangwe kana munhu wese kunze kweUnited States akapika kusarova kutanga, mukana wetsaona unowedzera zvakanyanya. Uye sitiroko kana tsaona zvinogona kutanga kukwirisa. Musi waOctober 17, 2007, mushure mekunge Mutungamiri Vladimir Putin weRussia aramba zvirevo zveUS kuti Iran yaigadzira zvombo zvenyukireya, Mutungamiri George W. Bush akasimudzira tarisiro ye "Hondo Yenyika Yechitatu." Nguva dzese panenge paine dutu kana mafuta anodururwa, pane zvakawanda zvandakuudza-iwe-saka. Kana pakava nekuparadzwa kwenyukireya, hakuzosara munhu anoti "Ndakayambira," kana kuzvinzwa.

Chikamu: KUTI ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU

Mamiriro ezvinhu sezvatinoziva haazombopona hondo yenyukireya. Iyo inogonawo kusapona "hondo" yakanzwisisika, inonzwisirwa kureva rudzi rwehondo dzatiri ikozvino. Kukuvara kwakanyanya kwakatoitwa nehondo uye nekutsvakurudza, kuedza, nekugadzirwa kunoitwa mukugadzirira hondo. Kunyanya kubva apo vaRoma vakadyara munyu paminda yeCarthaginian munguva yeTatu yePunic War, hondo dzakaparadza nyika, zvose nechinangwa uye-kakawanda-sechinhu chisina maturo.

Jenerali Philip Sheridan, aparadza mapurazi muVirginia munguva yeHondo Yenyika, akaparadza makungu eAmerica emombe semugariro wekudzivirira vanhu vekuAmerica kuti vasachengetedze. Hondo Yenyika I yakaona nyika yeEurope yakaparadzwa nemigero uye gashuvhu. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, vaNorwegi vakatanga kutenderera mumipata yavo, nepo Dutch yakazara chetatu cheminda yavo, maGermany akaparadza masango eCzech, uye mabritish akapisa masango muGermany neFrance.

Hondo mumakore achangopfuura dzakaita kuti nzvimbo huru dzisagare uye dzakagadzira makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri. Hondo "inokwikwidza chirwere chinotapukira sechikonzero chepasi rose chekukuvara nekufa," sekureva kwaJennifer Leaning weHarvard Medical School. Kutsamira kunokamura kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nehondo munzvimbo ina: "kugadzirwa uye kuyedzwa zvombo zvenyukireya, kuputika kwemuchadenga uye kwemahombekombe kwenzvimbo, kupararira nekushingirira kwezvimbambaira uye zvakavigwa, uye kushandiswa kana kuchengetwa kwevanodzora mauto, chepfu, nemarara."

Kuongorora zvombo zvenyukireya kwakaitwa neUnited States neSoviet Union kwakayedza kanokwana mazana mana nemakumi mana nematatu ekuyedzwa kwemuchadenga pakati pa423 na1945 uye 1957 bvunzo dzepasi pevhu pakati pa1,400 na1957. Kukuvara kwemwaranzi iyoyo hakusati kwazivikanwa zvizere, asi kuchiri kupararira, sezvazviri ruzivo rwekare. Tsvagurudzo nyowani muna1989 yakaratidza kuti bvunzo dzeChinese dzenyukireya pakati pa2009 na1964 dzakauraya vanhu vazhinji zvakananga kupfuura kuyedzwa kwenyukireya kwerimwe nyika. Jun Takada, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeJapan, akaverenga kuti vanosvika mamirioni e1996 vanhu vakaoneswa pasi uye 1.48 yavo vanogona kunge vakafa nezvirwere zvine chekuita nemwaranzi kubva kumaChinese bvunzo. MuUnited States, kuyedzwa muma190,000 kwakatungamira kuzviuru zvisingaverengeki zvevakafa kubva pagomarara muNevada, Utah, neArizona, nzvimbo dzinodzikira zvakanyanya kubva pakuyedzwa.

Muna 1955, mutambi wemubhaisikopo John Wayne, uyo akadzivisa kutora chikamu muHondo Yenyika II nekusarudza kuita mafirimu anokudza hondo, akafunga kuti aifanira kutamba Genghis Khan. Mukundi akatorwa vhidhiyo muUtah, uye mukundi akakundwa. Pakati pevanhu mazana maviri nemakumi maviri vaishanda pafirimu, nekutanga kwema220 makumi mapfumbamwe nevasere vavo vakabatwa nekenza uye makumi mana nevatanhatu vakafa, kusanganisira John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, uye director Dick Powell. Statistics inoratidza kuti makumi matatu makumi maviri nemakumi maviri angave akabatwa kenza, kwete makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe. Muna 1980 mauto akange aedza mabhomba eatomu gumi nerimwe pedyo neNevada, uye kuma91s hafu yevagari vemuSt. George, Utah, pakapfurwa firimu, gomarara. Unogona kumhanya kubva kuhondo, asi haugone kuvanda.

Masoja aiziva kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvaizovhiringidza avo vakaderera, uye vaongorore zvigumisiro, vachiita zvakanaka mukuedza kwevanhu. Mune dzimwe dzidzo dzakawanda panguva uye mumakumi emakore mushure meHondo Yenyika II, mukupokana kweNuremberg Code ye1947, mauto neCIA vakaisa varwi vemauto, vasungwa, varombo, avo vakaremara mupfungwa, uye vamwe vanhu kuedza kusingazivi kwevanhu chinangwa chekuedza zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, uye zvigadziriswa, pamwe chete nemishonga yakadai seLSD, iyo iyo United States yakatosvika pakuisa mumhepo nekudya kweimwe musha weFrance mu1951, ine migumisiro inotyisa uye yakaipa.

Mushumo wakagadzirirwa mu1994 weUnited States Senate yeVeterans Affairs inotanga:

"Pakati pemakore ekupedzisira e50, mazana emakumi ezviuru zvevashandi ave achibatanidzwa mukuedza kwevanhu nekumwe kusununguka kunofambiswa kwakaitwa neDhipatimendi reDzivi (DOD), kazhinji pasina ruzivo rwe servicemember kana kubvumirana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, masoja akabvumirana kushanda senhau dzevanhu vakazviwana ivo pachavo vachiita zvekuenzanisa zvakasiyana zvikuru neavo vakarondedzerwa panguva yavakazvipira. Semuenzaniso, zviuru zveHondo yeHondo Yenyika II iyo yakatanga kuzvipira 'kuedza zvipfeko zvezhizha' mukutsinhanisa imwe nguva yekusimuka, yakazviwanira mumakamuri emagetsi kuongorora migumisiro yemafodhi yemasitadhi neyewisite. Uyezve, mauto dzimwe nguva akarayirwa nekuraira vakuru vakuru kuti 'vazvipira' kuti vabatanidzwe mukutsvakurudza kana kutarisana nemigumisiro yakaipa. Semuenzaniso, vazhinji vePersian Gulf War veterans vakabvunzurudzwa nevashandi veKomiti vakataura kuti vakayirwa kuti vaite zvirongwa zvekuedza panguva yeOp Operation Desert Shield kana kutarisana nejeri. "

Mharidzo yakazara ine mhere-mhere yakawanda pamusoro pekuvanzika kwemauto uye inoratidza kuti zvitsva zvayo zvinogona kunge zvichinyanya kuvhara pamusoro pezvakavanzwa.

