NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, May 18, 2022
Ndinowanzo kuburitsa wongororo yebhuku richangoburwa uye ndinoisa a Pamazita emabhuku achangoburwa achikurudzira kubviswa kwehondo. Ndakanamira bhuku rimwe kubva kuma1990 pane iyo rondedzero, iyo neimwe nzira yese 21st century. Chikonzero ini ndisina kusanganisira mabhuku kubva kuma1920 nema1930 ibasa rehukuru rarangave.
Rimwe remabhuku aizopinda pandandanda iyoyo ndera1935 Nei Hondo Dzichifanira Kumira naCarrie Chapman Catt, Mai Franklin D. Roosevelt (Ndinofungidzira kuti kujekesa kuti akanga akaroorwa neMutungamiriri weNyika kwakapfuura kutaura zita rake pachake), Jane Addams, nevamwe vanomwe vatungamiri vechidzimai vanonyanya kurwisana nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana.
Kusaziva kune muverengi asina mhosva, Catt akange aita nharo dzakajeka nezverunyararo pamberi peWWI uye ndokutsigira WWI, nepo Eleanor Roosevelt aive aita zvishoma kupikisa WWI. Hapana mumwe wevanyori ve10, pamwe chete nemusiyano weFlorence Allen, pasinei nekukurudzira matanho mubhuku rino kudzivirira WWII, pasinei nekufanotaura uye kukakavara pamusoro payo nekururama kukuru uye nekukurumidzira muna 1935, aizopikisa payakasvika. Mumwe wavo, Emily Newell Blair, aizoenda kunoshanda pakuparadzira kweDhipatimendi reHondo munguva yeWWII mushure mekuita nyaya ine simba mubhuku rino pamusoro pekutenda kwenhema kuti chero hondo inogona kudzivirira kana kururamiswa.
Saka, tinokoshesa sei vanyori vakadai? Aya ndiwo chaiwo mavigwa akavigwa makomo euchenjeri akabuda mumakore ane rugare zvikuru etsika dzeUS. Ichi ndicho chimwe chikonzero chatinofanira kudzidza kusiya WWII kumashure. Mhinduro huru ndeyokuti tinotora nharo idzi zvakasimba, kwete nekuisa vanhu vakaagadzira pazvigadziko asi nekuverenga mabhuku nekuaongorora maererano nekugona kwavo.
Vatsigiri verunyararo ve1930s vanowanzo batwa sevasina ruzivo vanoita zvakanaka vasina ruzivo rwenyika ine hutsinye, vanhu vaifungidzira kuti Kellogg-Briand Pact yaizopedza hondo yese nemashiripiti. Zvakadaro vanhu ava, vaive vaisa maawa asingaperi kugadzira Kellogg-Briand Pact havana kumbofungidzira kwesekondi kuti vaitwa. Vakapokana mubhuku iri nekuda kwekumisa nhangemutange yemaoko uye kubvisa iyo War System. Vaitenda kuti kubviswa kwechiuto chete ndiko kwaizodzivirira hondo.
Ava ndivo zvakare vanhu avo mukutungamira-kusvika uye kurudyi kuburikidza neWWII vakamanikidza hurumende dzeUS neBritish, pasina kubudirira, kugamuchira nhamba huru dzevapoteri vechiJuda pane kuvabvumidza kuurayiwa. Chikonzero icho vamwe veava varwi vakatamburira mukati mehondo chakava chaizvoizvo, mamwe makore pashure pokunge hondo yapera, chisakiso chokuti mashoko anoparadzirwa apashure pehondo ainyepedzera kuva hondo.
Ava ndivo vanhu vakafamba uye vakaratidzira kwemakore vachipesana nenhangemutange yezvombo uye zvishoma nezvishoma kuvaka kuhondo neJapan, chimwe chinhu mudzidzi wese akanaka weUS achakuudza kuti hazvina kumboitika, sezvo varombo vasina mhosva United States vakashamiswa nekurwiswa kubva denga rebhuruu rakajeka. Saka, ini ndinotora zvinyorwa zve1930s vanorwira runyararo zvakanyanya. Vakaita kuti hondo ibatsire zvinonyadzisa uye rugare zvive zvakakurumbira. WWII yakagumisa zvose izvozvo, asi chii chisina kupera?
Mubhuku rino tinoverenga nezve kutyisa kutsva kweWWI: ngarava dzepasi pemvura, matangi, ndege, uye chepfu. Isu tinoona kunzwisisa kuti kutaura nezvehondo dzakapfuura uye iyi yazvino hondo semienzaniso yemhando imwe chete yaitsausa. Tinogona ikozvino, chokwadi, kutarisa kutyisa kutsva kweWWII uye mazana ehondo dzakaitevera: nukes, zvombo zvinokandwa, drones, uye kukanganisa kwakanyanya iko zvino kune vagari vemo uye nharaunda yakasikwa, uye kubvunza kana hondo mbiri dzenyika mbiri. mienzaniso yechinhu chimwe chete zvachose, ingave inofanirwa kutariswa muchikamu chakafanana nehondo nhasi, uye kana tsika yekufunga nezvehondo mu pre-WWI mazwi inotsungirira nekusaziva kana kunyengera nemaune.
Vanyori ava vanoita mhosva vachipokana nehurongwa hwehondo nezvezvainoita kugadzira ruvengo uye propaganda, nekuda kwekuita kwayo pahunhu. Vanoisa nyaya yekuti hondo dzinobereka dzimwe hondo, kusanganisira hondo yeFranco-Prussian ye1870 kubereka Chibvumirano chakashata cheVersailles mushure meWWI. Ivo zvakare vanoita nyaya yekuti WWI yakatungamira kuKuderera Kukuru - pfungwa inokatyamadza kuvadzidzi vazhinji vekuUS, mumwe nemumwe wavo achakuudza kuti WWII yakagumisa Kuderera Kukuru.
Nekuda kwake, Eleanor Roosevelt, mubhuku rino, anoita nyaya yekuti hondo ngaipedzwe sekutenda mun'anga uye mukushandiswa kwekurwisana kwapera. Unogona here kufungidzira kukanganisa uye nekukasira kurambana kwaizotevera mudiwa wechero wezvematongerwo enyika weUS achitaura kudaro nhasi? Pakupedzisira, ichi ndicho chikonzero chekutanga chekuverenga zvinyorwa kubva kune imwe nguva yakasiyana: kudzidza izvo zvaikatyamadza zvinotenderwa kutaura.
