naGeorge Lakey, Kuring Nonviolence, February 28, 2022
Munhau yose, vanhu vakatarisana nokugarwa vakapinda musimba rekurwisana kusina chisimba kuti vadzivise vapambi vavo.
Sezvakangoita vazhinji pasi rese, kusanganisira zviuru zvevaRussia vakashinga vachiratidzira vachipokana nechisimba chenyika yavo nechisimba cheUkraine yakavakidzana, ndinoziva nezvezviwanikwa zvisina kukwana zvekudzivirira rusununguko rweUkraine uye kushuvira demokrasi. Biden, nyika dzeNATO, nedzimwe dziri kufambisa masimba ehupfumi, asi zvinoita kunge zvisina kukwana.
Chokwadi, kutumira masoja kunotowedzera kuipa. Asi ko kana paine chitubu chisina kushandiswa chekushandisa simba chisingambotariswe zvachose? Ko kana zviwanikwa zvakaita sezvizvi: Kune musha wakagara kwemazana emakore uchitsamira parukova, uye nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze wave kuoma. Nekuda kwemari iripo, musha uyu uri kure nerwizi zvekuti haukwanise kugadzira pombi, uye musha wakatarisana nemagumo. Chaive chisina acherechedzwa kachisipiti kadiki kaive murukova kuseri kwemakuva, uko - nemimwe midziyo yekuchera matsime - yaigona kuve tsime remvura yakawanda uye kuchengetedza musha?
Pakutanga kuona ndiyo yaive mamiriro eCzechoslovakia musi waNyamavhuvhu 20, 1968, apo Soviet Union yakatama kuti idzore hutongi hwayo - simba remauto reCzech harina kukwanisa kuiponesa. Mutungamiriri wenyika, VaAlexander Dubcek, vakavharira masoja avo mumabharaki avo kuti vadzivise kurwisana kusina maturo kwaigona kukonzera kukuvara nekuuraiwa. Sezvo mauto eWarsaw Pact akapinda munyika yake, akanyora mirairo kuvamiriri vake kuUN kuti vape nyaya ikoko, uye akashandisa maawa apakati pousiku kuzvigadzirira kusungwa uye nhamo yakanga yakamumirira muMoscow.
Zvisinei, vasingacherechedzwi naDubcek, kana kuti vatori venhau vokune dzimwe nyika kana kuti vapambi, pakanga pane yakaenzana netsime remvura mumupata uri seri kwemakuva. Chakazvibata yaive mwedzi yapfuura yekuratidzira kwakasimba kwezvematongerwo enyika neboka rinokura revanopikisa vakatsunga kuumba rudzi rutsva rwekurongeka kwevanhu: "socialism ine chiso chemunhu." Nhamba huru dzeCzechs neSlovaks dzakanga dzatove mukufamba kusati kwapinda, vachiita pamwe chete sezvavaigadzira chiono chitsva.
Kusimba kwavo kwakavabatsira pakatanga kurwiswa, uye vakavandudza zvinoyevedza. Pana Aug. 21, pakamboita kumbomira zvishoma muPrague kunonzi kwakaonekwa nemazana ezviuru. Vakuru vendege paRuzyno vakaramba kupa ndege dzeSoviet mafuta. Panzvimbo dzakati kuti, mapoka aigara munzira yaiuya namatangi; mune mumwe musha, vagari vakagadzira cheni yemunhu mhiri kwezambuko pamusoro perwizi Upa kwemaawa mapfumbamwe, zvichiita kuti matangi eRussia aite muswe.
Swastikas dzakapendwa pamatangi. Mapepa echiRussian, chiGerman nechiPolish akaparadzirwa achitsanangurira vapambi kuti vakanga vakanganisa, uye kurukurirano dzisingaverengeki dzakaitwa pakati pevarwi vakavhiringidzika nevanodzivirira nepwere dzeCzech dzakashatirwa. Mapoka emauto akapiwa nzira dzisina kururama, zviratidzo zvomumugwagwa uye kunyange zviratidzo zvomumusha zvakachinjwa, uye pakanga pane kurambwa kwebatira pamwe nezvokudya. Nhepfenyuro dzeClandestine dzinotepfenyura mazano uye nhau dzekuramba kuruzhinji.
Pazuva rechipiri rokuvhozhokera, vanhu 20,000 10 vakashumwa vakaratidzira muWenceslas Square muPrague; pazuva rechitatu kumiswa kweawa imwe chete kweawa imwe chete kwakasiya sikweya ichiripo. Pazuva rechina vadzidzi vechidiki nevashandi vakazvidza nguva yeSoviet yekudzoka nekugara-kwe-wachi-pasi-pasi pachifananidzo cheSt. Vanhu vapfumbamwe pagumi vaiva mumigwagwa yePrague vakanga vakapfeka mireza yeCzech mumabheji avo. Pose apo vaRussia vaiedza kuzivisa chimwe chinhu vanhu vaisimudza mheremhere zvokuti vaRussia vaisagona kunzwika.
