Yakasarudzika Nyowani yeUS Genre Inomuka: Hondo-Is-Yakanaka-Ye-Iwe Bhuku

NaDavid Swanson, Gumiguru 7, 2020

The New York Times vanoda yazvino hondo-yakanaka-kune-iwe bhuku, Hondo: Kurwisana Kwakatiumba Sei naMargaret MacMillan. Iri bhuku rinokwana mumhando iri kukura uye yega yeUS inosanganisira Ian Morris's Hondo: Chii Chakanaka? Kurwisana uye Kufambira Mberi Kwekubudirira kubva kuViyama kusvika kuRobhoti (Morris akauya kuUS kubva kuUK makumi emakore apfuura) naNeil deGrasse Tyson's Chishongedzo kuHondo: Iyo Isingatauri Mubatanidzwa Pakati peAstrophysics neMasoja.

Maererano ne Morris, iyo chete nzira yekuita runyararo ndeyekuita nzanga hombe, uye nzira chete yekuita nzanga hombe ndeye kuburikidza nehondo. Uye kana nzanga yakakura zvakakwana inogona kufunga kuti ingafuratira sei hondo dzese dzairi kurwira uye kuwana mufaro. "Hondo dzepakati" Morris anoti, pasina humbowo uye hapana zvinyorwa zvemuzasi, "zvave kuda kunyangarika." Munoona ipapo? Kuregererwa zvinobudirira! Zvakare kuparara kubva pasi, sekureva kwaMorris: hupfumi kusaenzana! Zvakare hapana dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rakakodzera kunetseka pamusoro paro. Uyezve zvombo zvenyukireya hazvigone kutiuraya isu tese zvekare - asi Iran inotipinza mungozi isu tese nekuvaka - zvisinei, chombo "kuzvidzivirira" chinoshanda! Dzese idzi nhau dzinotyisa dzakadzikiswa zvishoma nevimbiso yaMorris yekuti Hondo Yenyika yechitatu yave pedyo nekona - kunze kwekunge iwe wawana kunzwisisa kuti icho chinhu chakanaka - icho chingangoita iwe, sekufungidzira kwaMorris, vanogadzira makomputa. pfungwa kuva imwe.

Sekureva kwemukurumbira astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, nekuti zana ramakore rechi 17 Europe yakaisa mari musainzi nekudyara muhondo, nekudaro kuburikidza nemhirizhonga chete ndiko kunogona kutsigira tsika, uye nekudaro - zvirinani - nyanzvi dzenyeredzi ndidzo 100% dzakakodzera kushandira Pentagon uye kutora chikwereti pakurota kumusoro chombo chemauto "Space Force."

Pakati peavo vaiziva zvirinani munguva shoma yehondo-kupenga yaive Carl Sagan. Asi nutty uye kuzviruramisa sezvingave iri mhando nyowani, haungambozvibvunza zvachose kana iwe ukangonzwa nezvayo-ruoko rwekupedzisira kuburikidza nekunyepedzera vekambani venhau veUS pamwe nedzidzo nemasangano anopa mibairo yemabhuku.

Munguva yezuva raTeddy Roosevelt hondo yaive yakanaka kwatiri nekuti yakavaka mujaho uye nekuchimbidza kupedzwa kwemarudzi asina kutsarukana. Izvo zvikonzero nei hondo yakatinakira hazvichaonekwe seinogamuchirwa, asi nyowani dziri kutsiviwa idzo dzakangofanana nekuseka - uye vanopihwa kunyatso kuremekedzwa kwakawanda senge kwekare kwaimbove, zvirinani muUnited States.

