NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 26, 2023
Yakagadzirirwa Musangano weFifth International weWorld Balance
Tichitora pabhuku richangoburwa, Iyo Monroe Dzidziso pa200 uye Zvekuitsiva Nayo
Video pano.
The Monroe Doctrine yaive uye inoruramisa zviito, zvimwe zvakanaka, zvimwe zvisina hanya, asi kuwanda kwakawanda kunoshoreka. Iyo Monroe Dzidziso inoramba iripo, zvese zviri pachena uye zvakapfeka mumutauro mutsva. Dzimwe dzidziso dzakavakwa panheyo dzayo. Heano mazwi eDzidziso yeMonroe, akanyatsosarudzwa kubva muHurukuro yeNyika yeMutungamiri James Monroe makore mazana maviri apfuura musi wa200 Zvita 2:
"Chiitiko ichi chakanzi chakakodzera kutaura, semusimboti umo kodzero uye zvido zveUnited States zvinobatanidzwa, kuti makondinendi eAmerica, nekusununguka uye kuzvimiririra mamiriro avakafunga nekuchengetedza, kubva zvino havafanirwe kutariswa. sezvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi yekukoloniwa nechero masimba eEurope. . . .
"Naizvozvo, tine chikwereti chekutaura pachena uye kune hukama hwakanaka huripo pakati peUnited States nemasimba iwayo kutaura kuti tinofanira kufunga chero kuedza kwavo kuwedzera hurongwa hwavo kune chero chikamu chenyika ino seine ngozi kurugare nekuchengeteka kwedu. . Nemakoloni aripo kana kutsamira kwechero simba reEurope, isu hatina kupindira uye hatizopindire. Asi neHurumende dzakazivisa rusununguko rwadzo ndokuchengeta, uye idzo rusununguko rwatinarwo, mukurangarira kukuru uye panheyo dzakarurama, takabvuma, taisagona kuona kupindira kupi nokupi nechinangwa chokuvadzvinyirira, kana kuti kudzora neimwe nzira mugumo wavo. , nesimba ripi neripi reEurope muimwe nzira ipi neipi kunze kwokuratidzirwa kwechimiro chisina ushamwari kuUnited States.”
Aya ndiwo mazwi akazonzi "Monroe Doctrine." Vakasimudzwa kubva muhurukuro yakataura zvakawanda mukufarira nhaurirano dzine runyararo nehurumende dzeEurope, uku vachipembera sezvisingabvunzirwi kukunda nekutora kwechisimba kwenyika dzakanzi nehurukuro "isina vanhu" yeNorth America. Panyaya idzodzo hapana yaiva itsva. Chakanga chiri chitsva yaive pfungwa yekupikisa kumwezve kudzoreredzwa kweAmerica nevaEurope pahwaro hwemusiyano pakati pekutonga kwakashata kwemarudzi eEurope nekutonga kwakanaka kweavo vari mumakondinendi eAmerica. Kutaura uku, kunyangwe tichiramba tichishandisa mutsara wekuti "nyika yakabudirira" kureva Europe uye izvo zvinhu zvakasikwa neEurope, zvakare inoburitsa mutsauko pakati perudzi rwehurumende dziri muAmerica nerudzi rusingadiwi mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Mumwe anogona kuwana pano tateguru wehondo ichangobva kushambadzirwa yedemocracy pamusoro pehutongi.
Dzidziso yeDiscovery - pfungwa yekuti nyika yeEurope inogona kutora chero nyika isati yatorwa nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope, zvisinei nekuti vanhu vanogaramo sei - yakatanga muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu uye chechi yeCatholic. Asi zvakaiswa mumutemo weUS muna 1823, gore rimwechete sekutaura kwaMonroe kwakashata. Yakaiswa ipapo neshamwari yeupenyu hwose yaMonroe, Mutongi Mukuru weDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States John Marshall. United States yakazvifunga pachayo, pamwe iri yega kunze kweEurope, seine ropafadzo dzekuwana dzakafanana senyika dzeEurope. (Zvichida zvakangoitikawo kuti muna Zvita 2022 dzinenge nyika dzese dzePasi dzakasaina chibvumirano chekuisa parutivi chikamu che30% chePasi penyika negungwa kuitira mhuka dzesango panosvika gore ra2030. Kunze: United States neVatican.)
Mumisangano yekanzuru inotungamira kuMonroe's 1823 State of the Union, pakanga paine hurukuro yakawanda yekuwedzera Cuba neTexas kuUnited States. Zvaitendwa kazhinji kuti nzvimbo idzi dzaizoda kujoina. Izvi zvaifambirana nemaitiro aiwanzoitwa nenhengo dzedare remakurukota ekurukurirano yekuwedzera, kwete sehutongi hwemakoloni kana kuti imperialism, asi sekurwisa kuzvitonga. Nekupokana neEuropean colonialism, uye nekutenda kuti chero ani zvake akasununguka kusarudza angasarudza kuva chikamu cheUnited States, varume ava vakakwanisa kunzwisisa imperialism seanti-imperialism.
Tine mukutaura kwaMonroe kugadzirisa pfungwa yekuti "kudzivirira" kweUnited States kunosanganisira kudzivirira zvinhu zviri kure neUnited States iyo hurumende yeUnited States inozivisa "chido" chakakosha. Iyi tsika inoenderera mberi zvakajeka, kazhinji, uye zvine ruremekedzo kune izvi. zuva. Iyo "2022 National Defense Strategy yeUnited States," kutora muenzaniso mumwe wezviuru, inoreva nguva dzose kudzivirira "zvido" zveUS uye "zvinokosha," izvo zvinotsanangurwa sezviripo kunze kwenyika uye kusanganisira nyika dzakabatana, uye seyakasiyana neUnited States. States kana kuti "nyika yekumusha." Ichi chaive chisiri chitsva neMonroe Doctrine. Dai zvanga zvakadaro, Mutungamiri Monroe vangadai vasina kutaura mukutaura kumwe chete kuti, "simba rinogara richiitwa rakachengetwa muGungwa reMediterranean, Pacific Ocean, uye pamwe negungwa reAtlantic, uye rakapa dziviriro inodiwa kune kutengeserana kwedu mumakungwa iwayo. .” Monroe, akange atenga Louisiana Purchase kubva kuNapoleon yeMutungamiri Thomas Jefferson, akazowedzera zvirevo zveUS kumadokero kuPacific uye mumutsara wekutanga weMonroe Doctrine aipokana nekutorwa kweRussia muchikamu cheNorth America chiri kure nemuganhu wekumadokero Missouri kana Illinois. Muitiro wekubata chinhu chipi nechipi chakaiswa pasi pemusoro usina kujeka we "zvido" sekururamisa hondo wakasimbiswa neMonroe Doctrine uye gare gare nedzidziso nemiitiro yakavakirwa panheyo yayo.