Muna 1993, Munyori weAmerica weUnited States akabudisa zvinyorwa zveU.S. kuongororwa kwe plutonium pamusana pekusaziva vanhu veUnited States mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Newsweek yakataura zvakajeka, musi waDecember 27, 1993:

"Masayendisiti avo ainge aita zviratidzo izvi kare kare vaine zvikonzero zvine musoro: kurwisana neSoviet Union, kutya kwemauto enyukireya ari pedyo, kudiwa nokukurumidza kwekuzarura zvose zvakavanzika zveatomu, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvose zvehondo uye zvekurapa."

O, zvakanaka zvese zvakanaka ipapo.

Nzvimbo dzekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya muWashington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapisa mhepo inopoteredza nzvimbo dzakapoteredza pamwe nevashandi vavo, kupfuura 3,000 avo vakagadzirirwa mubhadharo mu2000. Apo my 2009-2010 book tour yakanditora kune mamwe maguta e50 akapoteredza nyika, ndakashamisika kuti vazhinji vezvikwata zvemaguta muguta neguta vainyanya kufunga nezvekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwezvigadzirwa zvezvombo zvekudenga kune avo vashandi vane rubatsiro kubva kune hurumende dzenharaunda, kunyange kupfuura ivo vainyanya kufunga nezvekumisa hondo muIraq neAngland.

MuKansas City, vagari vashandi vakanga vachangobva kunonoka uye vakanga vachitsvaka kudzivisa kuendeswa mberi nekuwedzerwa kwefekitari huru yezvombo. Zvinoratidzika kuti Mutungamiri Harry Truman, uyo akange aita zita rake nekupikisa tsvina pamusoro pezvombo, akadyara fekitari kumusha yakasvibisa nyika uye mvura kwemakore anopfuura 60 apo ichigadzirisa zvikamu zvekufa izvo zvinoshandiswa chete neTruman chete. Imba yega, asi mutero wepa-break-subsidized inogona kuenderera mberi kubudisa, asi pamwero mukuru, 85 muzana yezvikamu zvezvombo zvenyukireya.

Ndakabatana nevanopindira vomunharaunda munharaunda yekupikisa kunze kwemasuwo emagetsi, kufanana nekupikisa kwandave ndiri chikamu chezviitiko muNebraska neTennessee, uye rubatsiro kubva kune vanhu vanotyaira rwakanga rwakawanda: humwe humwe humwe hunoita hunoonekwa hwakanaka kudarika zvakaipa. Mumwe murume akaisa motokari yake pachiedza akatiudza kuti mbuya vake vakanga vafa nekenza mushure mekuita bhomba imomo mu1960s. Maurice Copeland, uyo aiva chikamu chekupikisa kwedu, akanditaurira kuti aizoshanda pamiti yemakore 32. Apo motokari yakabuda kunze kwemagedhi aiva nemurume uye musikana anosemwerera, Copeland akataura kuti zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvaiva pamapfekete emurume wacho uye kuti angave akambundira musikana muduku uye zvichida akamuuraya. Handikwanise kutsigira kuti chii, kana chimwe chinhu, chaiva pamapfekete emurume, asi Copeland akati zviitiko zvakadaro zvaive chikamu chemuganda weKansas City kwemaakumi emakore, asina hurumende, kana wega wega (Honeywell), kana hurumende yevashandi (International Association of Machinists) kunyatsozivisa vashandi kana vanhu.

Nekugadziriswa kweMutungamiri Bush pamwe neMutungamiri Obama mu2010, vapikisi vekutsvaira kwekudyara kwechibage vaitarisira kuchinja, asi Obama hurumende yakapa basa racho rutsigiro rwakakwana. Guta hurumende inokurudzira kushanda semupi wemabasa uye mutero wemari. Sezvatichaona mune chikamu chinotevera chechitsauko chino, chakanga chisiri.

Kugadzirwa kwezvombo ndiko kushoma kwazvo. Mabhomba asiri enyukireya muHondo Yenyika II akaparadza maguta, mapurazi, uye madiridziro, zvichigadzira mamirioni makumi mashanu evapoteri nevanhu vakatiza misha. Bhomba reUS reVietnam, Laos, neCambodia rakaburitsa mamirioni gumi nevapoteri, uye kusvika pakupera kwegore ra50 kwaive nevapoteri vanosvika mamirioni gumi nemashanu nemakumi mashanu pasi rose. Hondo refu yevagari vemo muSudan yakatungamira kunzara imomo muna 17. Hondo yevagari vemo ine hutsinye yeRwanda yakasaidzira vanhu munzvimbo dzinogarwa nemhuka dziri panjodzi, kusanganisira gorilla. Iko kusuduruka kwevagari kutenderera pasirese kuenda kunzvimbo dzisingagarike kwakakuvadza zvisikwa zvakanyanya.

Hondo dzinosiya zvakasara zvikuru. Pakati pe1944 ne1970, mauto eUnited States akaputira zvombo zvakawanda zvemakemikari muAtlantic nePacific. Muna 1943 mabhomba eGermany akanga avhara chikepe cheUnited States kuBari, Italy, icho chakanga chiri kutakura mamiriyoni mapaundi emasitadhi gasi. Vazhinji vevakepe vekuUnited States vakafa nehupfu, iyo iyo United States isina kutendeseka ichitaura kuti yakashandisa se "kudzivisa," pasinei nekuiita yakavanzika. Ngarava inotarisirwa kuchengetedza gasi mugungwa kwemazana emakore. Munguva iyi United States neJapan zvakasara pamusoro pezvikepe zve1,000 pasi pePacific, kusanganisira mabhazi emotokari. Muchi2001, imwe ngarava, USS Mississinewa yakawanikwa ichichera mafuta. Muna 2003 mauto akabvisa mafuta api ayo aigona kubva pakuparara.

