NaNick Turse, Tom Dispatch
Hazvina basa kuti wakatarisa kupi. Kune zvombo zvinoda kusvika miriyoni nehafu zvakatumirwa nePentagon kuIraq neAfghanistan. Sezvo a tsvakurudzo inoratidza, zviri pachena kuti yakarasa track yakakwana mazana ezviuru vavo, vazhinji vavo vanoita sevakangoenda musika wakavhurika munyika umo vatengi vasingakwanisi kuva vashandi vezviroto zvedu. Kana kuti pane $ 6.5 tiririyoni (iyo haisi misprint) iyo maaccountant ebasa rimwe chete, Hondo yeUS, inoratidzika kunge yakarasika muna 2015. Kana kuti pane chokwadi chekuti Pentagon iri zvachose. haakwanisi yekuita ongororo yakabudirira pachayo kana, pane diki nyoro, iyo vakuru vakuru vayo havatombokwanise chengetedza ndeupi wevaduku vavo anoenda kunobvisa makirabhu, “nzvimbo dzevaraidzo dzevakuru,” uye makasino padhora remutero. Iwe unogona kutaura izvozvo, kunyangwe ichimedza madhora mazana matanhatu emabhiriyoni-pamwe pagore remari yedu, isangano rinoita senge rakasununguka kuziva zvishoma nezvaro (zvinoreva kuti hapana chaunoziva nezvazvo).
Izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zvisingagamuchirwe mudemocracy. Asi kugoverwa yePentagon uye nzira dzayo dzinopambadza, tisingatauri nezvekutarisa kwekuita kwayo kwemari, iri kushomeka zvinoshamisa munyika yedu. Izvo zvinofanirwa kushamisa, zvichipihwa nyika ino 800 zvigaro zvehondo pasi rose, pasi rose zvikuru maoko, uye chokwadi chekuti mashandiro ayo akakosha anga achishanda kusvika Nyika dze135 gore. Zvazvinoita, uye kupi uye sei zvinozviita, zvichipihwa kusvika kwayo nesimba rayo, zvinoita basa risingakoshi pakuona kuti chii chinoitika panyika yedu inopokana.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero ndinogara ndichizviona zvichishamisa, kunyangwe zvisingashamise, kuti, munyika yemasangano ezvenhau, anofukidza zvinoitwa nemauto eUS muAfrica - uye zvinoita. zvimwe uye zvimweipapo - zvakanyanya kusiiwa kuna Nick Turse we TomDispatch. Anga ari kubika on iyo "pivot" yemauto kuAfrica kwemakore ikozvino uye, ne zvisingawanzo of kunze, azviita ari oga. Izvi zvingadaro sei? Zviripachena zvine basa kuti mauto edu ari kuitei - kunyanya munyika umo, zvinoita sekunge, kana ichipinda munharaunda, zvipfeko zvehugandanga zvakanyanya kupararira uye kubudirira mudunhu rimwe chete. Idaidze zvinoitika kana muchida, asi kana ndiri ini, ndingade kuti maAmerican vazive nguva nenguva uye mune zvimwe zvakadzama kuti chii chaizvo chaiitwa muzita redu munyika. Tom
Mission Haigoni
Kuchengeta Track yeUS Special Ops muAfrica
By Nick Turse
Dzimwe nguva nhau chaidzo dziri muruzivo - kana kunyangwe mukusiyana. Tora, semuenzaniso, mishoni dzemauto eAmerica ane hunyanzvi muAfrica.
Maiva muna Gunyana 2014. Denga rakanga rakajeka uye rakajeka uye nechando chechando sezvo varume vakapfeka kamouflage vaifamba vachienda kumusuwo wakavhurika uye vakadonha pasina chinhu. Imwe nguva nhengo yeU.S. 19th Special Forces Group uye maparatroopers eMoroccan akanga achibhururuka kumusoro kumusoro kweNorth Africa mumhepo inotinhira yeC-130; inotevera, vakanga vari silhouetted padenga risina makore, maparachuti egirini anopenya achizadza nemhepo, sezvaakatanga vasakukurwa kudzokera panyika.
