NaBenjamin Naimark-Rowse, www.politicalviolenceataglance.org
July 2, 2017. Reposted kubva Kuda Kuramba, July 3, 2017.
Pamusoro: VaColon Tear Down Statute yaMambo George.
Tarira: Kune zvakawanda zvakawanda kunyaya yemushandirapamwe werusununguko rweUnited States kupfuura vanhu makumi mashanu nevatanhatu vakasaina Gwaro reRusununguko. Paive nemakore gumi ekuramba kushambadzira 56 asati asvika ayo aisanganisira vanhuwo zvavo vasina kugovana nhoroondo. Munguva iyi, vakadzi vaive vatungamiriri vakakosha asi hondo yakazounza varume vemauto kumberi. Muchokwadi, vamwe vanoti rusununguko rwakakundwa mumakore gumi iwayo uye hondo yaive yekuedza kweGreat Britain kutora makoloni nechisimba. VaColonist vakashandisa izvo nhasi zvinoonekwa semidziyo yechinyakare yekurwira kusagadzikana.
VaKoloni vanopikisa Stamp Act
Sezvinorondedzerwa pasi apa pane zvakawanda zvakabudirira zvekusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana. Zvanga zviri makore ane gumi kana kupfuura kwechirwere chisingaiti chekudzivirira izvo zvakagadzira kuziva kwerusununguko. Yakashandisa nzira dzisiri dzechisimba sekukumbira, kuratidzira, kuratidzira, kuramwa, uye kuramba kushanda. Kupfuurirazve, kana vatengesi vekoloniyoni vakatyora pfungwa dzakakurumbira nekuenderera mberi nekutenga zvinhu zvakarambidzwa, vanhu vaisaramba chete kutenga kubva kwavari asiwo kutaura navo, kugara navo kuchechi, kana kuvatengesera zvinhu zverudzi rwupi zvarwo. Mabhizimusi eColonial haana kuteerera mutemo nematare eBritish, "vanoita zvematongerwo enyika vaiita bhizinesi nguva dzose vachityora mutemo weBritish vachishandisa magwaro vasina zvitambi zvemitero, nekugadzirisa makakatanwa epamutemo pasina matare." Pakazosvika 1774 na1775, mizhinji yemitumbi yekolonial iyi yaitora masimba ehurumende pachayo uye yaive nemasimba akakura kudarika zvisaririra zvehurumende yekoloni Panguva iyo yekutanga Continental Congress payakadaidzwa muna 1774 vemakoloni vaive vachigadzira yavo yakafanana hurumende. Ino inzvimbo iyo yatinoda imwe nhoroondo yekunzvera asi hezvino zvimwe zvezvatinoziva:
Muna 1773-74 nhamba inowedzera yemataundi nemataundi vakanga vachizvigadzirira pachavo kunze kwekutonga kweBritain, vachiwedzera kukaramba kutengesa zvinhu zveAmerica kuBritain pamwe chete nekuramba kukura kutumira zvinhu zveBritish. Kuvimba kwakawedzera kukurudzirwa kwebhizimisi kunogona kubudirira. Mimwe matare ehurumende akavhara nekushaiwa kwebhizimisi nokuti vaikoroni vakazvigadzirira nzira dzavo; vamwe vakava vashoma.
Vatungamiri vekuAmerica vekurwisana nehurumende vakabvumirana kusangana paChishanu Continental Congress muchikwata, 1774.
Simba reBritain mumakoloni rakanga richiparara nokukurumidza. Gavhuna weMassachusetts Bay akaparidzira mukutanga kwe1774 kuti yese yepamutemo yepamutemo uye yekutonga yakange yaenda. Nenguva yaOctober 1774 hurumende yepamutemo muMadganis yakanga yarega. MuSouth Carolina vanhu vakanga vachichiteerera Continental Association panzvimbo yeBritish. Virginia Guru Guru Dunmore akanyora kuLondon muna December 1774 kuti zvakanga zvisingabatsiri kuti apiwe mirairo nokuti yakangoita kuti vanhu vakawanda varambe kuteerera.