Zvichida zvombo zvinouraya zvakasara shure kwehondo ndezvimbambaira uye mabhasi emasumbu. Mazana emamiriyoni avo anofungidzirwa kunge avete pasi pose, asingazivi chero zviziviso zvorugare zvakaziviswa. Vazhinji vavo vakaurayiwa vagari vemo, vazhinji vavo vana. A 1993 US State State report yakadana migodhi yemigodhi "inonyanya kuora uye yakasvibiswa yakasangana nevanhu." Migodhi yemiguta inokuvadza zvakasikwa mumamiriro mana, anonyora Jennifer Leaning achiti:

"Kutya kwemigodhi kunoramba kubatikana kwezvinhu zvizhinji zvekunyama uye nyika inobhururuka; vanhu vanomanikidzwa kutungamira zvakasarudzwa munzvimbo dzakasununguka uye dzisina simba kuitira kuti dzirege kudzivirira minda; iyi kuenderera mberi kunomhanya kuderera kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana; uye kuputika kwemvura kunokanganisa ivhu rinokosha remvura nemvura. "

Kuwanda kwenzvimbo yepanyika yakakanganiswa hakusi duku. Mamiriyoni ehektare muEurope, North Africa, uye Asia vari pasi pekudziviswa. Chimwe chikamu chetatu chenyika muLibhiya chinopfigira migodhi yemigodhi uye zvinyorwa zvisina kufanira zveHondo Yenyika II. Nyika dzakawanda dzenyika dzakabvumirana kurambidza minda yemigodhi nemabhosi emasumbu. United States haina.

Kubva 1965 kusvika 1971, United States yakagadzira nzira nyowani dzekuparadza chirimwa nemhuka (kusanganisira hupenyu hwevanhu); yakamwaya 14 muzana yemasango eSouth Vietnam nemishonga yesora, yakapisa munda wepurazi, uye yakapfura zvipfuyo. Imwe yeanonyanyisa kuuraya mishonga yemakemikari, Agent Orange, ichiri kutyisidzira hutano hweVietnamese uye yakakonzera zvimwe hafu yemamiriyoni ekuberekwa kuremara. Munguva yeGulf War, Iraq yakaburitsa mamirioni gumi emafuta emafuta muPersian Gulf ndokuisa 10 matsime emafuta pamoto, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kumhuka dzesango nekuisa chepfu mvura yepasi nekurasika kwemafuta. Muhondo dzayo muYugoslavia neIraq, United States yakasiya uranium yapera. Ye732 Dhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs ongororo yeGulf War veterans kuMississippi vakawana 1994 muzana yevana vavo vakabatwa nemimba sezvo Hondo yaive nezvirwere zvakakomba kana kuremara kwekuberekwa. Hondo muAngola dzakabvisa 67 muzana yemhuka dzesango pakati pa90 na1975. Hondo yevagari vemo muSri Lanka yakadambura miti mamiriyoni mashanu.

Basa reSoviet neUnited States reA Afghanistan rinoparadza kana kuparadza zviuru zvemisha uye mitsva yemvura. VaTaliban vaitengesa matanda kuPakistan zvisina kutenderwa, zvichiita kuti kudyarwa kwemasango kunokosha. Mabhomba eUUS uye vapoteri vanoda ruvengo vakawedzera kudambudziko. Masango eAustralia anenge ava kuda kuenda. Zvizhinji zvezvisikwa zvinoputika izvo zvaiwanzopfuura nepakati peAustralia hazvichaiti kudaro. Mhepo yaro nemvura zvakasvibiswa nezviputi uye rocket propellants.

Kune mienzaniso iyi yemhando yekuparara kwezvakatipoteredza kwakaitwa nehondo inofanira kuwedzerwa mbiri mbiri dzinokosha pamusoro pokuti hondo dzedu dzinorwirwa sei uye nei. Sezvataona muchitsauko chekutanga, hondo dzinowanzorwiwa nekuda kwezvinhu, kunyanya mafuta. Oiri inogona kubviswa kana kupiswa, sezvakaitwa muGulf War, asi inonyanya kushandiswa kushandisa mhepo yepasi, ichiisa isu pese pangozi. Mafuta nevarwi vehondo vanobatanidza kushandiswa kwemafuta pamwe nekubwinya uye hutsinye hwehondo, kuitira kuti simba rinogona kudzorerwa risingaiti nengozi yenyika yose rinotaridzirwa senzira dzisina hanya uye dzisiri dzokuti vanhu vasafambisa mishonga yedu.

Ikubatanidza kwehondo nemafuta kunopfuura kupfuura izvozvo, zvisinei. Hondo ivo pachavo, ingave kana kwete kurwirwa mafuta, inodya zvakawanda zvayo. Mutengi mukuru wepasi rose wemafuta, chaizvoizvo, iuto reUnited States. Kwete chete tinorwisana nehondo munzvimbo dzenyika dzinoitika kuti dzive dzakapfuma mumafuta; isu tinopisawo mafuta akawanda kurwisana nehondo idzi kupfuura zvatinoita pane imwe basa. Munyori uye mufananidzo wemifananidzo Ted Rall anonyora kuti:

"Dhipatimendi reUnited States [Hondo] ndiyo inonyanya kusvibisa nyika, kubvongodza, kurasa, uye kuparadza mamwe mishonga inouraya mishonga, defoliants, solvents, petroleum, mutungamiri, mercury, uye uranium yakapfurikidza kupfuura inonyanya kukonzerwa nemakemikari emakemikari eMelika. Maererano naSteve Kretzmann, mutungamiriri weAuffing International, 60 muzana ye carbon dioxide yenyika inobudiswa pakati pe2003 ne2007 yakatanga muIraq inobatwa neUnited States, nemhaka yehuwandu hwemafuta uye gasi rinoda kuchengetwa nemazana ezviuru zvehondo dzeAmerica uye makambaniki ehurumende, kwete kutaura nezvemishonga yakabudiswa nemagetsi emagetsi, mapurisa emadhoni, uye zvombo nemamwe magetsi vanopisa muIraq. "

Tinosvibisa mweya mukuita chepfu pasi nemhando dzose dzezvombo. Mauto eUS anopisa kuburikidza angangoita mazana matatu nemakumi mana emabhiramu emafuta zuva rega rega. Dai Pentagon yaive nyika, yaizotungamira makumi matatu nemasere mukushandisa kwemafuta. Kana iwe ukabvisa Pentagon kubva pamafuta ese anoshandiswa neUnited States, ipapo United States yaizoramba ichitanga kutanga isina mumwe munhu chero pedyo. Asi iwe ungadai wakadzivirira mhepo yekupisa mamwe mafuta kupfuura nyika zhinji dzinodya, uye ungadai wakachengetedza nyika iyo yese yakaipa iyo yedu yemauto inokwanisa kupisa nayo. Hapana imwe nzvimbo muUnited States inoshandisa ingangoita oiri yakawanda seyemauto.