Bhuku raMargaret MacMillan harisi rakangofanana nerakaitwa naIan Morris, asi imhaka yekuti mazhinji ebhuku ari kuzadza. Chidimbu chebhuku chinoita kuti hondo-ive-yakanaka-kwatiri-nyaya. Vamwe vese vanongounganidza madiki-mapfupi anecdotes muzvikamu zvine misoro vachinyatsoburitsa misoro yega yega ine chekuita nehondo pasi pezuva, kazhinji isina hukama hwekuita nharo, uye nenyaya dzese dzinokakavadzana dzinoratidzwa mune yekuwedzera kwehusideism run amok. Rousseau kana Hobbes ndizvo chaizvo nezve "hunhu hwevanhu"? Ehe! Steven Pinker akarurama here kana kuti haana kunaka kuti hondo iri kunyangarika kunyangwe hazvo chokwadi chichireva zvinopesana? Ehe!

Hapana kana rimwe chete remabhuku aya rinobata masimba ekusaita zvechisimba. Mumhando iyi, semuUS "nhau" "kufukidzwa," kuita mukuuraya-vazhinji kuita "kuita chimwe chinhu." Imwe nzira ndeye "kusaita chero chinhu." Hapana kana rimwe chete remabhuku aya rinoongorora iyo zvinouraya hupfumi hwekutengesa, mabhiriyoni ehupenyu anogona kubatsirwa nekuderedza kushandisa mari yehondo, iyo kukuvara kwemamiriro ekunze yeindasitiri yehondo, kururamiswa kwekuvanzika kwehurumende, iyo kukukurwa kwekodzero, ivo kupararira kweruvengo, kana kunyangwe - mune chero nzira yakakomba - iyo kufa nekukuvara zvakasikwa nehondo.

MacMillan anovavarira kuudza nzanga yakanyatso kuguta mutsika dzehondo (uye kuverenga anogona kufungidzira kutarisira peji rinotevera peji rekufarira kwehondo pasina chakanangana nacho icho) icho. . . mirira icho. . . hondo yakakosha. Achisimudza pamusoro peichi chipingaidzo-kureba, MacMillan achiri kugona kutsauka nekukanganisa veWestern kana kunyange US nzanga se "vanhu." Kana China ichiisa mari muzvirongwa zvikuru kunyangwe isingarwi hondo, isu tinofanirwa kufunga kuti vanhu veChinese havazi vanhu, nekuti sekureva kweMacMillan chete hondo inoisa pfungwa dzevanhu zvakakwana kuti vaite chero chinhu chikuru.

MacMillan iri pano kuzotiponesa kubva panjodzi yehondo ichisiiwa kunze kwekudzidza kwenhoroondo - kutyisidzira kusinganzwisisike munyika umo magwaro ezvakaitika kare anotongwa nehondo mushure mehondo, uye zvivakwa zvehondo zvine nzvimbo. Kwete chete kuti hondo yakakosha, MacMillan inotizivisa, asi ndiyo nzira inoenda kudzidzo neinishuwarenzi yekushaya basa pamwe ne "nyaya" idzo dzinofungidzirwa nenyika kuti dzive "dzakabatana."

MacMillan inosanganisa ngano dzekare nengano nenhoroondo yezvakaitika - zvese izvo, ndinofungidzira, kuverenga senge nyaya. Asi iye anoisa zvese muchimiro chazvino uye anozviti ari kudzika mitemo yekusingaperi. "[B] mirairo yakagadzwa nehondo." "[W] ar akaunzawo budiriro uye shanduko. . . mutemo mukuru uye kurongeka,. . . demokrasi yakawanda, rubatsiro rwemagariro, dzidzo yakavandudzwa, shanduko pachinzvimbo chevakadzi kana chevashandi, kufambira mberi kwezvekurapa, sainzi, uye tekinoroji. ” MacMillan achibvumidza anotora mumwe munyori achiti hondo haisi mhosva chete, "ihwowo chirango chemhosva." Nyika dzakakura, MacMillan anotiudza, saMorris, "kazhinji mugumisiro wehondo." Ichitevera ngano dzehumambo hwekare hwakasiyana, MacMillan anotiudza kuti "masimba makuru" "anopa hushoma hwekuchengetedzeka uye kugadzikana." Mushure mekunyorwa kwehondo, zvese kubva pamusoro peanopfuura zana zana apfuura, MacMillan anotiudza kuti nyika "inodzokera zviri nyore nenzira inoshamisira kuhunhu hweHobbes."

