Vasina Kukodzera Vakatambudzwa: Western Wars Akauraya Mamiriyoni mana evaMuslim Kubva 1990

Landmark research inoratidza kuti iyo inotungamirwa neUS 'hondo yekutya' yakauraya vanhu vanosvika mamirioni maviri.

By Nafeez Ahmed | 16 June 2017.
Reposted kubva Stop the War Coalition.

'MuIraq chete, hondo inotungamirwa neUS kubva 1991 kusvika 2003 yakauraya 1.9 miriyoni Iraqis'

Mwedzi wapfuura, iyo Washington DC-yakavakirwa Varapi vezvemagariro evanhu (PRS) yakaburitsa chiratidzo kudzidza nekugumisa kuti huwandu hwekufa kubva pa10 makore e "Hondo paNjodzi" sezvo kurwiswa kwe9 / 11 kuri 1.3 mamirioni, uye inogona kunge yakakwira kunge 2 mamirioni.

Rugwaro rwe97-peji neboka reNobel Peace Prize-rakawana boka rekutanga ndiro rekutanga kuuraya huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa kubva kuhutungamiri hweUnited States hwekupokana nehugandanga muIraq, Afghanistan nePakistan.

Chirevo chePSR chakanyorwa neboka reviscisciplinary timu inotungamira nyanzvi dzehutano, kusanganisira Dr. Robert Gould, director wezveutano hwehunyanzvi hwekuburitsa uye dzidzo paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia San Francisco Medical Center, uye Muzvinafundo Tim Takaro weFedulty of Health Science paSimon. Fraser University.

Zvakadaro zvakada kusviba chose neredhiyo yemutauro wechirungu, kunyangwe kuve kwekutanga kuedza nesangano rinotungamira rehutano rehurumende kuburitsa huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa neUS-UK inotungamirwa "hondo pamusoro kutya ".

Pfungwa mapundu

Chirevo chePSR chinotsanangurwa naDr. Hans von Sponeck, aimbova secretary-general secretary, se "mupiro wakakura kuderedza musiyano pakati pekufungidzira kwakavimbika kwevakarwa nehondo, kunyanya vagari vemuIraq, Afghanistan nePakistan uye vanonyengedza, vanobiridzira kana kunyengera. account ”.

Chirevo ichi chinoita kuongororwa kwakaomarara kwekufungidzira kwekupedzisira kwehuwandu hwe "hondo pamusoro pekutya". Iyo inonyanya kutsoropodza yeiyo nhamba inonyanya kutaurwa neiyo nhepfenyuro semagariro sehutongi, iko, Iraq Muviri Count (IBC) fungidziro ye110,000 yakafa. Nhamba iyoyo inotorwa kubva mukuparadza midhiya nhau dzekupondwa kwevanhu, asi PSR rondedzero inoratidza zvakakomba zvirongwa nematambudziko enzira iyi.

Semuenzaniso, kunyangwe hazvo 40,000 zvitunha zvakavigwa muNajaf kubva pakavambwa zvehondo, IBC yakanyora kufa kwe1,354 chete muNajaf kwenguva yakafanana. Iyo muenzaniso inoratidza kukura kwakaita kusiyana pakati peICB yeNajaf nhamba uye chaiyo yekufa kufa - mune iyi kesi, nechinhu chinopfuura 30.

Mabhonzo akadaro anozadzikiswa mudhorobha rose reIBC. Mune imwezve nhambo, IBC yakanyora matatu matatukere mune imwe nguva mu2005, apo huwandu hwekurwiswa nemhepo hwakanga hwawedzera kubva ku25 kuenda ku120 gore iro. Zvekare, iyo nzvimbo pano ndeye chinhu che 40.

Maererano nekudzidza kwePSR, iyo yakanyanyisa kupokana Lancet kudzidza iyo inofungidzira kufa kwe655,000 Iraq kusvika ku2006 (uye vanopfuura mamirioni kusvika nhasi nekuparadzwa) ingangove yakanyatsojeka kupfuura zviverengero zveIBC. Muchokwadi, iyo mushumo inosimbisa kubvumirana kwechokwadi pakati pevanyori vezvirwere zvechirwere nezvekuvimbika kwechidzidzo cheLancet.