Isu tine zvakare, mumutauro wakatenderedza Dzidziso, tsananguro sekutyisidzira kuUS "zvido" zvekugona kuti "masimba anodyidzana anofanirwa kuwedzera hurongwa hwavo hwezvematongerwo enyika kune chero chikamu che [American] kondinendi." Masimba akabatana, Holy Alliance, kana Grand Alliance, yaive mubatanidzwa wehurumende dzemamonarchist muPrussia, Austria, neRussia, iyo yaimiririra kodzero yaMwari yemadzimambo, uye ichipokana nehutongi hwezvido zvevanhu. Zvombo zvinotumirwa kuUkraine uye zvirango zvakapesana neRussia muna 2022, muzita rekudzivirira demokrasi kubva kuhutongi hweRussia, chikamu chetsika refu uye isingakanganiswe inodzokera kuMonroe Dzidziso. Kuti Ukraine inogona kunge isiri yakawanda yedemocracy, uye kuti hurumende yeUS zvombo, zvitima, uye mari mauto ehurumende zhinji dzinodzvinyirira pasi pano zvinoenderana nehunyengeri hwekare hwekutaura uye kuita. Kubata nhapwa kweUnited States yezuva raMonroe kwakatoita kushoma kwedemocracy kupfuura United States yanhasi. Hurumende dzeNative America idzo dzisingataurwi mukutaura kwaMonroe, asi dzinogona kutarisira kuparadzwa nekuwedzera kwekuMadokero (dzimwe hurumende dzaive dzakanyanya kukurudzira kuumbwa kwehurumende yeUS sezvaive nechero muEurope), dzaive dzakawanda kwazvo. zvegutsaruzhinji kupfuura nyika dzeLatin America Monroe aizviti anodzivirira asi izvo hurumende yeUS yaiwanzoita zvinopesana nekudzivirira.
Izvo zvombo zvinotumirwa kuUkraine, zvirango zvakapesana neRussia, uye mauto eUS akavakirwa muEurope yese, panguva imwecheteyo, kutyora tsika inotsigirwa mukutaura kwaMonroe yekusabuda muhondo dzeEurope kunyangwe, sezvakataurwa naMonroe, Spain "yaisazombokunda. ” masimba anopesana nedemocracy yezuva iroro. Iyi tsika yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, ine simba refu uye yakabudirira, uye isati yabviswa, yakanyanya kuregererwa nekupinda kweUS muhondo mbiri dzekutanga dzepasirese, kubva panguva iyo zvigaro zvemauto eUS, pamwe nekunzwisisa kwehurumende yeUS nezve "zvido" zvayo, hazvina kumbobvira zvabuda. Europe. Zvakadaro muna 2000, Patrick Buchanan akamhanyira mutungamiri weUS pachikuva chekutsigira chinodikanwa cheMonroe Doctrine chekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe uye kudzivirira hondo dzekunze.
Iyo Monroe Dzidziso yakasimudzirawo pfungwa, ichiri kurarama nhasi, kuti mutungamiri weUS, kwete US Congress, anogona kuona kuti ndeipi uye pamusoro peicho United States ichaenda kuhondo - uye kwete kungoita imwe hondo yekukurumidza, asi chero nhamba. zvehondo dzichauya. Iyo Monroe Doctrine, chokwadi, muenzaniso wekutanga wechinangwa-chese "mvumo yekushandiswa kwemauto" kufanobvumidza chero nhamba yehondo, uye yechiitiko chinodiwa zvikuru neveUS media nhepfenyuro nhasi "yekudhirowa mutsara mutsvuku. .” Sezvo kusawirirana kuri kukura pakati peUnited States nedzimwe nyika, zvave zvakajairika kwemakore kuti vezvenhau veUS vasimbise kuti mutungamiri weUS "vatore mutsara mutsvuku" kuendesa United States kuhondo, mukutyora kwete chete zvibvumirano zvinorambidza. kudziya, uye kwete chete yepfungwa yakataurwa zvakanaka muhurukuro imwechete iyo ine Monroe Dzidziso yekuti vanhu vanofanirwa kusarudza mafambiro ehurumende, asiwo yeBumbiro reMitemo yekupa masimba ehondo paCongress. Mienzaniso yezvinodiwa uye kusimbirira kutevedzera "mitsara tsvuku" muUS media inosanganisira pfungwa dzinoti:
- Mutungamiri Barack Obama vaizotanga hondo huru kuSyria kana Syria yakashandisa zvombo zvemakemikari,
- Mutungamiri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vaizorwisa Iran kana maproxies eIran akarwisa zvido zveUS,
- Mutungamiri Biden vaizorwisa Russia zvakananga nemauto eUS kana Russia ikarwisa nhengo yeNATO.
Imwe tsika isina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka yakatanga neMonroe Doctrine yaive yekutsigira Latin America democracies. Iyi yaive tsika yakakurumbira yakasasa mamiriro eUS nezviyeuchidzo kuna Simón Bolívar, murume akambobatwa muUnited States segamba rechimurenga pamuenzaniso waGeorge Washington zvisinei nerusaruro rwakapararira kune vatorwa nemaCatholic. Kuti gamuchidzanwa iri harina kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka rinoisa zvinyoro. Pakave pasina anopikisa mukuru weLatin America democracy kupfuura hurumende yeUS, ine makambani akabatana eUS uye vakundi vanozivikanwa semafilibusterers. Iko hakuna zvakare murwi mukuru kana mutsigiri wehurumende dzinodzvinyirira pasi rese nhasi kupfuura hurumende yeUS nevatengesi vezvombo veUS. Chinhu chikuru mukugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu aya anga ari Monroe Doctrine. Nepo tsika yekutsigira zvine ruremekedzo nekupemberera nhanho dzekuenda kudemokrasi muLatin America haina kumbobvira yafa zvachose muNorth America, kazhinji yaisanganisira kupikisa zvakasimba zviito zvehurumende yeUS. Latin America, yakambotongwa neEurope, yakadzoserwa mune imwe mhando yeumambo neUnited States.