MunaOctober 2010, Pentagon yakaronga zvirongwa zvekuedza kushandiswa kuduku mukutungamirirwa kwesimba rinogona kushandiswa. Kutya kweuto kwehondo kwakanga kusingaiti kuenderera mberi hupenyu pasi pano kana mari yemari, asi panzvimbo yekuti vanhu vakaramba vachingoridza mabhazi ayo emotokari muPakistan neAghanistan vasati vasvika panzvimbo dzavo.

Ndezvipi zvakasikwa kuti vasi venharaunda vasati vaisa mararamiro emagumo ekupedzisira? Vanotenda here kuti hondo iripo, kana kuti vanotya kuonana navo? Gore rega rega, US Environmental Protection Agency inoshandisa $ 622 mamiriyoni kuedza kuona kuti tingagona sei kusimbisa simba pasina mafuta, asi mauto anoshandisa mazana emabhiriyoni achipisa mafuta muhondo akarwirwa kutonga mafuta. Mamiriyoni emadhora anoshandiswa kuchengetedza musoja mumwe kune imwe nyika basa kune rimwe gore aigona kuumba 20 green energy mabasa pa $ 50,000 imwe neimwe. Icho chisarudzo chakaoma here?

Chikamu: KUNYANYA KUDZIMA

Pakupedzisira 1980s, Soviet Union yakawana kuti yakaparadza hupfumi hwayo nekushandisa mari yakawandisa kuhondo. Munguva yekushanyira 1987 kuUnited States neMutungamiriri weMoscow Mikhail Gorbachev, Valentin Falin, mukuru weMoscow's Novosti Press Agency, akataura chimwe chinhu chakafumura dambudziko iri rezvematongerwe enyika uye richiratidzawo nguva yeP-911 iyo yaizova pachena kune dzose zvombo zvisingadhuri inogona kupinda mukati memwoyo weumambo huri kurwisana nemadhora emadhora ane zviuru zvitatu pagore. Akati:

"Hatisi kuzokanyora [United States] zvakare, tichiita mapurisa kuti tibatane nemapurisa ako, zvombo kuti uwane zvombo zvako. Tichatora nzira dzisinganzwisisiki nemitemo itsva yesayenzi inowanikwa kwatiri. Genetic engineering ingangodaro inofungidzira. Zvinhu zvinogona kuitwa izvo rutivi rumwe rutivi rusingakwanisi kuwana zvidziviriro kana kuti zvidzitiro, nemigumisiro ine ngozi. Kana iwe ukakurira chimwe chinhu munzvimbo, tinogona kukura chimwe chinhu pasi pano. Aya haasi mazwi chete. Ndinoziva zvandiri kutaura. "

Uye zvakadaro yakanga yakanyanyisa kuchema kweSoviet. Uye chinhu chisingazivikanwi ndechokuti munhu wose muWashington, DC, anonzwisisa izvo uye anotowedzera kuwedzeresa, achideredza zvimwe zvikonzero mukuparadzwa kweSoviet Union. Takavamanikidza kuti vavake zvombo zvizhinji kwazvo, uye izvozvo zvakavaparadza. Uku ndiko kunzwisiswa kwehurumende muhurumende iyo iri kuenderera mberi pakuvaka zvombo zvakawanda kwazvo, asi panguva imwechete iyo inoparadzanisa zviratidzo zvose zvekutsvaga kwekuuya.

Hondo, uye kugadzirira kwehondo, ndiyo yedu yakawanda uye yakaipisisa mari yemari. Zviri kudya kudya kwedu kubva mukati. Asi sezvo hupfumi hwenyika husiri hwehondo huchidonha, hupfumi huripo hunotenderera mberi nezvemauto ehondo hunoita hukuru. Isu tinofungidzira kuti mauto ndiyo imwe inopenya uye iyo yatinofanira kufunga pamusoro pekugadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu.

"Masoja eMadhorobha Anakidzwa neBhoom Booms," verenga USA Today musoro mukuru munaAugust 17, 2010. "Bhadhara uye Zvibatsiro Dhiyabhorosi Dzimba 'Kukura." Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwepachena pane chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuuraya vanhu kazhinji kacho kunoshorwa sechishumosi, munyaya iyi tsanangudzo iyi haigone kushandiswa nokuti mari yaishandiswa yakaitwa nemauto. Saka izvi zvaiita sechinhu chekuvhara sirivha pasina kubata grey:

"Kukurumidza kukura kubhadhara uye kubatsirika mumauto akazvigadzirira zvasimudza maguta akawanda emasvingo mumatunhu evanhu vemunharaunda yakanyanya kwazvo, USA USA inoongorora inowanikwa.

"Guta reMarines 'Camp Lejeune - Jacksonville, NC - rakasimudzirwa kune imwe nyika ye32nd-yepamusoro-soro pamunhu wese mu2009 pakati pezvikwata zveguta re366 kuU.S., maererano nedare reBusiness of Economic Analysis (BEA). MuC2000, yaive yakarongedza 287th.

"Guta reMudlandsville, rine vanhu ve173,064, raiva nemari yakakwirira pamunhu wese weNorth Carolina munharaunda mu2009. MuC2000, yakarongeka 13th yemadhora emadhora e14 muhurumende.

"IU.SA Nhasi kuongororwa kunowanikwa kuti 16 yemiganhu ye20 inomhanya zvakananga pane imwe nzvimbo yekuwana mari kubva muna 2000 ine zvigaro zvehondo kana imwe iri pedyo. . . .

". . . Kubhadhara uye kubatsirwa muuto rehondo zvakakurumidza kukura kune avo vari mune imwe nzvimbo yehupfumi. Varwi, vafambisi vengarava uye Marines vakagashira zviyero zve $ 122,263 nemunhu mu2009, kubva ku $ 58,545 mu2000. . . .

". . . Mushure mekugadzirisa kuwedzera kwekuwedzera, hutori hwehondo hwakasimuka 84 kubva kune 2000 kusvika 2009. Kubhadhara kwakawedzera 37 muzana yevashandi vehurumende vehurumende uye 9 muzana yevashandi vebato rega, iyo BEA inoshuma. . . . "

Zvakanaka, saka vamwe vedu vangada kuti mari yebhadharo yakanaka uye zvigaro zvaizoenda muzvibereko zvekubereka, zvigaro, asi zvingave zvichienda kune imwe nzvimbo, zvakarurama? Zviri nani kupfuura chinhu, chakanaka?