Zvisinei nekumwe kushoropodzwa zviri pamutemo, nzira yehunhu iyo yaishandiswa ndiyo mwero unozivikanwa pasi rese wekutarisa kufa kubva munzvimbo dzekurwisana, dzinoshandiswa nemasangano ekunze pamwe nehurumende.

Kwezvematongerwo enyika kuramba

PSR yakaongororazve maitiro uye magadzirirwo ezvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kushaya kwekufa, senge bepa riri muNew England Journal of Medicine, iro raive rakakura zvakanyanya.

Bepa iri rakashaya hanya nenzvimbo dzaive nemhirizhonga yakanyanya, kureva Baghdad, Anbar neNinevhe, vachivimba nedhata reIBC kuti vabudirire kumatunhu iwayo. Yakaisawo "zvirambidzo zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika" kuunganidzwa nekuongororwa kwedhata - kubvunzurudzwa kwakaitwa nebazi rezvehutano reIraq, iro "raive rakatsamira chose pasimba rinotora" uye rakaramba kuburitsa dhata pamusoro pekufa kwevaIraq kunyoreswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kweUS. .

Kunyanya, PSR yakaongorora izvo zvinotaurwa naMichael Spaget, John Sloboda nevamwe vakabvunza iyo Lancet yekudzidza nzira dzekuunganidza data seinogona kupengesa. Zvese zvataurwa, PSR yakawanikwa, zvaishungurudzwa.

Izvo zvishoma "zvinotsoropodzwa zvinonzwisisika," PSR inopedzisa, "usabvunze mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zveLancet yakazara. Nhamba idzi dzichimira ratidziro dzechokwadi dziripo ". Izvo zveLancet zvinowanikwa zvakare zvakagadziriswa ne data kubva kuongororo nyowani muPLOS Medicine, kutsvaga 500,000 Iraqi yekufa kubva kuhondo. Pakazere, PSR inopedzisa ichiti huwandu hunonyanya kuve hwehuwandu hwekufa kwevanhu muIraq kubva 2003 kusvika pari zvino ingangoita 1 miriyoni.

Kune izvi, muongorori wePSR anowedzera 220,000 muAfghanistan uye 80,000 muPakistan, akauraiwa semhedzisiro neyakaitika muhondo inotungamirwa neUS: iri "chengetedza" huwandu hwemamirioni e1.3. Iyo chaiyo nhamba inogona kuve nyore "mukuwedzera kwemamiriyoni e2".

Asi kunyange iyo PSR yekudzidza inotambura nekukanganisa. Kutanga, iyo post-9 / 11 "kurwisa kwekutyisa" yakanga isiri itsva, asi kungowedzera zvakapfuura marongero emipikisheni muIraq neAfghanistan.

NeChipiri, kukweva kukuru kwedatha kuAfghanistan kwaireva kuti kudzidza kwePSR pamwe nekurerutsa kufa kweAfghan.

Iraki

Hondo paIraq haina kutanga mu2003, asi mu1991 nehondo yekutanga yeGulf, iyo yakateverwa neUN sanctions.

Kwekutanga kwePSR kudzidza kwaBeth Daponte, panguva iyoyo gurukota reU.S. Census Bureau, akawana kuti kufa kweIraq kwakakonzerwa nekukanganisika uye zvisina kunangana kweHondo yekutanga yeGulf yakasvika pakatenderedza 200,000 Iraqis, kunyanya vagari. Zvichakadaro, kudzidza kwake kwehurumende kwemukati kwakadzvanywa.