Muna 2019, Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaDonald Trump, vakazivisa kuti Monroe Dzidziso mhenyu uye zvakanaka, vachiti "Yanga iri mutemo wenyika yedu kubva Mutungamiriri Monroe kuti tinoramba kupindira kwedzimwe nyika munzvimbo ino." Panguva iyo VaTrump vaive mutungamiri wenyika, vanyori vaviri vehurumende, munyori wevanodaidzwa kuti dziviriro, uye mumwe chipangamazano wezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika vakataura pachena vachitsigira Monroe Doctrine. National Security Advisor John Bolton akataura kuti United States inogona kupindira muVenezuela, Cuba, neNicaragua nekuti vaive muWestern Hemisphere: "Mukutonga uku, hatityi kushandisa izwi rekuti Monroe Doctrine." Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti CNN yakabvunza Bolton nezvehunyengeri hwekutsigira vadzvinyiriri pasi rese uyezve kutsvaga kupidigura hurumende nekuti yainzi idzvinyiriri. Musi waChikunguru 14, 2021, Fox News yakapokana kumutsiridza Dzidziso yeMonroe kuitira "kuunza rusununguko kuvanhu veCuba" nekupidigura hurumende yeCuba pasina Russia kana China inokwanisa kupa Cuba chero rubatsiro.
Mareferensi eSpanish munhau dzichangoburwa ku "Doctrina Monroe" haana kunaka zvachose, achipokana neUS kuisirwa zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kwemakambani, kuyedza kweUS kusabvisa dzimwe nyika kubva kuSummit of the Americas, nerutsigiro rweUS pakuedza kupidigura hurumende, uku ichitsigira kudzikira kweUS. ruremekedzo pamusoro peLatin America, uye kupemberera, mukusiyana neMonroe Doctrine, iyo "doctrina bolivariana."
Mutsara wechiPutukezi "Doutrina Monroe" uri kushandiswa kazhinji zvakare, kutonga neGoogle nhau zvinyorwa. Musoro wenhau unomiririra unoti: “'Doutrina Monroe', Basta!"
Asi nyaya yekuti Monroe Dzidziso haina kufa inotambanukira kupfuura kushandiswa kwakajeka kwezita rayo. Muna 2020, Mutungamiri weBolivia Evo Morales akataura kuti United States yakaronga kuyedza kupidigura hurumende muBolivia kuti oligarch Elon Musk weUS awane lithium. Musk akabva anyora patitter: "Tichatora chero watinoda! Gadzirisana nazvo." Ndiyo Dzidziso yeMonroe yakashandurirwa mumutauro wemazuva ano, seNew International Bible reUS mutemo, rakanyorwa nevamwari venhoroondo asi rakashandurwa naElon Musk kumuverengi wemazuva ano.
IUS ine mauto uye zvigadziko mumarudzi akati wandei eLatin America uye inorira pasirese. Hurumende yeUS ichiri kutevedzera coups muLatin America, asi zvakare inomira apo hurumende dzekuruboshwe dzichisarudzwa. Nekudaro, zvave zvichipokana kuti US haichada vatungamiri venyika dzeLatin America kuti vazadzise "zvido" zvayo kana yatora uye yakashongedzerwa uye yakadzidziswa vepamusoro, ine zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana seCAFTA (The Central American Free Trade Agreement) mu. nzvimbo, yakapa masangano eUS simba repamutemo rekugadzira mitemo yavo munzvimbo dzawo mukati menyika dzakaita seHonduras, ine zvikwereti zvakakura kumasangano ayo, inopa rubatsiro runodikanwa nesarudzo yayo yetambo dzakasungirirwa, uye yakave nemauto munzvimbo ine zvikonzero. sokutengesa zvinodhaka kwenguva refu zvokuti dzimwe nguva zvinogamuchirwa sezvisingadzivisiki. Zvose izvi iMonroe Doctrine, pasinei nokuti tinorega kutaura mazwi maviri iwayo kana kuti kwete.
Isu tinowanzo dzidziswa kuti Monroe Doctrine haina kuitwa kusvika makumi emakore mushure mekutaura kwayo, kana kuti haina kuitwa serezinesi reimperialism kusvika yashandurwa kana kududzirwazve nezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Idzi hadzisi nhema, asi dzakanyanyisa. Chimwe chezvikonzero nei ichiwedzeredzwa ndicho chikonzero chimwe chete icho isu dzimwe nguva tinodzidziswa kuti US imperialism haina kutanga kusvika 1898, uye chikonzero chimwe chete icho hondo yeVietnam, uye gare gare hondo yeAfghanistan, yakanzi " hondo refu kwazvo yeUS.” Chikonzero ndechekuti maNative America haasati abatwa sevari uye vanga vari vanhu chaivo, vane nyika chaidzo, nehondo dzavaipikisa dziri hondo chaidzo. Chikamu cheNorth America chakaguma muUnited States chinobatwa sechakawanikwa kuburikidza nekuwedzera kusiri kwehumambo, kana kunyangwe sekusave nekubatanidzwa kwekuwedzera zvachose, kunyangwe kukunda chaiko kwaiuraya zvakanyanya, uye kunyangwe vamwe veavo vari kumashure. kukura kwehumambo uku kwaida kuti iise Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, neCentral America. Kukunda kwezvizhinji (asi kwete zvese) zveNorth America ndiko kwaive kuita kunoshamisa kweMonroe Doctrine, kunyangwe kana isingawanzo fungwa seine hukama nayo zvachose. Mutsara wekutanga weDzidziso pachawo waipesana neRussia colonialism muNorth America. Kukunda kweUS kwe (kwakawanda) kuNorth America, pazvaiitwa, kwaiwanzoruramiswa sekupokana neEuropean colonialism.