Panguva yekusangana kwayo, First Continental Congress yakagadzirira hurongwa hwekuwedzera kurwisana kwekusagadzikana; nyanzvi Gene Sharp inofunga kuti chirongwa ichi chave chichiteverwa panzvimbo yehondo yakashongedzwa yakazova iyo inotsiva, makoloni angave akave akasununguka munguva pfupi uye pasina kuwedzerwa ropa.
Kutevera hondo dzeLexington neConstord mu 1775 chikamu chakashandurwa kuhondo yekurwa. Makore ekutanga e10 emakomana uye dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzakasunungura zvisungo zvakasungira makoloni kunyika yamai. Hondo yekusagadzikana yakasimudzira hupfumi hwakasununguka, humwe sangano huri hurumende, uye pfungwa yekugoverana kwekuAmerica.
Chero chero ruzivo rwemangwana runogona kuratidza pamusoro pekana yevanhu vemakoloni vanozadzisa rusununguko rusina hanya, vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanofunga kuti mushandirapamwe wemakore gumi wemakore wakabvumira vaAmerica kuvaka zvivako zvakafanana izvo zvakavimbisa kuti kurongeka uye kuchinja kwehurumende kune hurumende hutsva neAmerican Revolutionary War.
Mhirizhonga yaipikiswa nevazhinji vemakoloni. Samuel Adams akanyorera James Warren, 21 Chivabvu 1774 “Hapana chinogona kutiparadza asi mhirizhonga yedu. Chikonzero chinodzidzisa izvi. Ndine hungwaru husingafungidzirwe, hunotyisa, sekuMagadzirirwo atinotarisana nawo; kutaura, kana isu takangwara. ” Paive nezviitiko zvishoma chete zvetara nekupenga, zvirokwazvo chiito chemhirizhonga, uye vanyori vakavarambidza kuvaona vachikanganisa kusagadzikana kwevanhukana vanhu vakasiya kufamba kana vasingazobatana nemhirizhonga yakadaro. Mutsamba kuna Dr Jedediah Morse muna 1815, John Adams akafungidzira pamusoro pekuvandudza kunyora "Nhoroondo yekushanda kwemauto kubva muna Kubvumbi 19, 1775 kusvika 3d waGunyana, 1783, haisi nhoroondo yeAmerican Revolution. . . Shanduko iyi yaive mundangariro nemoyo yevanhu, uye mubatanidzwa wemakoloni; zvose izvi zvakaitiswa zvakanyanya hondo isati yatanga. ”
Nokuda kweizvi pamusoro pemishonga isingashandisi yakashandiswa kupandukira maBritish, ona Nhoroondo Yechokwadi yeUnited States Inovaka Simba Redu, uye kuti tive neruzivo pamusoro penzira dzatinopemberera pamusoro peZuva reIndendence nhau dzakatanga nguva refu pamberi paJuly 4, 1776 uye yakaramba kwemakore akawanda mushure mokunge, nanhasi, The Untold History of Independence Day.
Kana zvasvika pakuranda, kuzvimiririra kwaive kwakaoma uye kwakasiyiwa maronda akadzika (achiripo nesu nhasi, nenzira dzakawanda). Purofesa Gerald Horne anonyora kuti rusununguko rwakatsigirwa nevaridzi vakawanda varimi veminda uye mabhizinesi avo vakabatsirwa kubva muuranda nokuti vakaona varanda vachiuya pakupera muEngland. Dare reBritish rakatonga kuti kwakanga kusina mutemo wepamutemo hweuranda, saka varanda vaizove vakapera muBritain makoloni zvakare.
Mushure mokusununguka, US yakaguma pakanyora kodzero dzekodzero dzepfuma dzakapfuurira uranda, kwete mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu, kuitira kuchengetedza zvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru munyika - varanda. Vakawanda ve vavambi, vamwe vevashandi vanoita basa guru munyika, vakatora matanho kuti vadzivirire pfuma yavo - vanhu.