Mushure mekutungamirwa nemauto anotungamirwa neUS, hondo yeIraq yakaenderera mberi nenzira yehupfumi kuburikidza neUS-UK yakatemera hurumende zvirango, nekufungidzira kuramba Saddam Hussein zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kugadzira zvombo zvinoparadza vakawanda. Zvinhu zvakarambidzwa kubva kuIraq pasi pechirevo ichi zvakasanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinodiwa pakurarama kwemazuva ese.

Asina kusarudzika manhamba eUN anoratidza izvozvo 1.7 miriyoni yevagari vemuIraq vakafa nekuda kweWest yekutsamwa masanctions kutonga, hafu yavo vaive vana.

Rufu ruzhinji rwaiita sekunge rwakagadzirirwa. Pakati pezvinhu zvakarambidzwa nezvirango zveUN maive makemikari nemidziyo yakakosha kurudzi rweIraq yenyika kurapa mvura system. Chinyorwa chakavanzika cheUS Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) chakawanikwa naPurofesa Thomas Nagy weChikoro cheBusiness kuGeorge Washington University, akati, "chinyorwa chepamberi chekuuraya vanhu veIraq".

Muna wake bepa weSangano reGenocide Scholars paYunivhesiti yeManitoba, Muzvinadzidzo Nagi akatsanangura kuti gwaro reDIA rakaratidza "maminetsi ezvese nzira inoshanda yakakwana yeku“ svibisa zvizere nzira yekurapa kwemvura ”yerudzi rwese” mukati memakore gumi. Bumbiro remasanctions rinounza "mamiriro ezvirwere zvakapararira, kusanganisira huwandu hwakazara hwezvirwere," nekudaro "kupedza chikamu chakakura chevagari veIraq".

Izvi zvinoreva kuti muIraq chete, Hondo inotungamirwa neUS kubva ku1991 kusvika 2003 yakauraya 1.9 mamirioni Iraqis; ipapo kubva pa2003 zvichienda mberi uchitenderedza 1 mamirioni: huwandu hwese huri pasi pemamirioni 3 Iraqis akafa pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore.

Afuganisitani

MuAfghanistan, kufungidzira kwePSR kwevakawanda zvakaipisisa kunogona kuve kwakachengetedzeka zvikuru. Mwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura 2001 bhomba yekuratidzira, The Guardian's Jonathan Steele kwakaratidza kuti chero kupi pakati pe1,300 ne8,000 Afghans vakaurayiwa zvakananga, uye vazhinji sevanhu vekuwedzera 50,000 vanhu vakafa zvinonzwika semhedzisiro yehondo.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi, Muviri Chiverengero: Global Inodzivirirwa Rufu Kubva 1950 (2007), Muzvinafundo Gideon Polya akashandisa nzira imwecheteyo inoshandiswa neThe Guardian kuUN Population Division gore rega rega kufa kwemunhu kuverenga nhamba dzakapenengana dzekufa zvakanyanya. Anoshanda pamudyandigere pamudyandigere paLa Trobe University kuMelbourne, Polya anogumisa kuti huwandu hunogona kudzivirirwa hwekufa kweAfghan kubva 2001 pasi pehondo uye basa rekumanikidzirwa rakapoteredzwa rinosvika kunosvika 3 mamirioni, vanenge 900,000 avo vari vacheche pasi pemashanu.

Kunyangwe izvo zvakawanikwa naPurofesa Polya zvisati zvaburitswa mupepanhau redzidzo, 2007 yake Kuverenga Muviri Kufunda kwakakurudzirwa neCalifornia State University nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu, VaJacqueline Carrigan se "nhoroondo-yakazara nhoroondo yezvekufa kwepasi rose" mune ongorora rakaburitswa neRoutledge magazini, Socialism uye Democracy.

Sezvineiwo neIraq, kupindira kweUS kuAfghanistan kwakatanga kare 9 / 11 isingaiti muchiuto, yakavanzika uye rubatsiro rwemari kuna Taliban kubva kutenderedza 1992 zvichienda mberi. Izvi Rubatsiro rweUS yakakurudzira kukunda kwechisimba kweTaliban kweinoda kusvika 90 muzana yenzvimbo yeAfghan.