Zvizhinji zvechikwereti kana mhosva yekunyora iyo Monroe Dzidziso inopiwa kuna Mutungamiri James Monroe Munyori weHurumende John Quincy Adams. Asi hapana kana humwe hunyanzvi hwemunhu kune chirevo. Mubvunzo wekuti ndeupi mutemo wekutaura wakakakavadzana naAdams, Monroe, nevamwe, nechisarudzo chekupedzisira, pamwe nekusarudzwa kweAdams kuti ave munyori wehurumende, achiwira kuMonroe. Iye nevamwe vake “madzibaba akavamba” vakanga vagadzira hutungamiriri humwechete chaizvo kuitira kuti vakwanise kuisa mutoro kune mumwe munhu.
James Monroe aive mutungamiri wechishanu weAmerica, uye aive mutungamiriri wekupedzisira baba muvambi, achitevera nzira yaThomas Jefferson naJames Madison, shamwari dzake nevavakidzani munzvimbo yava kunzi Central Virginia, uyezve vachitevera mumwe chete munhu akakwikwidza asina kupikisa. yechipiri, mumwe muVirginia kubva kuchikamu cheVirginia kwakakurira Monroe, George Washington. Monroe zvakare kazhinji anowira mumimvuri yevamwe. Kuno muCharlottesville, Virginia, kwandinogara, uye kwaigara Monroe naJefferson, chifananidzo chaMonroe, chakambowanikwa pakati penzvimbo yeYunivhesiti yeVirginia, chakatsiviwa kare kare nechifananidzo chemudetembi wechiGiriki Homer. Nzvimbo huru yekushanyirwa pano iimba yaJefferson, imba yaMonroe ichiwana chikamu chidiki chekutariswa. Mumhanzi wakakurumbira weBroadway "Hamilton," James Monroe haana kushandurwa kuita muAfrica-America anopikisa huranda uye anoda rusununguko uye kuratidza tunes nekuti haana kubatanidzwa zvachose.
Asi Monroe munhu akakosha pakusikwa kweUnited States sezvatinoziva nhasi, kana kuti anofanira kunge ari. Monroe aive mutendi mukuru muhondo nemauto, uye pamwe mumiriri mukuru mumakumi emakumi emakore ekutanga eUnited States pakushandisa mari muchiuto uye nekugadzwa kwemauto akamira kure-chimwe chinhu chaipikiswa nevarairidzi vaMonroe Jefferson naMadison. Hazvingave zvakatambanukira kutumidza Monroe baba vakavamba vemauto maindasitiri (kushandisa mutsara wekuti Eisenhower wakagadziridzwa kubva ku "mauto eindasitiri congressional complex" kana, sevanorwira runyararo vatanga kuita dhinominesheni zvichitevera mutsauko - mumwe pakati pevazhinji - yakashandiswa neshamwari yangu Ray McGovern, iyo Military-Industrial-Congressional-Intelligence-Media-Academia-Think Tank complex, kana MICIMATT).
Mazana maviri emakore ekugara achiwedzera mauto uye kuvanzika inyaya hombe. Kunyangwe kudzikamisa musoro kuWestern Hemisphere, ini ndinopa mubhuku rangu richangoburwa chete zvakakwirira, pamwe nemamwe madingindira, mimwe mienzaniso, mamwe mazita uye manhamba, kuratidza pamufananidzo uzere kusvika pandinogona kuzviita. Iri saga rezviito zvemauto, kusanganisira coups, uye kutyisidzira, asiwo matanho ehupfumi.
Muna 1829 Simón Bolívar akanyora kuti United States “inoratidzika kuva yakarongerwa kutambudza America kunhamo muzita rorusununguko.” Chero maonero akapararira eUnited States seanobvira mudziviriri muLatin America akararama kwenguva pfupi. Mukuwirirana nomunyori woupenyu hweBolívar, “MuSouth America maiva nokunzwa kwomunyika yose kuti iyi repabhuriki yedangwe, iyo yaifanira kuva yakabetsera vaduku, yakanga, mukupesana, ichiedza bedzi kukurudzira kusawirirana uye kunyandura zvinetso kuti iparadze. pindira panguva yakakodzera.”
Chinondibaya pakutarisa makumi emakore ekutanga eDzidziso yeMonroe, uye kunyangwe gare gare, kuti kangani hurumende dzeLatin America dzakakumbira United States kutsigira Dzidziso yeMonroe uye kupindira, uye United States yakaramba. Hurumende yeUS payakafunga kuita paMonroe Doctrine kunze kweNorth America, yaivewo kunze kweWestern Hemisphere. Muna 1842, Munyori weHurumende Daniel Webster akanyevera Britain neFrance kubva kuHawaii. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo Monroe Doctrine haina kutsigirwa nekudzivirira nyika dzeLatin America, asi yaizowanzo shandiswa kuvaparadza.
Dzidziso yeMonroe yakatanga kukurukurwa pasi pezita iroro sechikonzero chehondo yeUS kuMexico iyo yakafambisa muganho wekumadokero weUS kumaodzanyemba, ichimedza nyika dzanhasi dzeCalifornia, Nevada, neUtah, zhinji dzeNew Mexico, Arizona neColorado, uye. zvikamu zveTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas, uye Wyoming. Hazvaireva kuti kure kumaodzanyemba vamwe vaizoda kutamisa bhodha.
Hondo ine njodzi kuPhilippine yakakurawo kubva muhondo yeMonroe-Dzidziso-yakakodzera kurwisa Spain (neCuba nePuerto Rico) muCaribbean. Uye hutongi hwepasi rose hwakanga huri kuwedzera kwakanaka kweMonroe Doctrine.