Muna 1852, mune izvo vamwe vanodana guru guru rechina raJuly rinotaura nguva dzose, Frederick Douglas akati “Uyu wechina waChikunguru ndewako, kwete wangu. Unogona kufara, ndinofanira kuchema. ”Akavhura hurukuro yake achitsanangura musi waChina waChikunguru se" chifukidziro chakaonda kuvhara mhosva dzinoshoresa nyika yevasvinu. " Ndeapi mhosva dzehondo, kusaruramisira, huori hwakadzika uye kusaenzana kuri kuvigwa neUnited States nhasi? KZ
Nheyo Inotangira Nyaya yeUnited States Of America
Iyi vhiki yevhiki, maguta nemataundi kubva kugungwa-kusvika-gungwa akabatwa mafayawekisi, Concerts, uye mapepa kuzopemberera rusununguko rwedu kubva kuBrithani. Mhemberero iyoyo nguva dzose inokurudzira mauto uyo akashandura british kubva kumhenderekedzo dzedu. Asi chidzidzo chatinodzidza pamusoro pehurumende yakagadziriswa mu cruc crucial of revolutionary war inotadza kusaziva kuti makore gumi nonviolent kushorwa pamberi mhere-yakanzwa-kumativi-the-world iyo yakaumba kuvambwa kweUnited States, yakasimbisa pfungwa yedu yekuzivikanwa kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye yakateya nheyo yehurumende yedu.
Tinodzidziswa kuti takakunda kusununguka kwedu kubva kuBrithani kuburikidza nehondo dzeropa. Tinoverenga nhetembo pamusoro pekutakura pakati peusiku waPaul Revere iyo yakanyevera nehurumende yeBritish. Uye isu tinoratidzwa zviratidzo zve Minutemen muhondo ne Redcoats muLexington uye Concord.
Ndakakurira muBoston uko kunamatwa kwedu kwekurwisana nehondo yeBrithani kunopfuurira kure neChipiri chaJuly. Tinopemberera Zuva reVatori ' kuti vayeuke musi wezvakaitika zvehondo dzokutanga dzeRevolution uye Zuva rekupukunyuka kuti vayeuke zuva iro maBritish mauto akazotiza kuBoston. Uye pakutanga kweMuviri weRoga Sox isu takamira, tibvisa mateti edu, uye tichiimba - makumi matatu nematatu akasimba-pamusoro pehondo dzinotyisa, rockets 'red glare, uye mabhomba anoputika mumhepo akapa uchapupu husiku huno mureza wedu wakanga uripo.
VaKoloni vanopandukira Stamp Act.
Asi, Kutanga Baba, John Adams akanyora kuti, "Nhoroondo yemabasa ehondo ... haisi nhoroondo yeAmerican Revolution."
Vashanduri veAmerica havana kutungamirira, asi tatu kusagadzikana kushorwa kwemakwikwi mumakore gumi pamberi peRevolutionary War. Iyi mishandirapamwe yaiva kuratidzirwa. Vaiva kunyanya kusagadzikana. Ivo akabatsira zvematongerwo enyika veAmerican society. Uye vakabvumira vanyori kuti vatsive mapurisa ezvematongerwe enyika nemasangano akafanana ehurumende yega rubatsiro rukaita nheyo dzehurumende yatinovimba nayo nhasi.
Chekutanga chekudzivirira kusagadzikana yakanga iri mu1765 ichirwisana neStamp Act. Takumi ezviuru zvevateereri vedu vakaramba kubhadhara mambo weBrithani mutero kuti tinyora magwaro epamutemo nemapepanhau, nekusarudza pamwe chete kumira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zveBritish. Zviteshi zveBoston, New York, neFiladelphia zvakasaina zvirongwa zvekutengeserana michina yeBritish; vakadzi vaiita dzimba dzepamba kuti vatsive bhanhire reBritish; uye bachelorettes akakodzera muRhode Island vakaramba kubvuma mazita evanhu vose vakatsigira Stamp Act.
VaKoloni vakaronga Stamp Act Congress. Yakaparidzirwa kodzero dzekoloni uye miganhu pahurumende yeBritain, uye yakatumira makopi kumakoloni ose pamwe chete nekopi imwe kuBritain nekudaro kuratidzira kubatana mberi. Uku kukwikwidza kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuparadza kwezvemari kunoreva kuti Stamp Act yaizobhadhara mari yeBrithani mari yakawanda kudarika iyo yaifanira kukwanisa kuisiya iyo yakafa pakusvika. Uku kukunda kwakaratidzawo simba rekusagadzikana kusina kubatana: vanhu-vakaponesa kusada kusaruramisira kwevanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, kana zvehupfumi.