Chaizvoizvo, chakaipa kudarika chinhu. Kusakwanisa kupedza mari iyoyo uye panzvimbo pekucheka mitero kungaita mamwe mabasa kunze kwekuzviisa muchiuto. Kuzviisa muzvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi zvakadai sokufamba kwemauto kana dzidzo inenge iine simba guru uye inoita mamwe mabasa akawanda. Asi kunyange pasina, kunyange kutema mitero, hakuzoiti kukuvadza kudarika kushandiswa kwemauto.

Hungu, kukuvadza. Basa roga roga rechiuto, dhizimusi roga roga rezvombo basa, basa rose rekugadzirisa hondo, basa rose revarume kana kutambudzikira basa rakafanana nenhema sehondo chero ipi zvayo. Zvinoratidzika kuva basa, asi haisi basa. Iko kusavapo kwemabasa akawanda uye ari nani. Iko mari yepachena inoparara pane chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kukura kwezvisikwa zvebasa kupfuura chinhu zvachose uye chakaipisisa kupfuura zvimwe zvingawanikwa.

Robert Pollin naHeidi Garrett-Peltier, weSocial Economy Research Institute, vakaunganidza data. Bhiriyoni imwe neimwe yemadhora emari yehurumende inotengeswa muchiuto inogadzira mabasa e12,000. Kuzviisa panzvimbo yekutengesa mutero kunoshandiswa kwega pachako kunogadzira zvinenge zvakaitwa 15,000 mabasa. Asi kuzviisa muhutano hwehutano hunotipa 18,000 mabasa, mumusha weatherization uye zvivako zvekuvakawo 18,000 mabasa, muzvidzidzo 25,000 mabasa, uye mukufamba kwevanhu 27,700 mabasa. Mukudzidzira inowanikwa mubhadharo uye kubatsirwa kwebasa re 25,000 rakasikwa rakanyanya kukunda kupfuura iro remabasa ehondo 12,000. Mune dzimwe mimwe minda, inowanikwa mubhadharo uye zvigadziriswa zvakasikwa zvakaderera pane zvemauto (kunyanya kwenguva yakareba sokuti mari chete inofungidzirwa), asi huwandu hwehupfumi hwehupfumi hwakawanda nekuda kwehuwandu hwemabasa. Iro sarudzo yekucheka mutero hairevi netsika huru, asi inogadzira 3,000 mamwe mabasa nemadhora mabhiriyoni.

Iko kune kutenda kwakakurumbira kuti Hondo Yenyika II yekushandisa inopedza Kubwinya kukuru. Izvozvo zvinoratidzika kure kwazvo kubva pachena, uye economists hazvibvumirane nayo. Zvandinofunga kuti tinogona kutaura nechivimbo ndezvokuti, kutanga, kushandiswa kwemauto kweHondo Yenyika II pazvinhu zvishoma hazvina kudzivirira kupora kubva kuHuruku Hukuru, uye chechipiri, kuti maitiro akadaro ekupedza mune mamwe maindasitiri angangodaro akavandudzwa kuti kuporeswa.

Tinenge tine mamwe mabasa uye vaizobhadhara zvakawanda, uye isu taizova vakangwara uye vane rugare kana tikaisa mari mune dzidzo panzvimbo yehondo. Asi izvi zvinoratidza here kuti kushandiswa kwemauto kunoparadza hupfumi hwedu? Zvakanaka, funga chidzidzo ichi kubva mushure mehondo. Kana iwe wakange uine basa rakakwirira rekubhadhara chikoro panzvimbo yekubhadhara mari shoma kana kusina basa zvachose, vana vako vanogona kuva nedzidzo yepamusoro yepamusoro iyo basa rako nemamwe mabasa ako anoshanda. Kana isu tisina kudarika chikamu chemauto edu ekugadziriswa kwehurumende muhondo, tinogona kunge tine dzidzo yepamusoro yakasununguka kubva kuchikoro chesekondari. Tinogona kuva nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushandura hupenyu, kusanganisira kubhadhara mari, mazororo, nguva yevabereki, utano hwehutano, nekufambisa. Tingave takavimbisa basa. Iwe unenge uchiita mari yakawanda, kushanda maawa mashomanana, uye zvakanyanya kuderedzwa mari. Ndingava sei nechokwadi chokuti izvi zvinobvira? Nokuti ndinoziva chakavanzika chinowanzochengetwa kwatiri neveMedia media: kune mamwe marudzi panyika ino.

Steven Hill bhuku reEuropean Promise: Sei Europe Yenzira Ndicho Chivimbo Chakanakisisa Mumakore Asingaverengeki ine shoko ratinofanira kuwana rinokurudzira zvikuru. IEuropean Union (EU) ndiyo inonyanya kukosha uye inonyanya kugadzirisa hupfumi, uye vazhinji vevanogara mairi vakapfuma, vane hutano, uye vanofara kudarika vazhinji veAmerica. Vanhu vokuEurope vanoshanda maawa mashomanana, vane hurukuro inotaura kuti vashandirwi vavo vanoita sei, vanowana mazororo kwenguva yakareba uye vachibhadhara nguva yevabereki, vanogona kuvimba nemari yakabhadharwa pensions, vane rusununguko rusingabatsiri uye rusingabatsiri rwehutano hwekuchengetedza, vanofarira dzidzo dzisingabhadhari kana dzisingabatsiri kubva kuchikoro chekutanga koreji, inopa hafu chete yekunetseka kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kwemaAmerica, kutsungirira chikamu chechisimba chiripo muUnited States, kusunga chikamu chiduku chevasungwa vakavharwa pano, uye vanobatsirwa nehurumende yekutaridzirwa, kubatanidzwa, uye rusununguko rwevanhu rusingafungidzirwi mu nyika iyo yatinonyengerwa nayo kuti nyika inotivenga nokuda kwekusiyana kwe "rusununguko." Yuropi inotopa muenzaniso wekune dzimwe nyika, kuunza marudzi akavakidzana kune hurumende yekutonga kuburikidza nekuisa tariro yehutungamiri hweEU, apo isu tichidzinga dzimwe nyika kure nehutongi hwakanaka pamutengo mukuru weropa uye pfuma.