Asi zviri kutaura nezveLatin America kuti iyo Monroe Dzidziso inowanzotaurwa nhasi, uye iyo Monroe Dzidziso yanga iri pakati pekurwiswa kweUS kune vavakidzani vayo vekumaodzanyemba kwemakore mazana maviri. Mumazana emakore aya, mapoka nevanhu vamwe navamwe, kusanganisira vazivi vekuLatin America, vakapokana neMonroe Doctrine yekururamisa imperialism uye vakatsvaga kupokana kuti Dzidziso yeMonroe inofanira kududzirwa sekusimudzira kusarudzika uye kudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda. Nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzakabudirira zvishoma. Kupindira kweUS kwakadzikira uye kuyerera asi hakuna kumbomira.
Kukurumbira kweMonroe Doctrine senzvimbo yekunongedza muhurukuro yeUS, iyo yakakwira kusvika pakakwirira zvinoshamisa mukati mezana ramakore re19th, ichinyatso kuwana chimiro cheDeclaration of Independence kana Bumbiro reMitemo, muchidimbu kungave nekuda kwekushaikwa kwayo kujeka uye nekunzvenga kwayo. yekupa hurumende yeUS kune chero chinhu chakanyanya, uku ichinzwika sehupenzi. Sezvo nguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzaiwedzera "mienzaniso" yavo uye dudziro, vatauri vaigona kudzivirira vhezheni yavo yavanoda kune vamwe. Asi dingindira rinotungamira, zvese zvisati zvaitika uye zvakatonyanya mushure meTheodore Roosevelt, yagara iri yekusarudzika imperialism.
Mazhinji filibustering fiasco muCuba kwenguva refu akatangira Bay of Pigs SNAFU. Asi kana zvasvika pakupunyuka kwemagringos anozvitutumadza, hapana sampling yengano ingadai yakakwana pasina imwe yakasarudzika asi inoburitsa nyaya yaWilliam Walker, filibusterer akazviita purezidhendi weNicaragua, akatakura kumaodzanyemba kuwedzera uko vakatangira saDaniel Boone vakatakura kumadokero. . Walker haisi yakavanzika CIA nhoroondo. Iyo CIA yakanga isati yavepo. Mukati memakore ekuma1850 Walker angangove akatambira zvakanyanya mumapepanhau eUS kupfuura chero mutungamiri weUS. Pamazuva mana akasiyana, the New York Times yakazvipira peji yayo yese yekumberi kune antics yake. Kuti vanhu vazhinji muCentral America vanoziva zita rake uye hapana munhu muUnited States anozviita isarudzo yakaitwa neayo edzidzo masisitimu.
Hapana munhu muUnited States ane ruzivo rwekuti William Walker aive ani haana kuenzana nemunhu wese muUnited States achiziva kuti kwakaitika coup muUkraine muna 2014. Uye hazvina kuita semakore makumi maviri kubva zvino munhu wese atadza kudzidza kuti Russiagate yaive chitsotsi. . Ini ndaizozvienzanisa zvakanyanya kumakore e20 kubva ikozvino hapana anoziva kuti kune hondo ye20 kuIraq iyo George W. Bush akaudza chero nhema pamusoro payo. Walker yaive nhau huru dzakazodzimwa.
Walker akazviwanira murairo weuto reNorth America rinofungidzirwa kubatsira rimwe remapato maviri ari kurwa muNicaragua, asi chaizvoizvo achiita zvakasarudzwa naWalker, izvo zvaisanganisira kutora guta reGranada, kutonga nyika nemazvo, uye pakupedzisira kuita sarudzo dzenhema pachake. . Walker akatanga basa kuendesa muridzi wevhu kumagringos, kutanga uranda, uye kuita Chirungu mutauro wepamutemo. Mapepanhau ekumaodzanyemba kweUS akanyora nezveNicaragua senyika yeUS yeramangwana. Asi Walker akakwanisa kuita muvengi waCornelius Vanderbilt, uye kubatanidza Central America zvisati zvamboitika, kuyambuka kupesana kwezvematongerwo enyika nemiganhu yenyika, kumupikisa. Hurumende yeUS chete ndiyo yaiti "isina kwayakarerekera." Akakundwa, Walker akagamuchirwa zvakare kuUnited States segamba rinokunda. Akaedza zvakare kuHonduras muna 1860 uye akapedzisira atorwa neBritish, akatendeukira kuHonduras, uye akapfurwa neboka rekupfura. Varwi vake vakadzoserwa kuUnited States uko vakanyanya kubatana neConfederate Army.
Walker akanga aparidza vhangeri rehondo. “Vanongova vatyairi,” akadaro, “vanotaura nezvekutanga hukama hwakasimba pakati pedzinza revachena reAmerica, sezvariri muUnited States, uye nhangemutange yakasanganiswa, yeHispano-Indian, sezvairi muMexico neCentral America, pasina kushandisa masimba masimba.” Chiono chaWalker chainamatwa nekupembererwa nevezvenhau veUS, tisingataure nezve Broadway show.
Vadzidzi vekuUS havawanzo kudzidziswa kuti imarii eUS kuSouth kusvika kuma1860s yaive yekuwedzera huranda, kana kuti yakadziviswa zvakadii nerusarura rweUS rwaisada vasiri "vachena," vasingataure Chirungu vanobatana neUnited. States.
José Martí akanyora mupepanhau reBuenos Aires achishora Monroe Doctrine sounyengeri uye achipomera United States kushandisa “rusununguko . . . nechinangwa chokunyima dzimwe nyika mari yacho.”
Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuti usatenda kuti hurumende yeUnited States yakatanga muna 1898, kuti vanhu muUnited States vaifunga sei nezvehurumende yeUnited States yakashanduka muna 1898 nemakore akatevera. Pakange zvino pave nemvura zhinji pakati penyika huru nemakororo ayo nezvinhu zvayo. Paive nenhamba huru yevanhu vasinganzi "vachena" vaigara pasi pemureza weUS. Uye sezviri pachena pakanga pasisina kudiwa kwekuremekedza nyika yese nekunzwisisa zita rekuti "America" kuti rishande kune dzinopfuura nyika imwe. Kusvika panguva ino, United States of America yaiwanzonzi United States kana Union. Zvino yakava America. Saka, kana waifunga kuti nyika yako diki iri muAmerica, zviri nani uchenjere!
Nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, United States yakarwa hondo shoma muNorth America, asi dzakawanda muSouth neCentral America. Pfungwa yengano yekuti mauto makuru anodzivirira hondo, pane kudzikurudzira, kazhinji anotarisa kumashure kuna Theodore Roosevelt achiti United States yaizotaura zvinyoro asi yakatakura tsvimbo huru - chimwe chinhu chakataurwa neMutevedzeri weMutungamiri Roosevelt sechirevo cheAfrica muhurukuro muna 1901. , mazuva mana Mutungamiri William McKinley asati aurayiwa, achiita mutungamiri weRoosevelt.
Kunyange zvingave zvinofadza kufungidzira Roosevelt achidzivirira hondo nekutyisidzira netsvimbo yake, chokwadi ndechekuti akashandisa mauto eUnited States kupfuura kungoratidza muPanama muna 1901, Colombia muna 1902, Honduras muna 1903, Dominican Republic muna 1903, Syria. muna 1903, Abyssinia muna 1903, Panama muna 1903, Dominican Republic muna 1904, Morocco muna 1904, Panama muna 1904, Korea muna 1904, Cuba muna 1906, Honduras muna 1907, uye Philippines muutungamiriri hwake hwose.
Ma1920 nema1930 anorangarirwa munhoroondo yeUS senguva yerunyararo, kana senguva inofinha zvikuru yekuyeuka zvachose. Asi hurumende yeUS nemakambani eUS vaidya Central America. United Fruit nemamwe makambani ekuUS akange azviwanira minda yawo, njanji yawo, tsamba neteregirafu nenharembozha, uye vezvematongerwo enyika avo. Eduardo Galeano akati: “MuHonduras, nyurusi rinodhura kupfuura mutevedzeri, uye muCentral America mose vamiririri veUnited States vanotungamirira kupfuura mapurezidhendi.” IUnited Fruit Company yakagadzira zviteshi zvayo, tsika dzayo, uye mapurisa ayo. Dhora rakava mari yemuno. Pakatanga kuramwa basa muColombia, mapurisa akauraya vashandi vebhanana, sezvaingoita mbavha dzehurumende kumakambani eUS muColombia kwemakumi emakore anotevera.
Panguva iyo Hoover aive purezidhendi, kana zvisati zvaitika, hurumende yeUS yakanga yabata kuti vanhu vekuLatin America vainzwisisa mazwi ekuti "Monroe Doctrine" kureva Yankee imperialism. Hoover akazivisa kuti Monroe Doctrine haina kururamisa kupindira kwemauto. Hoover uyezve Franklin Roosevelt vakabvisa mauto eUS kubva kuCentral America kusvika vangoramba vari muCanal Zone. FDR yakati ichave nemutemo we "muvakidzani akanaka".
Pakazosvika ma1950 United States yakanga isingazviti muvakidzani akanaka, zvakanyanya semukuru webasa redziviriro-kurwisa-communism. Mushure mekubudirira kugadzira coup muIran muna 1953, US yakatendeukira kuLatin America. Pamusangano wechigumi wePan-America muCaracas muna 1954, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles akatsigira Dzidziso yeMonroe uye akataura zvenhema kuti communism yeSoviet yaive njodzi kuGuatemala. Kupidigura hurumende kwakatevera. Uye kupandukira kwakawanda kwakatevera.
Imwe dzidziso yakasimudzwa zvakanyanya nehutungamiriri hwaBill Clinton muma1990 yaive "yekutengeserana mahara" - yemahara chete kana usiri kufunga nezvekukuvadza nharaunda, kodzero dzevashandi, kana rusununguko kubva kumakambani makuru emarudzi akawanda. United States yaida, uye zvichida ichiri kuda, chibvumirano chikuru chekutengeserana kwemahara kumarudzi ese muAmerica kunze kweCuba uye pamwe nevamwe vakatarwa kusabatanidzwa. Chayakawana muna 1994 chaive NAFTA, iyo North American Free Trade Agreement, inosunga United States, Canada, neMexico kune yayo. Izvi zvaizoteverwa muna 2004 neCAFTA-DR, Central America - Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement pakati peUnited States, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, neNicaragua, izvo zvaizoteverwa nezvimwe zvibvumirano zvakawanda. uye kuedza zvibvumirano, zvinosanganisira TPP, Trans-Pacific Partnership yemarudzi ari kumuganhu wePacific, kusanganisira muLatin America; kusvika ikozvino TPP yakakundwa nekusadiwa kwayo mukati meUnited States. VaGeorge W. Bush vakakurudzira nzvimbo yeFree Trade Area yekuAmerica pamusangano weAmericas muna 2005, vakaona ichikundwa neVenezuela, Argentina, neBrazil.
NAFTA nevana vayo vakaunza mabhenefiti makuru kumakambani makuru, kusanganisira makambani eUS ari kufambisa zvigadzirwa kuenda kuMexico neCentral America mukuvhima mihoro yakaderera, kodzero shoma dzepabasa, uye kushomeka kwemamiriro ekunze. Vakagadzira hukama hwekutengeserana, asi kwete hukama hwemagariro kana tsika.
MuHonduras nhasi, "nzvimbo dzebasa nekusimudzira hupfumi" dzisingafarirwe zvikuru dzinochengetedzwa nedzvinyiriro yeUS asiwo nemakambani eUS anomhan'ara hurumende yeHonduran pasi peCAFTA. Mhedzisiro iyi inzira nyowani yekufiribustering kana yebhanana republic, umo simba rekupedzisira rinogara kune vanoita purofiti, hurumende yeUS zvakanyanya asi inotsigira kupambwa, uye vanobatwa kazhinji havaonekwe uye vasingafungidzirwe - kana pavanoratidzira kumuganhu weUS. vanopomerwa mhosva. Sevashandisi vedzidziso dzinovhundutsa, masangano anotonga "nzvimbo" dzeHonduras, kunze kwemutemo weHonduran, vanokwanisa kudzika mitemo yakanakira purofiti yavo - purofiti yakawandisa zvekuti vanogona kubhadhara nyore-matangi ekufunga eUS kuti vaburitse zvikonzero sedemocracy. kune izvo zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvinopesana nedemocracy.
