Unoda Kutambudza Kushaya Basa? Deredza Kuchengetedza Mauto

NaNia Harris, Cassandra Stimpson naBen Freeman, Nyamavhuvhu 8, 2019

From The Nation

A Marilyn akanyengedza zvakare mutungamiri wenyika. Ino nguva, zvakadaro, haisi nyeredzi yemamuvhi; ndiMarillyn Hewson, mukuru waLokheed Martin, kontrakta wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika uye mugadziri mukuru wezvombo pasi rese Mumwedzi wapfuura, VaDonald Trump naHewson vakaita kunge vasingatsanangurike. Ivo "akaponeswa”Mabasa panzvimbo inogadzirwa neherikoputa. Vakatora danho Pamwe chete pane rimwe chikamu cheLokheed muMilwaukee. Mutungamiri vetoed mabhiri matatu angadai akavhara kutengesa kwemaoko kweLokheed (nemamwe makambani) kuSaudi Arabia. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mwanasikana wemutungamiriri wenyika, Ivanka kutenderera Lockheed space nzvimbo naHewson.

Musi waChikunguru 15, yepamutemo White House Twitter account tweeted vhidhiyo yaLokheed CEO inorumbidza hunhu hwekambani THAAD zvombo zvekudzivirira zvombo, ichiti "inotsigira 25,000 vashandi veAmerica." Hakusi chete kuti Hewson aisimudzira chigadzirwa chekambani yake, asi aive achimugadzira-aine chombo kumashure - pawhite House. Twitter yakabva yangoputika nehasha pamusoro peWhite House ichitumira kushambadzira kune imwe kambani yakazvimiririra, ine vamwe kuidana kuti "haina hunhu" uye "pamwe haisi pamutemo."

Hapana chimwe cheizvi, zvakadaro, chaive chaicho kunze kweyakajairika sezvo hutongi hwaTrump hwakamira pasina chaicho kuti chisimbise nharo dzekuti kugadzirwa kwemabasa ndiko kururamisa kwakakwana kwekutsigira vagadziri vezvombo muchiuno. Kunyangwe Donald Trump asati apika semutungamiri, anga atove kuomerera iyo yekushandisa kwemauto yaive hombe mabasa musiki. Akangowedzerwa zvakapetwa pasi pachirevo ichi panguva yehutungamiriri hwake. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, achikunda kuramba kwekongiresi, iye akatombo Wapikisa yenyika "yechimbichimbi" yekumanikidza kuburikidza nechikamu chekutengeswa kwemaoko kuSaudi Arabia kwaakambove nako vakati yaizogadzira anopfuura mamirioni emabasa. Kunyange kudai uku kwave kuri zvakakwana debunked, chikamu chakakoshesesa chekupokana kwake - kuti mari yakawanda inoyerera ichienda kune vanoita basa rekudzivirira ichagadzira huwandu hwemabasa matsva - inoonekwa sechokwadi chakafemerwa nevazhinji mumaindasitiri ekudzivirira, kunyanya Marillyn Hewson.

Chokwadi chinotaura imwe nyaya.

LOCKHEED ANOGONESA PASI MUTENGESI MADHORORI, IYE ACHIDHURA AMERICAN JOBS

Kuedza nharo dzaTrump naHewson, isu takabvunza mubvunzo uri nyore: Kana makondirakiti achigamuchira mari yemuteresi, inowanzo gadzira mamwe mabasa? Kuti tiupindure, takaongorora mishumo yemakontrakta makuru ekudzivirira akamisikidzwa gore rega rega kuUS Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, izvi zvinoratidza huwandu hwakazara hwevanhu vanoshandirwa nekambani uye muhoro wemukuru wayo mukuru. Isu takazoenzanisa zviyero izvi nemubatanidzwa wemutero wemadhora kambani imwe neimwe yaigamuchira, according kuFederal Procurement Data System, inoyera “madhora anosungirwa,” kana mari, hurumende inopa mubayiro kambani nekambani.