Rakawanda resimba rekupikisa rakashandiswa kuderedza chido uye kuwedzera kuvhiringidzika kwemasimba anopamba. Pakazosvika zuva rechitatu, zviremera zvemauto eSoviet zvakanga zvichitumira mapepa kumauto avo ane nharo dzokupikisa kune avo veCzechs. Zuva rakatevera kutenderera kwakatanga, nezvikwata zvitsva zvichiuya mumaguta kuzotsiva mauto eRussia. Mauto, aigara achitarisana asi pasina tyisidziro yekukuvara, akanyungudika nekukurumidza.
KuKremlin, pamwe chete neCzechs neSlovaks, matanda akanga akakwirira. Kuti iwane chinangwa chayo chokutsiva hurumende, zvinonzi Soviet Union yakanga ichida kuchinja Slovakia kuti ive Soviet republic uye Bohemia neMoravia kuti ive nharaunda dzaizvitonga dzaitongwa neSoviet. Izvo izvo maSoviet akafuratira, zvisinei, ndezvekuti kutonga kwakadaro kunoenderana nekudisa kwevanhu kudzorwa - uye kuda ikoko kwaisaonekwa.
Kremlin yakamanikidzwa kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Panzvimbo pekusunga Dubcek uye kuita hurongwa hwavo, Kremlin yakabvuma kugadzirisa kwenhaurirano. Mativi ose akabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
Kune rumwe rutivi, maCzechs neSlovaks vaive vagadzirisi vasina mhirizhonga, asi vaive vasina hurongwa hwehungwaru - chirongwa chaigona kuunza mukutamba zvombo zvavo zvine simba zvekusabatana kwehupfumi, uye kubata mamwe maitiro asina mhirizhonga aripo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawana zvaidavirwa nevakawanda vavariro yavo inokosha zvikuru: kupfuurira nehurumende yeCzech panzvimbo pokutonga kwakananga kwakaitwa neSoviet. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro akanga akaita zvinhu, panguva iyoyo kwaiva kukunda kunoshamisa.
Kune vakawanda vanocherechedza kune dzimwe nyika vakanga vashamisika pamusoro pekugona kwekutora simba risina mhirizhonga yekuzvidzivirira, Nyamavhuvhu 1968 yaive yakavhura maziso. Nekudaro, Czechoslovakia, yanga isiri nguva yekutanga kutyisidzira kwehupenyu chaihwo kwakakurudzira kufunga kutsva nezvesimba rinowanzo furatirwa rehondo isina mhirizhonga.
Denmark uye ane mukurumbira mauto Strategist
Kufanana nekuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga kwemvura inonwiwa inogona kuchengetedza hupenyu, kutsvaga kwesimba risina mhirizhonga rinogona kudzivirira democracy kunokwezva tekinoroji: vanhu vanofarira kufunga nezvehunyanzvi. Munhu akadaro akanga ari BH Liddell Hart, nyanzvi yehondo yeBritain ine mukurumbira yandakasangana nayo muna 1964 paOxford University Conference on Civilian-Based Defense. (Ndakaudzwa kuti ndimudane "Changamire Basil.")
Liddell Hart akatiudza kuti akanga akokwa nehurumende yeDanish Hondo Yenyika II ichangopera kuti ataure navo nezvenzira yekudzivirira mauto. Akaita kudaro, uye akavarayira kuti vatsive mauto avo nedziviriro isina mhirizhonga inoiswa nevanhu vakadzidziswa.
Zano rake rakaita kuti ndinyatsoongorora zvakaitwa nevanhu vokuDenmark pavakatorwa nemauto neNazi Germany muHondo Yenyika II. Hurumende yeDenmark yaiziva zvamazvirokwazvo kuti kuramba nechisimba kwakanga kusina maturo uye kwaizongoguma nevakafa uye vapererwa nezano vokuDenmark. Panzvimbo pezvo, mweya wokuramba wakakura pamusoro napasi pevhu. Mambo weDanish akaramba nezviito zvekufananidzira, akatasva bhiza rake mumigwagwa yeCopenhagen kuti arambe aine hunhu uye akapfeka nyeredzi yechiJudha apo hutongi hweNazi hwakawedzera kutambudza kwahwo maJuda. Vanhu vazhinji vachiri kuziva nezvazvo nhasi ruzhinji rwakabudirira zvikuru kutiza kwevaJudha kuenda kune kwaakarerekera Sweden yakagadziridzwa neDanish pasi pevhu.