Nhoroondo inoratidzika kuratidza imwe bhenefiti kuLatin America munguva apo United States yakanga yavhiringidzwa neimwe nzira, sekunge neHondo yeVanhu pamwe nedzimwe hondo. Ino inguva iko zvino iyo hurumende yeUS inenge yambovhiringidzwa neUkraine uye ichida kutenga mafuta eVenezuelan kana ichitenda izvo zvinokonzeresa kukuvadza Russia. Uye inguva yekubudirira kukuru uye kushuvira muLatin America.
Sarudzo dzeLatin America dzaramba dzichipesana nekuzviisa pasi pesimba reUS. Zvichitevera Hugo Chavez's "Bolivarian revolution," Néstor Carlos Kirchner akasarudzwa kuArgentina muna 2003, uye Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva kuBrazil muna 2003. Mutungamiri weBolivia Evo Morales akatora masimba muna Ndira 2006. Mutungamiri weEcuador Rafael aifarira kuzvitonga. Correa yakatanga kutonga muna Ndira 2007. Correa yakazivisa kuti kana United States ichida kuchengetedza muzinda wemauto muEcuador, Ecuador yaizofanira kubvumidzwa kuchengetedza muzinda wayo muMiami, Florida. MuNicaragua, mutungamiri weSandinista Daniel Ortega, akadzingwa muna 1990, adzoka musimba kubva 2007 kusvika nhasi, kunyange zviri pachena kuti mitemo yake yachinja uye kushandisa kwake simba zvisiri izvo hazvisi zvose zvenhema zveUnited States. Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) akasarudzwa muMexico muna 2018. Mushure mekusagadzikana, kusanganisira kuvhota muBolivia muna 2019 (nerutsigiro rweUS neUK) uye kupomerwa kwenhema muBrazil, 2022 akaona runyoro rwe "pink tide." ” hurumende dzakawedzera kubatanidza Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Chile, Colombia, neHonduras — uye, chokwadika, Cuba. KuColombia, 2022 yakaona sarudzo yayo yekutanga yemutungamiri akarerekera kuruboshwe zvachose. KuHonduras, 2021 yakaona sarudzo semutungamiri weaimbove mukadzi wekutanga Xiomara Castro de Zelaya uyo akadzingwa necoup muna 2009 achipokana nemurume wake uye zvino murume wekutanga Manuel Zelaya.
Chokwadi, nyika idzi dzakazara nemisiyano, sezvakaita hurumende dzavo nemapurezidhendi. Ehe idzo hurumende nevatungamiriri vakakanganisa zvakanyanya, sezvakaita hurumende dzese paPasi kana vezvenhau veUS vachiwedzeredza kana kunyepa pamusoro pekukanganisa kwavo. Zvakangodaro, sarudzo dzeLatin America (uye kuramba kuedza kupidigura hurumende) dzinoratidza maitiro akananga kuLatin America kupedzisa Monroe Doctrine, ingave United States ichizvida kana kwete.
Muna 2013 Gallup akaita sarudzo muArgentina, Mexico, Brazil, nePeru, uye mune imwe neimwe yakawana United States mhinduro yepamusoro yekuti "Inyika ipi iri kutyisidzira runyararo munyika?" Muna 2017, Pew akaita sarudzo muMexico, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, nePeru, uye akawana pakati pe56% ne85% vachitenda kuti United States inotyisidzira nyika yavo. Kana iyo Monroe Dzidziso yaenda kana ine mutsa, nei pasina chero wevanhu vakabatwa nayo vakanzwa nezvazvo?
Muna 2022, paMusangano weAmerica wakaitwa neUnited States, nyika 23 chete pa35 dzakatumira vamiririri. United States yakanga yabvisa nyika nhatu, nepo dzimwe dzinoverengeka dzakaramba, dzinosanganisira Mexico, Bolivia, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, uye Antigua neBarbuda.
Hongu, hurumende yeUS inogara ichiti haisi kusanganisa kana kuranga kana kutsvaga kupidigura nyika nekuti idzvinyiriri, kwete nekuti vari kuzvidza zvido zveUS. Asi, sezvandakanyora mubhuku rangu ra2020 20 Vadzvanyiriri Parizvino Vanotsigirwa neUnited States, yehurumende dzepasi rose dze50 dzakanyanya kudzvinyirira panguva iyoyo, nekunzwisisa kwehurumende yeUnited States, United States nehondo yakatsigira 48 yavo, vachibvumira (kana kunyange kupa mari) kutengesa zvombo kune 41 yavo, vachipa dzidzo yehondo ku44 yavo, uye. kupa mari kuvarwi ve33 vavo.
Latin America haina kumbobvira yada mabhesi emauto eUS, uye ese anofanirwa kuvharwa izvozvi. Latin America ingadai yakagara iri nani pasina mauto eUS (kana mauto emumwe munhu) uye inofanirwa kusunungurwa kubva kuchirwere nekukurumidza. Hapasisina kutengeswa kwezvombo. Hapasisina zvipo zvezvombo. Hapasisina kudzidziswa zvechiuto kana mari. Hapasisina kudzidziswa kwemauto eUS kwemapurisa eLatin America kana varindi vejeri. Hapasisina kutumira kunze kwenyika purojekiti ine njodzi yekusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda. (Bhiri reCongress rakaita seBerta Caceres Act raizobvisa mari yeUS kumauto nemapurisa muHonduras chero bedzi vekupedzisira vari mukutyora kodzero dzevanhu vanofanirwa kuwedzerwa kuLatin America yese nepasirese, uye kuitwa. zvechigarire pasina mamiriro ezvinhu; rubatsiro runofanira kutora nzira yeyamuro yemari, kwete mauto ane zvombo.) Hapasisina hondo yekurwisa zvinodhaka, kunze kwenyika kana kumba. Hapasisina kushandiswa kwehondo yezvinodhaka pachinzvimbo chemauto. Hapasisina kufuratira hupenyu husina kunaka kana hurombo hwehutano hunogadzira uye hunochengetedza kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. Hapasisina zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvinoparadza zvakatipoteredza uye zvevanhu. Hapasisina kupemberera kwehupfumi "kukura" nekuda kwayo. Hapasisina kukwikwidza neChina kana chero ani zvake, mutengesi kana wemauto. Hapasisina chikwereti. (Kanzura!) Hapasisina rubatsiro netambo dzakabatanidzwa. Hapasisina chirango chemubatanidzwa kuburikidza nezvirango. Hapasisina madziro emuganhu kana zvipingamupinyi zvisina musoro zvekufamba wakasununguka. Hapasisina chizvarwa chechipiri. Hapasisina kutsauswa kwezviwanikwa kure nemhoteredzo uye matambudziko evanhu kuita shanduro dzakagadziridzwa dzechinyakare tsika yekukunda. Latin America haina kumbobvira yada US colonialism. Puerto Rico, nenzvimbo dzese dzeUS, dzinofanirwa kubvumidzwa kusarudza rusununguko kana hutongi, uye pamwe chete nesarudzo, muripo.