Takatarisa kune vashanu vepamusoro vePentagon ekudzivirira makontrakta, iwo chaiwo moyo wemauto-maindasitiri yakaoma, yemakore 2012 kusvika 2018. Sezvazvakaitika, 2012 raive gore rakakosha nekuti iyo Budget Control Act (BCA) yakatanga kushanda ipapo, kumisikidza makapeti ekuti imarii ingashandiswa neCongress nekuraira kucheka kumashandisirwo ekudzivirira kuburikidza na2021. Pakupedzisira, muchokwadi, Pentagon ichagamuchira zvakanyanya zvimwe mari muBCA gumi gumi kupfuura yapfuura, nguva iyo hondo dzeAmerica muAfghanistan neIraq dzaive pakakwirira.

Muna 2012, vachinetsekana kuti mabheji emari yekuzvidzivirira yaizoderera mumitsara yavo yepasi, makondirakiti mashanu epamusoro akaenderera mberi nekukanganisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, vachiita mabasa emangwana chombo chavo chekusarudza. Mushure mekunge Budget Control Act yapfuura, iyo Aerospace Industries Association - rinotungamira boka revatengesi vevagadziri vezvombo--akanyeverwa kuti anopfuura miriyoni imwe yemabasa angave ari panjodzi kana Pentagon ikashandiswa zvakanyanya. Kusimbisa iyo poindi, Lockheed akatumira kuraswa zviziviso kune vashandi gumi nevaviri zviuru zvisati zvaitwa BCA uye kwasara mazuva mashoma kuti sarudzo dza123,000 dziitwe. Kubviswa uku hakuna kumboitika, asi kutya kwekurasikirwa nemabasa kwaizoratidza chaiko uye kwaizogara.

Funga nezve iro basa rakaitwa, sezvo Pentagon kushandisa kwaive chaizvo yepamusorosoro mu2018 kupfuura muna 2012 uye Lockheed akagashira yakakurisa chunk yeiyo mari infusion. Kubva 2012 kusvika 2018, pakati pevashandi vehurumende, iyo kambani yaizove iri yekupedzisira inotambira mari yevateresi gore rega rega, mari idzodzo dzinosvika panhongonya yavo muna2017, sezvo yakatora zvinopfuura $ 50.6 bhiriyoni madhora emubatanidzwa. Kupesana, mu2012, apo Lockheed yaityisidzira vashandi vayo nehukuru kurasika, iyo femu yakagashira kanenge $ 37 bhiriyoni.

Saka Lockheed akaitei neayo mamwe madhora gumi nematanhatu emubhadharo wemutero? Zvingave zvine musoro kufunga kuti yakashandisa imwe yeiyo mhepo yekudonha (seiya yemakore apfuura) kuisa mari mukukudza vashandi vayo. Kana iwe ukasvika pamhedziso iyoyo, zvakadaro, unenge wakakanganisa zvakanyanya. Kubva 13 kusvika 2012, yakazara basa kuLokheed rakadonha kubva 120,000 to 105,000, maererano nemafirita ekambani neSec uye iyo kambani pachayo yakaratidza kudzikisira zvishoma kwemabasa 16,350 muUnited States. Mune mamwe mazwi, mumakore matanhatu apfuura Lockheed akaderedza zvakanyanya vashandi vayo vekuUS, kunyangwe zvairoja vamwe vashandi kunze kwenyika uye vachigamuchira mamwe madhora emubhadharo.

Saka iripi yese iyo yekuwedzera mari yemubhadhari iri kuenda chaizvo, kana zvisiri zvekugadzira mabasa? Chikamu chinenge chemhinduro mubhadharo wekontrakta uye inokwira mihoro yeECO. Mumakore matanhatu iwayo, mutengo wemari yaLokheed akasimuka kubva pamadhora makumi masere nemaviri pakutanga kwegore ra82 kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemashanu pakupera kwegore ra2012, kuwedzera kanokwana kana. In 2018, kambani yakazivisawo 9 muzana ($ 590 mamirioni) kukwira mune purofiti yayo, yakanakisa muindasitiri. Uye mumakore iwawo iwo, muhoro we CEO wayo wakawedzera ne $ 1.4 mamirioni, zvakare zvinoenderana neyayo SEC filings.