Chipiri chekudzivirira kusagadzikana yakatanga muC1767 ichirwisana neKadshend Acts. Aya maitiro akabhadhara pepa, girazi, tei, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakatengeswa kubva kuBritain. Apo Townsend Mabasa yakatanga kushanda, vatengesi muBoston, New York, neFiladelphia zvakare vakamira kutumira zvinhu zveBritish. Vakazivisa kuti ani zvake anoramba achishanda neBritish anofanira kunyorwa "Vavengi venyika yavo." Pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika matsva akadzivirirwa kubva kuBritain akakurira kumativi emakoloni.
Ne 1770, voloni vakagadzira Komiti dzeKunyorerana, imwe sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakavharwa kubva kuBritain simba. Matare aya akabvumira vavakononi ku share information uye kurongedza kushorwa kwavo. Iparamende yeBritain yakaita nekupindira pasi uye kutora tei, iyo yakatungamirira nhengo dzakatsamwiswa dzevana veRuberty kuti dziite basa rakaipa reBoston Tea Party.
Bumbiro reParamende reBritish rakaverengwa neColiccive Mabasa, iro rakanyatsogadzirisa Massachusetts. Chikwangwani cheBoston chakavharwa kusvikira British East India Company yakabhadharwa nekuti Tea Party yavo inorasikirwa. Rusununguko rwegungano rakanga risiri pamutemo. Uye miedzo yepamatare yakabva kuMassachusetts.
Mukushora maBritish, varongi vakaronga First Continental Congress. Havana kungotaura chete zvikwanganiso zvavo pamusoro pevaBritish, vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vakagadzirawo mapurisa ehurumende kuti vashandise kodzero dzavakazvitaurira ivo pachavo. Rimwe pepanhau panguva iyoyo rakashuma kuti aya masangano ematare akafanana akakunda hurumende kubva mumaoko ehurumende yeBritain akaiswa pasi uye akaisa mumaoko emavarongi vakawanda kuitira kuti vamwe nyanzvi vati, "Kuzvimirira mune dzakawanda dzemakoloni kwakanga kwave kwakagadziriswa kusati kwavapo kutanga kwechisimba zvehondo muLexington uye Concord."
Mambo George III akanzwa kuti iyi nhengo yezvematongerwe enyika yakange yaenda kure, ichicherechedza izvozvo; "... IEngland England Hurumende dziri muHurumende Yokumukira; mafunguro anofanira kusarudza kana vachizozviisa pasi peNyika iyi kana kuzvimirira. " Mukupindura, varongi vakaronga Sangano reChipiri reZimbabwe, vakagadza Ganda reGeorge Washington muMutungamiri uye saka vakatanga makore masere emhirizhonga.
Hondo Yokurwisana inogona kunge yakasarudza muBrithani kubva kumhenderekedzo dzedu, asi vhiki ino yapfuura inotarisa pamusoro pehondo inovhara zvipo izvo zvisiri zvekuzvidzivirira zvakagadzirwa pakusikwa kwenyika yedu.
Mumakore gumi anotungamirira kuhondo, vatori venhau vaitaura uye vakakavadzana zvematongerwe enyika zvisarudzo mumagungano evanhu. Mukuita kudaro, vakaita zvematongerwe enyika uye vakasimbisa pfungwa yavo yehutsva hutsva hwezvematongerwe enyika husina kubva kuBritish. Ivo mitemo yepamutemo, kodzero dzakasimbiswa, uye kunyange kutora mitero. Mukuita kudaro, ivo vaizviitira hurumende kunze kwenguva yehondo. Uye ivo vakawana simba rekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika mune zvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika dzaifanira kuva United States of America.
Nokudaro pane ramangwana Independence Days, ngationei kupemberera madzitateguru edu uye amai vasiri kurwisana nekutonga kwechiBritain. Uye zuva rimwe nerimwe sezvatinofunga nematambudziko makuru anotarisana nehurumende yedu, ngatitangei pane zvatisingafungiri nhoroondo John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, naGeorge Washington yakaita makore maviri apfuura apfuura.
Benjamin Naimark-Rowse ndiTruman National Security Fellow. Anodzidzisa uye anodzidza kusagadzikana kusagadzikana paThe Fletcher School paTufts University.