Mune 2001 National Academy of Sciences inoshuma, Forced Migration uye kufa, achitungamira chirwere chechirwere, Steve Hansch, director weRubatsiro International, akataura kuti huwandu hwakawandisa hwekufa kwevanhu muAfghanistan nekuda kwekukanganisika kwehondo kuburikidza nema1990 anokwanisa kuve chero pakati pe200,000 ne2 mamirioni. . Soviet Union, zvirokwazvo, yakatakura zvakare basa rayo mukuparadza zvivakwa zvevanhu, nekudaro ichigadzira nzira yerufu urwu.

Pamwe pese, izvi zvinoratidza kuti huwandu hwese hwekufa kweAfghan nekuda kwekukanganisika uye zvisina kunangana kwekutungamira kwakatungamirwa kweUS kubvira makore makumi mapfumbamwe kusvika parizvino anogona kunge akakwira 3-5 mamirioni.

rupokano

Sekureva kwenhamba dzakaongororwa pano, kufa zvachose kubva kupindira kweWestern muIraq neAfghanistan kubvira ma1990s - kubva kuuraya kwakananga uye kukanganisa kwenguva refu kwehondo - kwakamisikidzwa - zvingangoita mamirioni mana (mamirioni maviri muIraq kubva muna 4-2, pamwe nemamirioni maviri kubva ku "hondo yekutyisa"), uye inogona kuve yakakwira sevanhu vanosvika mamirioni masere kusvika masere pavanenge vachifungidzira huwandu hwekufa husingadzivisike muAfghanistan.

Aya manhamba anogona kunge akakwirira zvakanyanya, asi haazombo zive zvechokwadi. Mauto eU.S. neUK, senzira yemutemo, vanoramba kuteedzera huwandu hwevakafa zvemauto - izvi zvinokanganisa.

Nekuda kwekushaiwa zvakanyanya kwe data muIraq, dzingangoita dzese kusavapo kwemarekodhi mu Afghanistan, uye kusava nehanya nehurumende dzeWestern kurufu rwevagari vemo, hazvigoneke chaiko kuona kuti ihwo hwakadii kurasikirwa kwehupenyu.

Mukushaikwa kwekuti kunyange mukana wekugadzirisa, idzi nhamba dzinopa fungidziro dzakajeka dzakanangana nekushandisa zvakajairika maitiro ehuwandu, kana zvichishoma, ufakazi huripo. Ivo vanopa chiratidzo chehukuru hwekuparadzwa, kana zvisiri izvo chaizvo zvakadzama.

Rufu rwakawanda rwakave rwakaratidzirwa mune mamiriro ekurwisa udzvinyiriri uye ugandanga. Asi nekuda kwekunyarara kweiyo nhepfenyuro yakafararira, vanhu vazhinji havana ruzivo rwehukuru hwekutyisa kwakaitwa muzita ravo neUS neUK udzvinyiriri muIraq neAfghanistan.

Kunobva: Middle East Eye

Maonero aburitswa muchinyorwa chino ndeemunyori uye haafanire kuratidza gwara rekunyora reStop the War Coalition.

Nafeez Ahmed PhD mutori wenhau anoferefeta, mudzidzi wezvekuchengetedza epasi rese uye munyori anonyanya kutengesa anoteedzera yaanodaidza kuti 'dambudziko rebudiriro.' Iye anokunda muProjekti Censored Mubairo weAkunakisisa Investigative Journalism kune wake Guardian achitaura pamusoro penzvimbo dzepasi rose ecological, simba uye hupfumi matambudziko nedunhu geopolitics uye makakatanwa. Akanyorerawo The Independent, Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Scotsman, Foreign Policy, The Atlantic, Quartz, Prospect, New Statesman, Le Monde diplomatique, New Internationalist. Basa rake pamidzi yakakonzera uye yekuvanda mashandiro akabatanidzwa nehugandanga hwepasi rose zvakapa zviri pamutemo ku9 / 11 Commission uye ne7 / 7 Coroner's Inquest.