Asi hondo hazvisi kugadzira mitsara mizhinji uye hauna kumboita zana remakore. Hondo hadzisi kugadzira chero chinhu chakakosha icho chingadai chisina kugadzirwa zvirinani pasina hondo. Neil deGrasse Tyson anofunga kuti chete nekugadzira chirongwa nezvehondo anogona kuchiwana kuti chibhadharwe nehurumende yeUS hakusi kutaura nezvevanhu, asi kuhurumende yeUS uye kuna Neil deGrasse Tyson. Hondo haisati yadzivirirwa sechirango chemhosva kwerinenge zana ramakore. European Union haina kuumbwa nehondo asi kuidzivirira. Hapana "masimba," angave "makuru" kana neimwe nzira, anotadza kupa hushoma hwekuchengeteka, asi vatongi vekare vatongi havana kupa chero chinhu kubva panguva dzekare.

Handifunge kuti MacMillan anokuudza kuti maChinese vanhu havazi vanhu. Asi teerera kune izvi zvakajairika-kana-zvinotyisa-zvekuuraya vanhu kubva mubhuku rake: "Hondo yeVanhu vemuAmerica ingangove yakave nevanhu vakawanda kupfuura dzimwe hondo dzose dzeAmerica dzakabatana." Kana maNative America nemaPhilippines nemaKorea nemaGerman nemaVietnamese neIraq nemaAfghans zvichingodaro zvichingodaro vari vanhu, nei vasingazomboverengerwa sevakakuvadzwa? Nei MacMillan ichiti United States yakangotanga kurwisa kunze kwemiganhu yayo pakupera kwezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe kana maNative America vaive / vari vanhu? Sei achitaura kuti hondo "yakangoita netsaona" "yakapa" United States Philippines, kana huwandu hukuru hwevanhu United States hwaifanirwa kuuraya kuitira kutora Philippines vaive vanhu? Nei kuparadzwa kwakatungamirwa neUS muIraq kuchiratidzwa senzira ine hunyanzvi Ndiwo maitiro MacMillan aizoendesa kuparadzwa kweIraq kweUnited States? Sei achiti iye zvino nyika yave nehondo dzechitendero pasina kudoma rimwe kana kutsanangura zvataurwa?

Hondo, sehondo yeIraq, MacMillan anoti, vanozvitora vega. Asi 535 nhengo dzeUS Congress vanogona kusarudza kupedza chero hondo chero nguva uye vakasarudzika kusarudza kusaita. Sangano revanhu rinoshayikwa pane rimwe bhuku rakanyorwa nemunhu.

Hondo, iyo yose institution, MacMillan inoda kuti tifunge, inotora hupenyu hwayo. Sei? Eya, MacMillan anotiudza kuti "humbowo hunoratidzika kunge huri kudivi" revaya vanoti vanhu vakaita hondo "kumashure sezvatinogona kuziva." Kudzoka kumashure kwatinogona kutaura? Ndiani anoziva! Bhuku rinodudza chairo humbowo uye rine - verenga iwo! - zero mazwi omuzasi. Ehezve, zano rekuti hondo yagara iriko uye ichagara iri yakajairika US maonero, izvo zvingangodaro nei zvichikwanisa kuunzwa pasina humbowo kunyangwe zvikaonekwa senge budiriro huru.

MacMillan anobvuma kuti vanhu vanga varipo kwemakore mazana matatu nemazana matatu ezviuru vachiri kutaura kuti hondo "yakawedzera kurongeka" makore zviuru gumi zvakapfuura, uye vachiti humbowo husina kutaurwa hunoratidza kuti vanhu vakagadzira zvombo kare "Nguva yeDombo yakazotevera" - yatingaite semakore zviuru zvishanu. yapfuura kana zvakadaro (haatipe nhamba). Zvese izvi zvinowedzera kutaura kuti vamwe vanhu dzimwe nguva vakaita chimwe chinhu chakafanana nehondo yemamwe mazana emakore apfuura kwevamwe 350,000% yenguva yavo pasi pano uye sezvingabvira yakati rebei.