Nhanho huru munzira iyi inogona kutorwa nehurumende yeUS kuburikidza nekubvisa kuri nyore kwekamwe kaitiro kekunyepedzera: hunyengeri. Iwe unoda kuve chikamu che "mitemo-yakavakirwa kurongeka"? Wobva wajoinha imwe! Kune imwe kunze uko yakakumirira, uye Latin America irikuitungamira.
Pazvibvumirano 18 zvekodzero dzevanhu zvikuru zveUnited Nations, United States inobatanidzwa kune 5. United States inotungamira kushorwa kwedemocratization yeUnited Nations uye inobata zviri nyore rekodhi yekushandiswa kweveto muSecurity Council mukati memakore makumi mashanu apfuura.
United States haifanire "kudzosera kumashure nzira uye kutungamira nyika" sekudiwa kwakawanda kungave nayo pamisoro yakawanda iyo United States iri kuita zvinoparadza. United States inoda, pane zvinopesana, kubatana nenyika uye kuyedza kubata neLatin America iyo yakatungamira mukugadzira nyika iri nani. Makondinendi maviri anotonga nhengo dzeInternational Criminal Court uye anoyedza zvakanyanya kutsigira mutemo wepasi rose: Europe neAmerica maodzanyemba kweTexas. Latin America inotungamira nzira yekuve nhengo muChibvumirano cheKurambidzwa kweNuclear Weapons. Zvinenge zvese zveLatin America chikamu chenzvimbo isina zvombo zvenyukireya, pamberi peimwe kondinendi, kunze kweAustralia.
Nyika dzeLatin America dzinobatana uye dzinotsigira zvibvumirano zvakare kana zviri nani kupfuura chero kupi zvako paPasi. Havana zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, kana zvipenyu - kunyangwe vaine zvigaro zvemauto zveUS. Brazil chete inotumira kunze zvombo uye huwandu hwacho hudiki. Kubva 2014 muHavana, idzo dzinopfuura makumi matatu enhengo dzeCommunity yeLatin America neCaribbean States dzakasungwa neDeclaration of a Zone of Peace.
Muna 2019, AMLO yakaramba chirevo kubva panguva iyoyo-Mutungamiriri weUS Trump yehondo yakabatana nevatengesi vezvinodhaka, vachikurudzira kubviswa kwehondo:
“Chakaipisisa chingava, chinhu chakaipisisa chatingaona, ihondo. Vaya vakaverenga nezvehondo, kana kuti vakatambura nehondo, vanoziva zvinoreva hondo. Hondo inopesana nezvematongerwo enyika. Ndagara ndichitaura kuti zvematongerwo enyika zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira hondo. Hondo inofanana nekusanzwisisa. Hondo haina musoro. Isu tiri verunyararo. Rugare itsika yehurumende itsva iyi.
Vakuru vehurumende havana nzvimbo muhurumende yandinomiririra. Inofanira kunyorwa ka100 sechirango: takazivisa hondo uye haina kushanda. Iyo haisi sarudzo. Zano iroro rakakundikana. Hatisi kuzova chikamu cheizvozvo. . . . Kuuraya hakusi kungwara, kunoda zvinopfuura simba routsinye.”
Chinhu chimwe chete kutaura kuti unopikisa hondo. Ndiyo imwezve yekuiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu umo vazhinji vangakuudza kuti hondo ndiyo yega sarudzo uye shandisa sarudzo yepamusoro panzvimbo. Inotungamira nzira mukuratidzira iyi kosi yehungwaru iLatin America. Pasiraidhi iyi pane runyorwa rwemienzaniso.
Latin America inopa akawanda masikirwo emhando yekudzidza kubva nekusimudzira, kusanganisira nzanga zhinji dzechivanhu dzinogara dzakagadzikana uye nerunyararo, kusanganisira maZapatistas vachishandisa zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera kusava nechisimba kusimudzira magumo edemocracy nesocialist, uye kusanganisira muenzaniso weCosta Rica kubvisa mauto ayo, vachiisa izvo. mauto mumyuziyamu kwairi, uye kuve zviri nani pazviri.
Latin America inopawo mhando dzechimwe chinhu chinonyanya kudiwa kuMonroe Doctrine: komisheni yechokwadi nekuyananisa.
Nyika dzeLatin America, zvisinei nekudyidzana kweColombia neNATO (isina kuchinjwa sezviri pachena nehurumende yayo nyowani), vanga vasina shungu yekupinda muhondo inotsigirwa neUS- neNATO pakati peUkraine neRussia, kana kupa mhosva kana chirango chemari chikamu chimwe chete chayo.
Basa riri pamberi peUnited States nderekupedza Monroe Doctrine, uye kuipedza kwete muLatin America chete asi pasi rose, uye kwete kungoipedza chete asi kuitsiva nezviito zvakanaka zvekubatana nenyika senhengo inoteerera mutemo, kusimudzira hutongi hwemitemo yenyika yose, uye kushandira pamwe pakubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, denda rezvirwere, kushaya pekugara, uye urombo. Monroe Doctrine yakanga isati yambova mutemo, uye mitemo iripo zvino inoirambidza. Hapana chinoda kubviswa kana kuitwa. Chinodiwa ingori mhando yehunhu hwakanaka iyo vezvematongerwo enyika vekuUS vanoramba vachinyepedzera kunge vakatobatikana mazviri.