Zvechokwadi, izvi zvese zvaizova nhau dzakanaka, kana kwete nekuda kwekutyisa uye kunotyisa kwepamusoro pemitero! Kushanda zvishomanana nekurarama kwenguva yakareba nekurwara zvishoma, nzvimbo yakachena, dzidzo yepamusoro, mararamiro akawanda emitambo, mazororo ekubhadhara, uye hurumende dzinopindura zviri nani kuvanhu - kuti zvose zvinonzwika zvakanaka, asi chokwadi chinosanganisira kuipa kukuru kwemitero yakakwirira! Kana kuti?

Sezvo Gomo rinoratidza, vanhu veEurope vanobhadhara mitero yepamusoro, asi ivo vanowanzobhadhara hurumende, nzvimbo, nzvimbo, uye zvekuchengetedza mitero yevanhu. Vanobhadharawo mari yepamusoro yemitero kunze kwebhadharo rakakura. Uye ndeupi veEurope vanochengetedza mari yavanowana mari yavanenge vasingafaniri kupedza pahutano hwehutano kana kojiji kana kudzidziswa kwebasa kana zvimwe zvakawanda zvinodhura izvo zvisingambogoni kuita asi asi isu tinenge tichida kupemberera ropafadzo yedu yekubhadhara mumwe nomumwe.

Kana tikabhadhara zvakakwana sevaEurope mumitero, nei tichiwedzera kubhadhara zvose zvatinoda isu pachedu? Sei mitero yedu isingabhadhara zvatinoda? Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti mari yakawanda yemutero wedu inoenda kuhondo uye mauto.

Tinowedzerawo kune avo vakapfuma kwazvo pakati pedu kuburikidza nekambani yemitambo yekusvitsa uye bhailouts. Uye mataramiro edu kune zvinodiwa nevanhu sehutano hwehutano zvinoshamisa zvisingabatsiri. Mugore rakapiwa, hurumende yedu inopa madhora $ 300 mabhiriyoni emitambo yepamitambo kune mabhizimisi nokuda kwehutano hwevashandi. Izvi zvakakwana kuti zvibhadharwe munhu wose munyika ino kuti ave nehutano hwakanaka, asi inongova chikamu chiduku chezvinhu zvatinoisa muhutano hwehutano hwehutano hunofanirwa, hunofanirwa nezita racho, huripo hukuru hwekuita purofiti. Zvakawanda zvatinoshatisa pahupenzi huno hazviperi kuburikidza nehurumende, chokwadi chatinozvikudza kwazvo.

Isu tinodadawo, zvisinei, zvekufuridzira masero makuru emari kuburikidza nehurumende uye kupinda mauto emabhizimisi. Uye iyo ndiyo misiyano yakanyanya pakati pedu neEurope. Asi izvi zvinoratidza kusiyana kwehurumende dzedu kupfuura pakati pevanhu vedu. MaAmerica, mumapurisa uye kuongororwa, angada kushandura mari yakawanda kubva kuhondo kusvika kuvanhu vanoda. Dambudziko nderekuti maonero edu haasi kumira muhurumende yedu, sezvo iyi anecdote kubva kuEurope Yakavimbisa inoti:

"Makore mashomanana adarika, mumwe wangu wekuAmerica anogara kuSweden akandiudza kuti iye nemudzimai wake weSweden vakanga vari muNew York City, uye, nenzira yakajeka, vakapedzisa kugovera chimineine kunharaunda yemitambo neSenator yekuAmerica John Breaux kubva kuLouisana nemudzimai wake. Breaux, akachengetedza, asingabhadharisi mutero weDemocrat, akakumbira kuti ndizive nezveSweden uye akashandura zvinyorwa pamusoro pe 'yose iyo mitero yeSweden inobhadhara,' iyo iyi American yakapindura, 'Dambudziko reAmerica nemitero yavo ndechokuti hatina kuwana chinhu kwavari. ' Akabva aenderera mberi kundoudza Breaux nezvehutano hwakakwana hwemashumiro uye zvibvumirano izvo vaSweden vanogamuchira mukudzorera mitero. 'Kana vaAmerica vaiziva kuti veSweden vanogamuchira sei mitero yavo, isu tingangodaro takashata,' akaudza seneta. Zvose zvekutasva kuenda kunharaunda yemitambo yakanga isina kunyarara. "

Iye zvino, kana iwe uchiona chikwereti chisina maturo uye usingatambudziki nokukwereta matairi emadhora emadhora, ipapo kuchera mauto ehurumende nekuwedzera kwezvirongwa zvirongwa zviviri zvakasiyana. Unogona kunyengetedzwa pane imwe asi kwete imwe. Zvisinei, nharo inoshandiswa muWashington, DC, pamusoro pekushandisa mari yakawanda pane zvido zvevanhu zvinowanzotarisa pamusoro pekushaikwa kwemari uye kudiwa kwebhajheji yakaenzana. Zvichipa hutano hwezvematongerwo enyika, kana iwe usati iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara bhajeti inobatsira pachako, hondo uye nyaya dzepamba dzisingatauriki. Mari iri kuuya kubva payo imwe, uye isu tinofanira kusarudza kana tichizoishandisa iko pano kana ipapo.

Muna 2010, Rethink Afghanistan yakagadzira chishandiso paFaceBook webhusaiti iyo yaikubvumidza kuti ushandisezve, sezvawaona zvakakodzera, madhirioni emadhora mumari yemutero iyo, panguva iyoyo, yakashandiswa muhondo dzeIraq neAfghanistan. Ini ndakadzvanya kuwedzera zvinhu zvakasiyana ku "shopping cart" yangu uye ndokutarisa kuti ndione zvandakanga ndawana. Ini ndakakwanisa kuhaya mushandi wese muAfghanistan kwegore ku $ 12 bhiriyoni, kuvaka mamirioni matatu edzimba dzinodhura muUnited States kwemadhora mazana matatu nemakumi masere neshanu emadhora, kupa hutano kune miriyoni vemaAmerican emadhora 3 bhiriyoni uye kune miriyoni vana $ 387 bhiriyoni.

Kunyange zvakadaro mukati me $ 1 trillion muganhu, ndakakwanisawo kuhaya mamiriyoni emimhanzi / tekudzidzisa vadzidzisi kwegore kwe $ 58.5 mabhiriyoni, uye mamiriyoni evadzidzi vepepari chechikoro kwegore kwe $ 61.1 mabhiriyoni. Ndakaisawo vana vane mamiriyoni mumusoro wekutangira kwegore kwe $ 7.3 bhiriyoni. Ndakabva ndapa vadzidzi vane mamiriyoni e10 gore rimwe chete zvidzidzo zveyunivesiti ye $ 79 bhiriyoni. Pakupedzisira, ndakasarudza kupa 5 mamiriyoni zvekugara ane simba rekugadzirisa re $ 4.8 bhiriyoni. Ndine chokwadi chokuti ndaizopedza mari yangu yekushandisa, ndakaenda kumotokari yekutengesa, kuti ndipiwe zano:

"Iwe uchiri ne $ 384.5 mabhiriyoni kuti urege." Geez. Tichaitei nezvo?