Isu tinoziva kubva pane zvinyorwa zvevanhu vakaita Douglas Fry kuti nyaya inogona kuitwa, ichitsanangura mimwe mienzaniso, kuti pakave nenzanga munguva dzichangopfuura idzo dzaisaziva hondo uye kuti hupenyu hwakawanda hwevanhu kuburikidza pre-nhoroondo hwaive husina hondo. Zvakaoma kuyera iyo kesi kupokana nharo isingataure humbowo. Isu tinoziva kubva mukutarisa kwakatenderedza kuti pamusoro pe90% yevanhu inotongwa izvozvi nehurumende dzinodyara zvakanyanya muhondo kupfuura zvinoita United States. Isu tinoziva kuti pane zvishoma zvishoma zvinopindirana pakati penzvimbo nehondo - uye zvinowanzopomerwa mhosva yehondo - nenzvimbo kugadzira nekuburitsa zvombo - indasitiri zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa mumabhuku aya. Isu tinoziva kuti makaro uye kuzvidzivirira uye manzwiro evana haakwanise kutsanangura hondo, seMacMillan anotiudza, kunze kwekunge iye achigona kutsanangura kuti nei United States iine zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi kupfuura dzimwe nyika, uye kunze kwekunge iye aigona kutsanangura achiratidza humbowo hwekuti kuvaka mabhesi nekumisa ngarava uye kugadzirira hondo ndicho chikonzero chikuru chehondo (ona bhuku raDavid Vine rinouya, United States yeHondo).

Kana United States ikadzora zvehondo kusvika paavhareji yemamwe marudzi, mune ese mhedziso kana per-capita mazwi, isu tingave tiri munzira yekuenda kunogumisa kurwa, uye zvakadaro aya mabhuku eUS pamusoro pekusadzivirika uye mabhenefiti ehondo (uye nei uchifanira hazvingadzivisiki isu tichave tichitenda kubatsiro?) nguva dzose zvinoita sekudzoka kune iro izwi risingabatsiri rekuti, "hunhu hwevanhu." Ko 4% yevanhu ingatsanangure sei izvo uye zvinofanirwa kugara zviri munhu?

Hunhu chete hwevanhu, saJean-Paul Sartre akaedza kutsanangura nguva yakati rebei ikozvino, kugona kusarudza - izvo zvinosanganisira kugona kuita sarudzo dzakaipa uye kutsvaga zvikonzero zvekuzviita. Ngatifungei kuti zvese izvo vadikani vehondo zvavanotiudza ndizvo. Ngatifungei kuti hondo yave yakatenderedza yakawanda uye yakareba yakareba kupfuura chero munhu akambofungidzira. Ngatifungei kuti chimps dzine chisimba ndidzo nhanho hama dzedu nehanzvadzi nepo mabonobos echiratidziro vese vakaipa muchivande. Ngatifungei kuti kusagadzikana hakuna kumbobvira kwashanda. Ngatifungei kuti hapana munhu akambonetsekana kuita chero chinhu kana kugadzira chero chinhu kana kufunga chero chinhu kunze kwechikamu chehondo.

Ndine urombo, asi sei ndaizoitira hanya kana zvese izvo zvinhu zvaive zvechokwadi? Ungandiita sei kuti ndive nehanya? Kana ndikakwanisa kusarudza kusadya kana kuita rudo kana kufema, uchaita sei kuti undiratidze kuti handikwanise kusarudza kushandira kubviswa kwehondo? Uye kana ndikakwanisa kushandira kubviswa kwehondo, nei munhu wese asingakwanise?

Iko hakuna chikonzero, chokwadika, icho munhu wese asingakwanise. Iko kune kungo kurudziro, ingori muddled mythology, ingori propaganda.