Muchidimbu, kubvira 2012 nhamba yemubhadhara mutero iri kuenda kuLokheed yakawedzera nemabhirioni, kukosha kwechitoro chayo kwakapetwa nekana, uye muhoro we CEO wayo wakakwira nezvikamu makumi matatu nezviviri kubva muzana, kunyangwe payakatema zvikamu gumi nemana kubva muzana zvevashandi vayo vekuAmerica. Asi Lockheed anoenderera mberi nekushandisa kugadzira mabasa, pamwe nebasa revashandi vayo, sevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vawane imwezve mari yemubhadhara. Mutungamiri pachake akatenga mukunyepedzera mumujaho wake kuti ashandise mari yakawandisa kuPentagon uye kusimudzira zvibvumirano zvezvombo kunyika dzakaita seSaudi Arabia, kunyangwe pamusoro izvo zvinopesana zvakabatana zveCongress yakakamurwa zvisingaiti.

KUDZIVISWA NDIKO KUSVIRA, KWETE KUSARUDZA

Kunyangwe iri nyika ino uye iyo nyika wepamusoro wezvigadzira zvombo, Lockheed haisi iyo yekusara asi yakajairwa. Kubva 2012 kusvika 2018, iyo yekushaikwa kwemabasa muUnited States akadzika kubva zvinosvika zvisere kubva muzana kusvika zvina muzana, iine anopfuura mamirioni gumi nematanhatu emabasa matsva akawedzerwa kuhupfumi. Asi, mumakore mamwe chete iwawo, vatatu vevashanu vepamusoro vanoita basa rekudzivirira vakadzora mabasa. Mu8, Pentagon yakazvipira ingangoita 4 bhiriyoni mu mari yemubatanidzwa kumafemu aya, kusanganisira Lockheed-ingangoita hafu yemari yese yayakashandisa kumakontrakta. Iyi yaive madhora angangoita mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri kupfuura zvavaive vatambira 2012. Asi, zvichiwedzera, makambani aya akarasikirwa nemabasa uye ikozvino vanoshandisa huwandu hwevashandi vashoma mazana matanhatu nemazana mapfumbamwe pane zvavakaita mu6,900, sekureva kwavo SEC filings.

Pamusoro pekudzikiswa kuLokheed, Boeing yakadzora mabasa mazana maviri nemazana mana uye Raytheon akacheka vashandi mazana masere kubva pamubhadharo waro. Chete General Dynamics uye Northrop Grumman ndivo vakawedzera mabasa - 21,400 uye 800 vashandi, zvichiteerana - zvichiita kuti huwandu hwese hutarisike zviri nani zvine mwero. Nekudaro, kunyangwe iwo "mapundutso" haakwanise kuve sekugadzirwa kwemabasa nenzira yakajairika, nekuti zvakakonzera zvakazara kubva pakuti yega yekambani idzi akatenga mumwe kontrakita wePentagon uye akawedzera vashandi vayo pamubhadharo wayo wega. CSRA, iyo General Dynamics yakawanikwa muna 13,400, yaive nayo 18,500vashandi vasati vabatanidzwa, neOrbital ATK, iyo General Dynamics yakawana gore rapfuura 13,900vashandi. Bvisa iyi 32,400 mabasa kubva kumakambani ehuwandu uye kurasikirwa kwemabasa kumafemu kunova kunokatyamadza.

Uye zvakare, iwo manhamba ebasa anosanganisira vese vashandi vekambani, kunyangwe avo vava kushanda kunze kweUnited States. Lockheed ndiye chete wevashanu vepamusoro kontrakta vanopa ruzivo nezvehuwandu hwevashandi vayo muUnited States, saka kana mamwe mafemu ari kutumira mabasa mhiri kwemakungwa, sezvakaita Lockheed uye sezvakaita Raytheon kuronga kuita, zvakanyanya kupfuura 6,900 yakazara-yakazara US mabasa akarasika mumakore matanhatu apfuura.

Saka, saka, iyo yese mari-yekugadzira basa yakaenda kupi chaizvo? Kungofanana naLokheed, chinenge chikamu chemhinduro ndechekuti mari yakaenda kune yepazasi-mutsara uye kune vatungamiriri vepamusoro. Zvinoenderana ne ripoti kubva kuPricewaterhouseCoopers, kambani inobvunza inopa ongororo dzegore rega dzeindasitiri yezvidziviriro, "iyo aerospace uye yekudzivirira (A&D) chikamu chakawana mari yakawanikwa uye purofiti muna 2018" iine "purofiti yekushanda yemadhora makumi masere nemasere emadhora, ichipfuura rekodhi rapfuura yakaiswa muna81." Sekureva kweshumo, makondirakiti ePentagon aive pamberi peiyi mibairo. Semuenzaniso, Lockheed yekuvandudza purofiti yaive $ 2017 mamirioni, ichiteverwa padhuze neGeneral Dynamics pamadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemaviri. Sezvo basa rakadzikira, CEO mihoro kune mamwe emafemu aya akangokura. Kuwedzera kuripwa kwaLokheed's CEO kusvetuka kubva $ Miriyoni 4.2 muna 2012 kusvika $ Miriyoni 5.6 muna 2018, muripo we CEO weGeneral Dynamics wakawedzera kubva $ Miriyoni 6.9 muna 2012 kusvika pakurova $ Miriyoni 20.7 muna 2018.

KUITIRA NZVIMBO YAKAITIKA YAKAITWA

Ino haisi nguva yekutanga kuti makambani aya arumbidze kugona kwavo kugadzira mabasa asi vachizvicheka. SaBen Freeman kare zvakanyorwa yeiyo Projekti PaHurumende Kutarisa, iwo mafemu mamwechete aya akacheka angangoita gumi muzana yevashandi vavo mumakore matanhatu BCA isati yatanga kushanda, kunyangwe madhora emutero ainanga munzira yavo gore rega rega achisvetuka neinosvika makumi maviri neshanu muzana kubva pamadhora mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe kusvika pamadhora zana negumi nematanhatu emadhora.

Sezvakangoita panguva iyoyo, makondirakiti nevamiriri vavo - uye kune vazhinji vacho, zvichipiwa kuti mbatya dzekugadzira zvombo dzinoshandisa inodarika $ 100 miriyoni pa kubvumira gore rega, ipa makumi emamirioni emadhora kumisangano yenhengo dze Congress mwaka wesarudzo wega wega, uye kupa mamirioni ku funga matangi pagore-anomhanyira kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwakadai kwebasa. Ivo, semuenzaniso, vacherekedza kuti mari yekudzivirira inotungamira mukukura kwemabasa pakati pevashandi vepasi vanoshandiswa nemakambani makuru ezvombo. Asi kutsvagisa kune inoratidzwa kakawanda izvo, kunyangwe neichi chinofungidzirwa kuti "chiwanda chekuita," mashandisiro ekudzivirira anounza mabasa mashoma pane chero chinhu chipi zvacho icho hurumende inoisa mari yedu mukati. Muchokwadi, inenge 50 muzana zvishomainoshanda mukugadzira mabasa pane dai vateresi vaingobvumidzwa kuchengeta mari yavo voishandisa sezvavaida.

Seye Brown University's Mari dzeHondo chirongwa chine Zvinonzi, "$ 1 bhiriyoni mukushandisa kwemauto kunogadzira mabasa angangoita 11,200, zvichienzaniswa ne26,700 mune zvedzidzo, 16,800 17,200 musimba rakachena, uye XNUMX mune zvehutano." Kushandisa kwemauto zvechokwadi kwakaratidza kuve kwakashata basa musiki wechero federal hurumende kushandisa sarudzo avo vaongorori vakaongorora. Saizvozvo, sekureva kwa ripoti naHeidi Garrett-Peltier wePolitical Economy Research Institute paUniversity yeMassachusetts, Amherst, pamadhora miriyoni imwe chete emadhora ekushandisa pakudzivirira, mabasa 1 anogadzirwa zviri zviviri akananga mumaindasitiri ekudzivirira uye mune yekutengesa. Kushandisa yakaenzana muminda yemhepo kana simba rezuva, anodaro, zvinotungamira kune 6.9 kana 8.4 mabasa, zvichiteerana. Kana zviri zvebazi redzidzo, iyo yakafanana mari yakaburitsa mabasa 9.5 mupuraimari nesekondari uye 19.2 mabasa mudzidzo yepamusoro. Mune mamwe mazwi, kwete chete iro girini simba uye nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakakosha kune ramangwana renyika, iwo zvakare ari chaiwo mabasa-ekugadzira michina. Asi zvakadaro, hurumende inopa mari yemubhadhari kumabhizimusi ekudzivirira kupfuura ese mamwe mabasa ehurumende kusanganiswa.

Iwe haufanire, zvakadaro, unofanirwa kutendeukira kune vanotsoropodza mari yekuzvidzivirira kuti vagadzire nyaya yacho. Mishumo kubva kuindasitiri yega yekutengeserana inoratidzira inoratidza kuti yanga ichirasa mabasa. Zvinoenderana neAerospace Industries Association ongororo, yakatsigira angangoita mazana matatu ezviuru emabasa muna 300,000 kupfuura zvayaive nayo Zvinonzi kutsigira makore matatu chete apfuura.

Kana kontrakita wepamusoro anozvidzivirira uye indasitiri yacho seyese yanga ichirasa mabasa, vanga vachikwanisa sei kuramba vachienderera mberi nekufungidzira kuti inguva dzekugadzira mabasa? Kuti utsanangure izvi, wedzera kuuto ravo revatambi, pfuma yavo yemushandirapamwe, uye avo vanofunga matangi pakutora, musuwo wakakurumbira unotenderera unotumira vakuru pamudyandigere muhurumende munyika yevagadziri vezvombo nevaya vanovashandira kuWashington.

Nepo pagara paine hukama hwakanaka pakati pePentagon neindasitiri yezvidziviriro, mitsara pakati pevacontractor nehurumende yakadzikira zvakanyanya mumakore aTrump. Mark Esper, achangobva kuvezwa munyori wezvekudzivirirwa, semuenzaniso, akamboshanda sa Raytheon's wepamusoro lobbyist muWashington. Kutenderera neimwe nzira, iyezvino mukuru weAerospace Industries Association, Eric Fanning, anga ari vese munyori wemauto uye achishanda sekiritari wemauto Emuchadenga. Muchokwadi, kubvira 2008, sePurojekiti paHurumende yekutarisa Mandy Smithberger akawanikwa, "Vangangoita mazana matatu nemakumi masere vepamusoro veDhipatimendi reDziviriro nemauto vakachinjira kumasangano akazvimirira kuti vave vapambi, nhengo dzebhodhi, vatungamiriri, kana vanachipangamazano kumakontrakta ekudzivirira."

Chero chipi chinotenderera, chingave chemusuwo unotenderera kana wevashambadzi vevashandi vezvokudzivirira, chinonyanya kukosha hachikwanise kujekesa: Kana kugadzirwa kwemabasa iri metric yako yesarudzo, makondirakiti ePentagon mari yekubhadhara mutero. Saka pese Marillyn Hewson kana chero mumwe CEO mune yechiuto-maindasitiri akaomarara ekuti kushandisa mamwezve mutero madhora kumakondirakiti ekudzivirira kuchapa mukana wekuzorora kumaAmerican, ingo rangarira yavo rekodhi kusvika zvino: Pese paine madhora akawanda akaiswa mari zvinoreva kuti vashoma vekuAmerica vakashanda.

Nia Harris iri Mubatanidzwa wekutsvaga pa Center yeInternational Policy.

Cassandra Stimpson iri Mubatanidzwa wekutsvaga pa Center yeInternational Policy.

Ben Freeman ndiye director weInternational Influence Transparency Initiative kuCentre for International Policy (CIP)