Chiuru chemadhora madhiriyoni inoenda kune nzira yakareba apo iwe haufaniri kuuraya chero munhu. Uye zvakadaro madhora madhiriyoni aingova mari yakananga yevamwe hondo mbiri kusvika ipapo. Musi waSeptember 5, 2010, vezvehupfumi Joseph Stiglitz naLinda Bilmes vakashuma korona muWashington Post, kuvaka pamusoro pebhuku ravo rekare rine zita rakadaro, "Ichokwadi Chaicho chehondo yeIraq: $ 3 Trillion uye Beyond." Vanyori vakati kukosheswa kwe $ 3 trillion kweHondo Yese yeIraq, yakatanga kubudiswa mu2008, ingave yakaderera. Kuverenga kwavo kwese mari yehondo iyoyo yaisanganisira mari yekuongorora, kuporesa nekubhadhara varwi vakakomba, izvo zvakaitwa ne2010 zvakapfuura zvavakatarisira. Uye iyo ndiyo yaiva yakanyanya pane iyo:

"Makore maviri aripo, zvave zvakajeka kwatiri kuti kuenzanisa kwedu hakuna kutora izvo zvingave zvakakonzerwa nekukakavara kwezvinhu zvinotyisa: avo vari muboka re 'vanogona kunge vane nyuchi,' kana kuti chii chezvematongerwo enyika chinodhura mukana wekutora. Nokudaro, vazhinji vakashamisika nenzwi guru kana, kunze kwekuuya kweIraq, tinenge tichiri kuendeswa kuA Afghanistan. Uye izvi handizvo chete 'zvakadini kana' zvakakodzera kufungisisa. Tinogonawo kubvunza: Kana kwete yehondo muIraq, mutengo wemafuta ungakurumidza kukura here? Dai chikwereti chomutemo chakanga chakakwirira kwazvo? Idambudziko rezvemari rave rakanyanya kukura here?

"Mhinduro kumibvunzo mina yemibvunzo iyi zvichida kwete. Chidzidzo chepakati chezvoupfumi ndechekuti zviwanikwa - kusanganisira zvose mari uye kutarisirwa - hazvisi nyore. "

Chidzidzo icho hachina kupinda muCapitol Hill, uko Congress inowanzosarudza kubhadhara hondo apo ichizviti haina chakanaka.

Musi waJune 22, 2010, Imba Mukuru Mutungamiri Steny Hoyer vakataura muimba huru yega yega Union Union muWashington, DC uye vakatora mibvunzo. Akanga asina mhinduro dzemibvunzo yandakaisa kwaari.

Nyaya yeHoyer yaiva yekutora mari, uye akataura kuti zvaaida - izvo zvose zvakanga zvisina kuchena - zvingava zvakakodzera kuita "nokukurumidza apo hupfumi huchadzorerwa zvachose." Handizivi kuti izvi zvaitarisirwa.

Hoyer, sezvakangoita tsika, kuzvikudza pamusoro pekucheka uye kuedza kuderedza zvombo zvehurumende. Saka ndakamubvunza kuti angadai asina kurega kutaura nezvemashoko maviri akafanana. Chokutanga, iye nevamwe vake vakanga vari kuwedzera bhajheti yezvehondo gore negore. Chechipiri, akanga achishanda kubhadhara kuwedzera kwehondo muAfghanistan ne "kubhadhara" mushumo waive wakachengetedza mari kubva pamabhuku, kunze kwemari.

Hoyer akapindura kuti nyaya dzose dzakadaro dzinofanira kunge dziri "patafura." Asi haana kutsanangura kukanganisa kwake kuaisa ipapo kana kuratidza kuti aizoita sei kwavari. Hapana chimwe chesangano rakaitwa Washington rakafa (sic) rakatevera.

Vamwe vanhu vaviri vakabvunza mibvunzo yakanaka pamusoro pokuti sei munyika ino Hoyer inoda kuenda shure Social Security kana Medicare. Mumwe mukomana akabvunza kuti nei tisingakwanisi kutevera Wall Street pane. Hoyer mumbled pamusoro pokupedza kuchinja kwekutonga, uye akatonga Bush.

Hoyer akadzokororwa zvakare kuMutungamiri Obama. Kutaura zvazviri, akataura kuti kana mutungamiri wekommiti pane kukanganisa (komisheni inoratidzika yakagadzirirwa kuronga kuderedza Social Security, komisheni inowanzozivikanwa se "catfood commission" yezvingaita kuti vanhu vakura vati vadye kudya kwemanheru) yakabudiswa chero sarudzo, uye kana Senate ikavapa, ipapo iye neimba yekutaura Nancy Pelosi vaizoisa pasi pasi kuti vhoti-pasinei nokuti chii chavaigona kuva.

Ichokwadi, nguva pfupi mushure mechiitiko ichi, Imba yakapfuudza mutemo unoisa munzvimbo inotarisirwa kuti ivhote pane imwe nzira yekutengeswa kwekambani yakapfuudzwa neSeneate.

Gare gare Hoyer akatiudza kuti mutungamiri chete ndiye anogona kurega kushandisa. Ndakataura ndokumubvunza kuti "Kana iwe usingapfuuri, Mutungamiri anoratidza sei?" Vakuru Vatungamiri vakatarisa shure kwandiri semhashu mumakona. Haana kutaura chinhu.

Chikamu: CHIMWE NZIRA

Nzira yekudzivirira zvisizvo, simba rakachena, uye utsvaga muhupfumi hune rugare huri pachena pamberi pedu. Mune 1920s, Henry Ford naTomas Edison vakaronga kuti tive nehupfumi hwakakonzerwa nemakhahydrates panzvimbo yehutrocarboni. Hatina kuteerera mukana iwoyo kusvika pano. Muna 1952, Mutungamiri Truman's Materials Policy Commission yakakurudzira kuchinja kune simba rezuva, achifanotaurira kuti dzimba dzemakamuri matatu dzaizove dziri zuva rinoshandiswa ne1975. Mukana iwoyo wakange wakagara ipapo wakamirira kusvikira zvino.