Masoja aya aitora chikamu muJoint Combined Exchange Training, kana kuti JCET mission, yakaitwa pasi pechirongwa cheSpecial Operations Command Forward-West Africa kunze kweCamp Ram Ram, Morocco. Yakanga iri nguva yekutanga mumakore akati wandei kuti mauto eAmerica neMoroccan aite kudzidziswa kwendege pamwe chete, asi imwe chete yemazhinji mamishini eJCET muna 2014 akabvumira mauto eAmerica ane hunyanzvi, akadzidziswa zvakanyanya kukwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwavo uku vachiumba hukama nevadyidzani vemuAfrica. .
Nzira yakakosha iyo mauto eUS akawedzera kubatanidzwa kwayo mukondinendi, maJCET akaitwa mukuwedzera kwenhamba yenyika dzeAfrica mumakore achangopfuura, maererano nemagwaro achangobva kuwanikwa. TomDispatch kuburikidza neRusununguko rweRuzivo Act (FOIA). Kana zvasvika kumauto eUS anobatanidzwa, mauto ekunze ari kutora chikamu, uye madhora emutero eUS akashandiswa, huwandu hwave huchikwira. Kubva 2013 kusvika 2014, sekuratidzwa kwemafaira achangobva kuburitswa, mutengo weti wakapetwa kaviri, kubva pamadhora 3.3 miriyoni kusvika $6.2 miriyoni.
Kuwedzera uku kunopa hwindo mukukosha kuri kuwedzera kwemamishini akadai neUS Special Operations mauto (SOF) pasi rese, kusanganisira mabasa avo ari kuramba achionekwa mukukonana kubva. Iraki uye Siriya to Yemeni uyeAfuganisitani. Pazuva ripi neripi, zviuru gumi zvevashandi vakasarudzika "vanoiswa" kana "kuendeswa mberi" vachiita mishini mhiri kwemakungwa "kubva kuseri kwezviitiko-kuunganidza-ruzivo uye kuvaka-vadyidzani kusvika kune yepamusoro-yekupedzisira mashandiro ane simba" - saka General Joseph Votel, pamusangano. nguva mukuru weSpecial Operations Command, Akaudzwa Dare reSenate Armed Services muna Kurume.
Kuburikidza nenhamba dzakadai, kukosha kuri kukura kwepivot yemauto eUS kuAfrica kunova pachena. Nhamba yemauto epamusoro akaiswa ikoko, semuenzaniso, yave ichikwira zvishoma nezvishoma. Muna 2006, chikamu chevashandisi vakamira-mberi mukondinendi chakakwira pa1%. Muna 2014, nhamba iyoyo yakarova 10% - kusvetuka kwe900% mukati memakore asingasviki gumi. Nepo maJCET achingoita chikamu chidiki cheiyo mazana mauto-ku-chiuto anoitwa nemauto eUS muAfrica gore rega rega, vanoita basa repamusoro mupivot ipapo, zvichibvumira US Africa Command (AFRICOM) kudzamisa hukama hwayo neakasiyana-siyana evadyidzani vemuAfrica kuburikidza nekuedza kweAmerica zvakanyanya. mauto akavanzika uye asina kunyatsoongororwa.
Chaizvo kuti mangani maJCET akaitwa muAfrica, zvisinei, akasviba zvakanyanya. Zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa kubva kuUS Special Operations Command (SOCOM) kuburikidza neFOIA iripo nhamba imwe chete; AFRICOM inopa imwe. Zvinokwanisika kuti hapana anonyatsoziva nhamba yechokwadi. Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi, zvisinei, maererano neongororo yakaitwa neRAND, America's premier think tank yekuongorora mauto: chirongwa ichi chinogara chichiburitsa mhedzisiro yakaipa.
Iyo Grey Zone
maererano kuSOCOM, Special Operations Command Africa (SOCAFRICA) iri, paavhareji, “inogara ichibatanidzwa” munenge hafu yenyika 54 dzeAfrica, “ichishanda pamwe uye kuburikidza nevamwe vedu vemuAfrica.” Kana ari iye, mukuru weSOCAFRICA Brigadier General Donald Bolduc akataura kuti chikwata chake chevashandi 1,700 "chakabatikana gore rose munyika makumi maviri nembiri."