Sezvo basa richienderera mberi, maDanes akawedzera kuziva kuti nyika yavo yaive yakakosha kuna Hitler nekuda kwehupfumi hwayo. Hitler ainyanya kuverengera kumaDanes kuti avakire zvikepe zvehondo, chikamu chechirongwa chake chekurwisa England.
VaDanes vakanzwisisa (hatidaro isu tose?) kuti kana mumwe munhu akatsamira pauri pane chimwe chinhu, zvinokupa simba! Saka vashandi veDanish nehusiku humwe chete vakabva pakuva vavaki vengarava vakangwara zvikuru vezuva ravo kuenda kune vakaoma musoro uye vasingabudiriri. Zvishandiso zvakadonhedzwa "netsaona" muchiteshi chengarava, kudonha kwakaputika "kwaga" mumibato yengarava, zvichingodaro. VaGermany vakanga vapererwa nezano pane dzimwe nguva vaisundwa kukweva ngarava dzakanga dzisina kupera kubva kuDenmark kuenda kuHamburg kuti vapedze.
Sezvo kuramba kwakaramba kuchikura, kuramwa mabasa kwakawedzera, pamwe chete nevashandi kubva mumafekitari nekukurumidza nekuti “Ndinofanira kudzoka kuzotarisira gadheni rangu kuchiri nechiedza, nekuti mhuri yangu inofa nenzara pasina muriwo wedu.”
Danes akawana chiuru uye nzira imwe yekumisa kushandiswa kwavo kumaGerman. Uku hunyanzvi hwekugadzira hwakapararira hwakamira hwakasiyana kune imwe nzira yemauto yekumisa kupikisa kwechisimba - kunoitwa nechikamu chevanhu - izvo zvaizokuvadza nekuuraya vazhinji uye kuunza hurombo hwakanyanya kune vangangoita vese.
Factoring mubasa rekudzidzisa
Dzimwe nyaya dzenhoroondo dzehungwaru dzakavandudzwa dzisiri dzechisimba dzekuramba kupinda dzakaongororwa. MaNorwegian, kuti arege kukundwa nevaDanes, vakashandisa nguva yavo pasi pekutonga kweNazi kudzivirira nechisimba kutora kweNazi yehurongwa hwechikoro chavo. Izvi zvakaitika pasinei nemirairo chaiyo yeNazi yeNorway yakagadzwa kuti atarisire nyika, Vidkun Quisling, uyo aitsigirwa neuto reGermany raitora solder pavanhu gumi veNorway.
Mumwe mutori wechikamu wandakasangana naye mumusangano weOxford, Wolfgang Sternstein, akaita dissertation yake paRuhrkampf - the 1923 kusapokana nechisimba nevashandi veGerman kusvika pakupinda kwenzvimbo yekugadzira marasha nesimbi yeRuhr Valley nemauto eFrance neBelgian, aiedza kutora kugadzirwa kwesimbi kutsiva kweGerman. Wolfgang akandiudza kuti kwaive kurwa kunoshanda, kwakadanirwa nehurumende yeGerman yenguva iyoyo, Weimar Republic. Zvakanga zvanyatso shanda zvekuti hurumende dzeFrance neBelgian dzakarangarira mauto avo nekuti Ruhr Valley yese yakaramwa mabasa. “Ngavachere marasha nemabhayoti avo,” vashandi vakadaro.
Chinondishamisa sechinoshamisa pamusoro penyaya idzi nedzimwe dzakabudirira ndechekuti varwi vasina mhirizhonga vakapinda muhondo yavo vasina rubatsiro rwekudzidziswa. Ndiani mukuru weuto aizorayira mauto kuti aende kuhondo asina kutanga aadzidzisa?
Ndakaona yekutanga-ruoko mutsauko wawakaita kuvadzidzi vekuNorth muUS kuve akadzidziswa kuenda kuSouth kuMississippi uye njodzi yekutambudzwa uye kufa mumaoko evasarura. 1964 Rusununguko Zhizha rakaona zvakakosha kudzidziswa.
Saka, semuratidziri ane hunyanzvi hwekuita, ndinofunga nezve kuunganidza kunoshanda kwedziviriro kunoda kufunga-kuburikidza nezano uye kudzidziswa kwakasimba. Vechiuto vaizobvumirana neni. Uye icho saka chinobvongodza pfungwa dzangu idanho repamusoro rekubudirira kwekudzivirira kusina chisimba mumienzaniso iyi pasina kubatsirwa chero! Funga kuti vangadai vakaita sei dai vakatsigirwawo zvakachengeteka nehurongwa uye kudzidziswa.
Sei, zvino, isingade chero hurumende yedemocracy - isiri muhoki kune yemauto-indastiri complex - inoda kuongorora zvakanyanya mikana yezvidziviriro zvevanhu?