Mune 1963, Senator George McGovern (D., SD) akaunza mushumo, wakarongedzwa neveSENC senator, kuumba National Economic Conversion Commission, sezvakaitwa neConstitution Men F. Bradford Morse (R., Mass) uye William Fitts Ryan (D. , NY) muImba. Bhuku iri, rakagadzirwa naSeymour Melman, munyori wemabhuku akawanda pamusoro pekutendeuka kubva mune zvematongerwe enyika kusvika mune hupfumi hwehutano, zvingadai zvakagadzira basa rokutanga izvozvo. Pasingazivi nyika, mauto edu panguva iyoyo akanga achiita zvekudzivirira pakavanda uye achitsamwisa kuNorth Vietnam, uye urongwa hwekuita kuti Congress ipe chisarudzo chinogona kutorwa semvumo yehondo. Mwedzi mumwe gare gare Mutungamiri Kennedy akanga afa. Mhemberero dzakabatwa pamutemo, asi haina kumbopfuura. Icho chakamira ipapo chakamirira isu kusvikira nhasi. Mabhuku aMelman, zvakare, achiri kuwanikwa akawanda uye anokurudzirwa zvikuru.

Benito Mussolini akati "Hondo chete inounza zvakanyanya kukanganisa simba revanhu uye inoisa chiratidzo chekudzwa kune avo vane simba rokuriwana naro." Akabva aparadza nyika yake uye akaurayiwa uye akaiswa pasi mumuganhu weguta. Sezvataona muchitsauko shanu, hondo haisi iyo chete inobva mukurumbira kana heroes. Hondo yakaitwa tsvene, asi haifaniri kuva. Runyararo haufaniri kunge ruchivhiringidza. Izwi remunharaunda rinogona kugadzirwa kuburikidza nemishonga kunze kwekuuraya kwevanhu vakawanda.

William James mu1906 akabudisa The Moral Equivalent of War, achitaura kuti tinowana zvakanakisisa, ushingi, uye zvinonakidza zvehondo mune chimwe chinhu chisina kuparadza. Hapana munhu mupenyu, akanyora, angada kuti US Civil War yakanga yagadziriswa norugare. Hondo iyoyo yakanga yava tsvene. Uye zvakadaro, hapana munhu aida kutanga hondo itsva zvakare. Isu taiva nemafungiro maviri, uye mumwe chete wavo akakodzera kuteverwa.

"Hondo yemazuva ano inodhura zvikuru zvokuti tinonzwa kutengeswa kuva nzira yakanaka yekupamba; asi vanhu vemazuva ano vanowana nhaka yose yevanhu vasina tsitsi uye rudo rwekubwinya kwemadzitateguru ake. Kuratidza hondo yekusagadzikana uye kutyisa hakuna kumubatsira. Izvo zvinotyisa zvinoita kufadza. Hondo ihwo hupenyu hwakasimba; ihwo upenyu muupenyu; mitsara yehondo ndeye chete ivo varume vasingambozeze kubhadhara, sezvo mari yemari yemarudzi ose inoratidza isu. "

Jakobho akaratidza kuti taida fungiro uye kuda "kutanga, kufungidzira ramangwana umo hondo-hupenyu, ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvechirongwa, ichagara isingagoneki, uye mune izvo zvinangwa zvevanhu hazvichazogadziriswi nekukurumidza, zvinotyisa, uye zvinosuruvarisa nekumanikidzwa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvisinganzwisisiki ne'kushanduka, '"uye kuwedzera" kuona hurukuro yepamusoro yekusimba kwevanhu yakavharwa, uye hukuru hwemauto evanhu hunorambidzwa kugara nguva dzose mumamiriro ekuratidza uye kusingazviratidzi ivo pachavo chiito. "Hatina kukwanisa kukunda zvishuwo zvakadaro, James akapa zano,

". . . kuburikidza nokungoomesa-kusagadzikana pakurwisana kwehondo nekutyisa. Kuvhiringidza kunoita kuti kufara; uye kana mubvunzo uri wekupedzisira kusvika kune munhu, kutaura pamusoro pemari inodhura inonyadzisa. Kushaya simba kwezvakawanda kungoshorwa kusingaoneki kunoratidzika - pacifism inoita kuti vasatendeuka kubva muuto rehondo. Sangano rezvemasoja rinoramba kana kurara kana kutyisa, kana mari; inongotaura chete kuti zvinhu izvi zvinotaura asi hafu yenyaya yacho. Inongotaura chete kuti hondo inokosha kwavari; kuti, kutora hupenyu hwevanhu semunhu wose, hondo dzayo ndiko kudzivirirwa kwakanakisisa kunowedzera simba uye kuwedzera kuzvikudza, uye kuti vanhu havagone kuwana mari yehupfumi. "

James akatenda kuti isu taigona uye tinofanira kutora hupfumi hwenyika asi tisingakwanisi kuzviita tisina kuchengetedza "zvimwe zvekare zvematongerwo enyika." Hatikwanise kuvaka "kushamisira-hupfumi". Tichafanira "kuita zvitsva simba uye hudhi hunoenderera mberi nehukama hunoita kuti pfungwa dzehondo dzibatane zvakatendeka. Kurwisana kwakanaka kunofanirwa kunge kuri kusingamende sement; kusava nehanya, kunyadziswa kwekunyorova, kuzvipira kwevanhu vanofarira. . . . "

James akarondedzera kuburitswa kwevarume vechidiki-uye nhasi tinosanganisira vakadzi vaduku - kwete yehondo, asi yebhizimisi runyararo, yekuvaka nyika iri nani kune zvakanaka. James akanyora mishonga yakadai se "marashi nemataundi ematare," "zvitima zvekutakura," "hove dzinofamba," "kushambidza, kushamba kwemajasi, nekugadzira mawindo," "kugadzira migwagwa uye kugadzira matani," "foundries uye stoke-holes," uye "Mapuranga emagetsi." Akaronga "hondo yekurwisana nemasikirwo."

Nhasi tinogona kuratidza kuvakwa kwezvitima uye mhepo, mapurisa ezuva uye mapurojekiti kuti awedzere simba remvura uye kupisa kwenyika, kudzorerwa kwehupfumi hwenyika uye hupfumi, "hondo" kana iwe uchiomerera kumakaro emakambani nekuparadzwa, "Hondo" kana iwe uchida panzvimbo yezvakasikwa.

James akafunga kuti vechidiki vanodzoka kubva kubasa runyararo "vaifamba pasi nekuzvikudza" uye vanoita vabereki vari nani nevadzidzisi vezera rinotevera. Ndinofunga saizvozvo.