Iyo 2014 SOCOM zvinyorwa TomDispatch vakawana chiziviso chekuti, pamusoro pekuita maJCET, US Special Operations mauto akatora chikamu mugoreFlintlock kurovedza muviri, kunosanganisira 22 nyika, uye mabasa mana ane mazita:Juniper Shield, nhamburiko yakasiana-siana, yaichimbova yakazivikanwa seOperation Enduring Freedom-Trans Sahara, yakanangidzirwa kuNorthwest Africa; Juniper Micron, basa rinotsigirwa neUnited States rekuFrance neAfrica rekudzikamisa Mali (zvichitevera kupidigura hurumende kwakaitwa nemukuru akadzidziswa neUS) kugaya kubvira 2013; Octave Shield, basa rinotora nguva refu richirwisa varwi muEast Africa; uyeObservant Compass, kuedza kwakafanana kwenguva refu kwakanangana nemhondi Lord's Resistance Army yaJoseph Kony muCentral Africa (mukuru weAFRICOM achangobva pamudyandigere David Rodriguez. kusekwa semutoro unodhura uye usina kukosha).
Mauto eAmerica epamusoro-soro muAfrica anoshanda mune inonzi neBolduc "nzvimbo yegrey, pakati pehondo yechinyakare nerunyararo." Mukutaura kwevasina basa, mishoni dzayo dziri kuwedzera mumumvuri wekondinendi iyo United States inoona sekuwedzera kusachengeteka, kusagadzikana, uye kuputika nemapoka emagandanga.
"Kushanda muGrey Zone kunoda kuti SOCAFRICA iite basa rekutsigira kune mamwe masangano mazhinji," akadaro. Akaudzwa ari CTC Sentinel, kuburitswa kweCombating Terrorism Center kuWest Point. "Munhu anofanira kunzwisisa, muAfrica isu hatisi mhinduro yekinetic. Kana zvichidikanwa, nyika dzinodyidzana dzinofanirwa kuita iwo marudzi emabasa. Isu tinoita, zvakadaro, kuvaka kugona uku, kugovera ruzivo, kupa zano nerubatsiro, uye kuperekedza nerutsigiro nevanokwanisa. ”
Zviri pamutemo, iyo Joint Combined Exchange Training chirongwa haina kunyanya nezve zano nerubatsiro, rutsigiro, kana kudzidzisa vadyidzani, sekunge kuri kupa maNavy SEALs, Green Berets, uye vamwe vakasarudzika vanoshanda nemikana yakasarudzika yekukwenenzvera hunyanzvi hwavo - kunyanya, zvisingaite. hondo nekudzivirirwa kwekunze kwekunze - mhiri kwemakungwa. "Chinangwa cheJCETs ndechekusimudzira kudzidziswa kweUS SOF muhunyanzvi hwakakosha nekudzidziswa pamwe nemauto-enyika munyika dzekumba kwavo," sekureva kwemutauriri weSOCOM Ken McGraw. "Chirongwa ichi chinogonesa US SOF kuti ivake kugona kwavo kuita mashandiro nemauto emubatanidzwa wenyika munzvimbo isingazivikanwe vachivandudza hunyanzvi hwemutauro, uye kujairana nenharaunda netsika."
Mvumo yechirongwa cheJCET inoita, zvisinei, tendera kuti "zvinobatsira zvekudzidzira" kuti "zviwande kune dzimwe nyika dzine hushamwari pasina muripo." Muchokwadi, vanoti nyanzvi, iyi inguva kuwanda chinangwa cheJCETs.
Mission Haigoni
US Special Operations Mauto akaita makumi maviri eJCET muAfrica muna 20, maererano nemagwaro akawanikwa kubva kuSOCOM. Aya mamishini akaitwa munyika gumi, kubva pasere pagore rapfuura. Zvina zvakaitika muKenya neUganda; vatatu muChad; maviri muMorocco neTunisia; uye imwe neimwe muDjibouti, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, neTanzania. "Zviitiko izvi zvaive zvakakosha kudzidzisa mapuratifomu akabvumira US SOF kudzidzisa uye kuchengetedza mune ese epakati uye hunyanzvi hunyanzvi, ichishanda nemaoko nemauto enyika," anodaro mafaera. Mauto emuAfrica aibatanidzwa aisvika zviuru zviviri nemazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe, kubva pa2014 muna 10. Huwandu hwevashandisi vekuUS hwakawedzera kubva pa2,770 kuenda ku2,017.
Zvinoshamisa sezvazviri nhamba idzi, nhamba chaidzo dzinogona kuramba dzichikwira. AFRICOM inoti haina kuita makumi maviri nenhanhatu maJCET mu20, zvichienderana nenhamba dzakapihwa gore rapfuura nemutauriri Chuck Prichard. Kusiyana kwakafanana kunogona kuwanikwa muhuwandu hwepamutemo hwemakore apfuura zvakare. Sekureva kwaPrichard, vashandi vakasarudzika vakaita “maJCET angangosvika mapfumbamwe muAfrica yose muFiscal Year 26” uye gumi nemasere muna 2014. Zvinyorwa zvakawanikwa ne TomDispatch kuburikidza neRusununguko rweRuzivo Mutemo kubva kuhofisi yemutevedzeri wemunyori wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyaya dzemitemo inoratidza, zvisinei, kuti kwaive ne19 maJCET muna 2012 uye makumi maviri muna 20.
AFRICOM yakafuratira zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa kuti zvijekeswe pamusoro pemisiyano pakati penhamba idzi. Maemail akawanda ane mitsara yenyaya inoratidza mibvunzo nezve JCETs yakatumirwa kumutauriri Anthony Falvo, "akadzimwa asina kuverengerwa," maererano nemarisiti ekudzoka otomatiki. Kukumbirwa tsananguro yekuti sei AFRICOM neSOCOM isingabvumirane pahuwandu hweJCET mukondinendi kana kana paine anonyatsoziva nhamba chaiyo, Ken McGraw weSpecial Operations Command akarambwa. "Handizive kwakabva ruzivo rweAFRICOM," akadaro TomDispatch. "Sekuziva kwangu, ruzivo rwawakapihwa nehofisi yedu rwakabva kukuzivisa zviri pamutemo."
Muchokwadi, kutarisisa kunoshanda kunyangwe kumwe kuedza kwevanofamba netsoka kunowanzo kunetsa kuwana, nekuda kwekusajeka kwemauto uye kusajeka kwezvirongwa zvekubatsira, anodaro Colby Goodman, director weSecurity Assistance Monitor kuCentre for. International Policy. "Uye kune maJCET nezvimwe zvirongwa zveSpecial Operations," anodaro, "zvakatonyanya kuoma."
Zvichipa kuti mirairo miviri inobatanidzwa nechirongwa cheJCET haigoni kunyange kusvika pakubvumirana pamusoro pehuwandu hwemisheni inobatanidzwa inomutsa mubvunzo wakapfava asi wakatsvaira: Pane anonyatsoziva here zviri kuitwa nemauto eAmerica epamusoro-soro muAfrica?
Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu, hazvifanirwe kushamisa munhu kuti mauto asingakwanise kuchengeta nhamba yakapusa yerudzi rumwe rwemishoni pane imwe kondinendi angasangana nematambudziko neakakura, akaomarara mabasa.
Mamwe Mamishinari, Matambudziko Akawanda
In uchapupu pamberi peSeneti Armed Services Committee munaKurume, mukuru aiuya weSOCOM, General Raymond Thomas III, vakatara chiono chakakura che "zano reUS muAfrica." Zvaisanganisira "kusatsigira Al-Shabaab muEast Africa" uye kupa hurumende yeSomalia simba kuita zvimwe chetezvo; "kushanda nevatinoshanda navo vemuAfrica kuNorth neWest Africa kuona kuti vari kuda uye vanokwanisa kuve nekusagadzikana muLibya, kusvibisa maVEOs [Mhirizhonga Yemhirizhonga] mudunhu reSahel-Maghreb, uye kurambidza kuyerera kwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo," zvakare. sekushanda nevadyidzani vemuAfrica kuti vatore Boko Haram uye kupa Nigeria simba rekudzvinyirira boka remagandanga.
"SOF inoshandisa hurongwa uhu nekuva chikamu che [chikwata] chepasi rose chevadyidzani vemunyika nekunze vanoita zvinoramba, kubatanidza, uye kugovera mabasa akazara akasarudzika mukutsigira AFRICOM kusimudzira kugadzikana nebudiriro muAfrica," akadaro Thomas. "Nyika dzekupedzisira dzeSOCAFRICA ndedzekuita kuti Al-Shabaab neAl Qaeda Affiliates uye Adherents muEast Africa, dzive nekusagadzikana kweLibya uye Masangano Akasimba Emhirizhonga nemamwe masangano emagandanga kuNorth neWest Africa, uye kudzikisira Boko Haram."
Bolduc, mukuru weSOCAFRICA, akataura kuti US iri munzira yekuzadzisa zvinangwa izvozvo. "Rubatsiro rwedu rwekuchengetedza uye kuraira-uye-kubatsira kuedza muAfrica kwave kushanda sezvo tiri kuramba tichiona kuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza kwese kwese kwedziviriro nyika dzemuAfrica mukondinendi yese," akadaro kutanga kwegore rino. "Zviripachena, kwave nekufambira mberi mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvichipesana nedzimwe, asi maitiro andinoona neaya masimba akanaka."
Ongororo dzakazvimirira dzinoratidza zvakasiyana. Dhata kubva kuNational Consortium yeChidzidzo chehugandanga uye Mhinduro kuhugandanga paYunivhesiti yeMaryland. ratidza, semuenzaniso, kuti kurwiswa kwehugandanga kwakawedzera mumakore gumi apfuura, zvichingoenderana nekugadzwa kweAFRICOM. Pamberi pazvo yakava murairo wakazvimirira muna 2007, kwaive nezviitiko zvisingasviki mazana mana pagore muSouth Africa yeSahara. Gore rakapera, nhambayakazosvika vanoda kusvika 2,000.
Saizvozvo, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, iyo inoshandisa mishumo yenhau kutarisa mhirizhonga, inoratidza kuti "zviitiko zvekukonana" jumpedZvakajeka, kubva pasi pe4,000 kusvika kune vanopfuura 15,000 pagore, pamusoro penguva imwe chete.
Kutanga kwegore rino, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro pacharo Africa Center for Strategic Studies, sangano rekutsvagisa rakazvipira kuongorora nyaya dzekuchengetedza kondinendi iyi, rakakwevera ngwariro kukuwedzera kuri kuita hugandanga hwekuuraya ikoko mumakore achangopfuura. Izvo zvakare rakabudiswa mepu ye“Africa’s Active Militant Islamist Groups” yakaratidza masangano makumi maviri nemaviri ari kutyisidzira kondinendi. Bolduc pachake akataura kakawanda nezvehuwandu hwemagandanga anoda kusvika makumi mashanu uye "mapoka ane huipi" ari kushanda muAfrica, kubva pakutyisidzira kukuru kwakataurwa nemukuru weAFRICOM Carter Ham muna 22.
Pamusoro pekunetsa maitiro ese muAfrica kubva kuUS pivot ikoko, maJCET akashoropodzwa zvakanyanya. Chirevo che2013 neRAND Corporation nezve "kuvaka shamwari kugona" (BPC) yakataura zvipimo zvakati wandei zvechirongwa. "Mauto eUS haagone kupa rutsigiro kumidziyo yekudyidzana pasi peJCETs uye haakwanise kudzidzisa yakazvipira muhunyanzvi hweCT [counterterrorism] (saka haigone kuronga BPC)," akadaro. akadaro. Pakupedzisira chidzidzo cheRAND, icho chakagadzirirwa Pentagon's Joint Staff uye Hofisi yeKuongorora Mutengo uye Chirongwa Chekuongorora muHofisi yeMunyori weDziviriro, akawanikwa "Zviri pakati nepakati" kushanda kweJCETs inoitwa muAfrica.
Mune email, mutauriri weSOCOM, