Mirira, Ko Kana Hondo Isiri Yevanhu?

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, May 26, 2020

Bhuku idzva raDan Kovalik, Hapasisinazve Hondo: Maitiro ekuMadokero Anotyora Mutemo Wepasi Pese Nekushandisa "Hubatsiro" Kupindira Kufambira Mberi Kwehupfumi uye Strategic Kufarira - izvo zvandiri kuwedzera pane yangu runyorwa rweamabhuku iwe aunofanirwa kuverenga pamusoro pekuti nei hondo ichifanira kubviswa (ona pazasi) - inoita nyaya ine simba yekuti hondo yerubatsiro haisisipo kupfuura kushungurudzwa kwevana kushungurudzwa kana kushungurudzwa kwakanaka. Handina chokwadi chekurudziro yehondo inogumira kune zvehupfumi uye zvine hungwaru zvido - zvinoita sekukanganwa vanopenga, simba-kupenga, uye zvishuwo zvinokurudzira - asi ndine chokwadi chekuti hapana hondo yerubatsiro yakambobatsira vanhu.

Bhuku raKovalik haritore nzira yakakurudzirwa zvakanyanya yekumwisa chokwadi kuitira kuti muverengi angosundirwa zvinyoro-nyoro munzira kwayo kubva kwaanotangira. Iko hakuna kuwana 90% zvisirizvo zvisirizvo kuitira kuti iyo 10% inakidze pano. Iri ibhuku revamwe vanhu vane imwe pfungwa yekuti hondo chii kana vanhu vasina kushungurudzika nekusvetukira mumaonero asina kujairika uye kufunga nezvazvo.

Kovalik anoteedzera nhoroondo ye "anobatsira" hondo yekuparadzira hondo kudzosera kuuraya kwaMambo Leopold uye kuita nhapwa kwevanhu veCongo, zvakatengeswa kupasi sebasa rakanaka - chirevo chisina musoro chakawana tsigiro huru muUnited States. Kutaura zvazviri, Kovalik anoramba zvakataurwa naAdam Hochschild zvekuti mhirizhonga yaipikisa Leopold yakazopedzisira yaendesa kumapoka anhasi ekodzero dzevanhu. Seizvo Kovalik anonyora zvakanyanya, masangano akaita seHuman Rights Watch uye Amnesty International mumakumi emakore apfuura anga ari vatsigiri vakasimba vehondo dzeva impiriyaist, kwete vapikisi vadzo.

Kovalik zvakare anogovera yakawanda nzvimbo yekunyora chaizvo kuti inotyisa sei uye neyakawandisa hondo isiri pamutemo, uye kuti hazvigoneke sei kunyoresa hondo nekuidaidza kuti yerubatsiro. Kovalik anoongorora Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations - zvarinotaura uye izvo zvinotaurwa nehurumende, pamwe neUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, 1968 Chirevo cheTheran, 1993 Vienna Declaration, Chibvumirano cheInternational pamusoro peVanhu uye Kwezvematongerwo enyika Kokorodzano. , uye mimwe mimwe mitemo inorambidza hondo uye - yechinhu ichocho - masanctions erudzi runowanzoshandiswa neUS kurwisa nyika dzairi kunangana kuhondo. Kovalik inotorawo akawanda akakosha masayendisiti kubva mukutonga kweInternational Court of Justice mune 1986 kesi ye Nicaragua vs. United States. Iwo maakaundi ayo Kovalik anopa ehumwe hondo, senge Rwanda, akakodzera mutengo wemubhuku.

Iri bhuku rinopedzisa nekurumbidza kuti mumwe munhu ane hanya nekodzero dzevanhu aite mupiro wakakura kwazvo kuchikonzero ichocho nekushanda kudzivirira Hondo yeUS inotevera. Ini handina kukwanisa kubvuma zvimwe.

Zvino, rega nditaure nekamwe mapoinzi.

Mashoko ekutanga aBrian Willson kubhuku anoramba Kellogg-Briand Pact se "akakanganisa zvakanyanya nekuti vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vakaramba vachipembedza kusunungurwa kunowanikwa muzvidziviriro zveChibvumirano." Ichi chirevo chinosuwisa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda, kutanga uye zvakanyanya nekuti kuzvidzivirira kweKellogg-Briand Pact hakuvapo uye hakuna kumboitika. Chibvumirano ichi chinosanganisira chinenge chisipo zvachose, sezvo chinhu chechinhu ichi chiine mitsara miviri (kuverenga em). Uku kusanzwisisa kusuruvara, nekuti vanhu vakanyora nekushungurudza uye kukumbira kugadzira Chibvumirano chakatsiga uye nekubudirira chakamira chakapesana nechero musiyano pakati pehondo ine hukasha uye inodzivirira, nechinangwa chekuda kurambidza hondo dzese, uye nekusingaperi kuratidza kuti kubvumidza zvirevo zvekuzvidzivirira kwaizovhura mafashama kuhondo dzisingaperi. Iyo US Congress haina kuwedzera yakagadziriswa shanduko kana kuchengetedza chibvumirano, ndokuchipfuudza chaizvo sezvaungaverengera nhasi. Mitongo yayo miviri haina zvinogumbura asi ngano "gadziriso yekuzvidzivirira." Rimwe zuva isu tinokwanisa kukwanisa kutora icho chokwadi.

Zvino, Seneti Yehukama Hwehukama Komiti panguva iyoyo, uye vanhu vazhinji kubvira ipapo, vangofungidzira kuti hapana chibvumirano chingagone kubvisa kodzero ye "kuzvidzivirira" kuburikidza nekuuraya vanhu vazhinji. Asi pane musiyano pakati pesungano yakaita seKellogg-Briand Pact iyo inoita chimwe chinhu vazhinji vasingakwanise kunzwisisa (kurambidza hondo dzese) uye chibvumirano senge UN Charter inoita kuti fungidziro dzakajairika dzijekese. Iyo UN Charter zvirokwazvo ine yekuzvidzivirira kwekuzvidzivirira. Kovalik anotsanangura mashandisiro akaita United States Chinyorwa 51 cheUN Charter kuita chombo, chaizvo sevamiriri vakagadzira Kellogg-Briand Pact vakafanotaura. Asi zvakanyorwa zvakachena kubva munhoroondo yaKovalik yekuti mitemo yakabva kupi ibasa rakakosha rakaitwa neKellogg-Briand Pact mukugadzira miedzo yeNuremberg neTokyo, uye nzira yakakosha yekuti miedzo iyoyo yakamonyanisa kurambidzwa kwehondo kurambidzwa kwehondo ine hukasha. , mhosva yakagadzirirwa kutongwa kwayo, asi pamwe isiri iyo ex post facto kushungurudzwa nekuti mhosva iyi nyowani yaive chikamu chemhosva chaicho chiri mumabhuku.

Kovalik inotarisa kuUN Charter, uye inonongedzera zvayo zvehondo, uye inocherekedza kuti izvo zvisina kufuratirwa nekutyorwa zvichiripo. Mumwe anogona kutaura zvakafanana nezve Chibvumirano cheParis, uye achiwedzera kuti zvirimo zvirimo kushaya simba kweUnited Charter, kusanganisira mabudiro e "kuzvidzivirira" uye mvumo yeUN, uye kusanganisira simba reveto rakapihwa vatengesi vezvombo zvikuru. kudziya.

Kana zvasvika pakuregedzeka kwehondo dzakatenderwa neUN Security Council, Kovalik anonyora zvine mutsindo nezverunyorwa rwezvinofanirwa kusangana hondo isati yabvumidzwa. Kutanga, panofanira kuve nekutyisidzira kwakakomba. Asi izvo zvinotaridzika kwandiri sekuregererwa, iri diki pane musuwo wakavhurika wehasha. Chechipiri, chinangwa chehondo chinofanira kunge chakakodzera. Asi izvo hazvizivikanwe. Chechitatu, hondo inofanira kunge iri yekupedzisira. Asi, sekuongorora kunoita Kovalik mumienzaniso yakasiyana iri mubhuku rino, hazvisizvo zvakadaro; pachokwadi haisi zano rinogoneka kana rakabatana - panogara paine chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuuraya kwakawanda kunogona kuyedzwa. Chechina, iyo hondo inofanirwa kunge yakaenzana. Asi izvo hazvikwanisiki. Chechishanu, panofanirwa kuve nemukana unonzwisisika wekubudirira. Asi isu tinoziva kuti hondo hadziwanzo mukana wekuwana mhedzisiro inogara kupfuura zviito zvisina mhirizhonga Aya maitiro, izvi zvisaririra zvekare "Hondo chete" dzidziso, ndevekuMadokero zvakanyanya uye vasingatarisi masimba.

Kovalik anotora mazwi aJean Bricmont achiti "zvese" kukoloniyasi munyika kwakaparara mukati mezana ramakore rechi20 "kuburikidza nehondo uye kumukira." Dai izvi zvaive zvisiri pachena manyepo - isu tanga tisingazive kuti mitemo nezviito zvisiri zvechisimba zvakatamba zvikamu zvikuru (zvikamu zvacho zvinorondedzerwa mubhuku rino) kudai uku kwaizopa mubvunzo mukuru. (Nei tichifanira "kusisina hondo" kana chete hondo ichigona kupedza colonialism?) Ichi ndicho chikonzero nyaya yekudzimisa hondo inobatsira kubva pakuwedzera chimwe chinhu nezvayo kutsiva.

Mhosva yekubviswa kwehondo inoderedzwa nekushandisa kwakawanda mubhuku rino reizwi "ndoda." Semuenzaniso: "Inenge hondo dzese dzinorwa neAmerica ihondo yesarudzo, zvichireva kuti iyo US inorwa nekuti inoda, kwete nekuti inofanirwa kuitira kudzivirira nyika." Iyo yekupedzisira temu ichiri kundirova seyekufadza, asi ndiro izwi rekutanga remutsara wandinoona uchinetsa zvakanyanya. "Pedyo"? Nei "ndoda"? Kovalik anonyora kuti nguva chete mumakore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura umo US ingadai yakazvitsvakira hondo yekuzvidzivirira yaingova yaGunyana 75, 11. Asi Kovalik anobva atsanangura kuti nei zvisiri izvo zvachose, zvichireva kuti hapana zvachose hurumende yeUS ingadai yakanyatso taura yakadaro yeimwe yehondo dzayo. Saka nei uchiwedzera "padyo"?

Ndiri zvakare kutya kuti kuvhura bhuku nekutarisa kwakasarudzika kutaura kwaDonald Trump, uye kwete zviito zvake, kuitira kuti amuratidze sekutyisidzira kunzvimbo yekugadzira hondo inogona kudzima vamwe vanhu vanofanirwa kuverenga bhuku iri, uye izvo kupedzisa nezvakataurwa pamusoro pesimba raTulsi Gabbard semumiriri muhondo yehondo angadai atove kunze kwechinyakare kana vangazombodaro zvine musoro.

CHINHU CHOKWADI CHINHU CHIKAMU CHIKAMU:

Kwete Hondo naDan Kovalik, 2020.
Kudzivirirwa Kwemagariro naJørgen Johansen naBrian Martin, 2019.
Muurayi Akabatanidzwa: Bhuku Repiri: America's Favorite Pastime naMumia Abu Jamal naStefano Vittoria, 2018.
Vadzidzisi veKunyararo: Vakapukunyuka Hiroshima neNagasaki Vanotaura naMelinda Clarke, 2018.
Kudzivirira Hondo nekusimudzira Rugare: Mutungamiri weVashandi veUtano rakagadziridzwa naWilliam Wiist naShelley White, 2017.
Bhizinesi reBusiness For Peace: Kuvaka Nyika Isina Hondo neScilla Elworthy, 2017.
Hondo Haisati Yakwana naDavid Swanson, 2016.
A Global Security System: An Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020.
Imwe Nyaya Inopesana Nehondo: IAmerica Yakashaiwe muClass History yeAmerica uye Zvatiri (Zvose) Zvingaita Zvino naKathy Beckwith, 2015.
Hondo: Chimhosva Kuvanhu naRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Kereke yeKaturike uye Kubviswa kweHondo naDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Hondo uye Kuparara: Kuongorora Kunokosha naLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Kutanga Kwehondo, Kupera Kwehondo naJudith Hand, 2013.
Hondo Hakuchinazve: Nyaya Yokubvisa naDavid Swanson, 2013.
Kuguma kweHondo naJohn Horgan, 2012.
Kuchinja kune Rugare naRussell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kubva pahondo kusvikira kune rugare: mutungamiri kusvika kumakore mazana mana apfuura neKent Shifferd, 2011.
Hondo Ndicho Nhema naDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Kunze kweHondo: Munhu Anokwanisa Kuita Rugare naDouglas Fry, 2009.
Kurarama Kupfuura Hondo naWinslow Myers, 2009.
Yakakwana Ropa rakateurwa: Gadziriso zana Dzesimba, Kutyisidzira uye Hondo naMary-Wynne Ashford naGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Planet Pasi: Chidimbu Chapfuura Chehondo naRosalie Bertell, 2001.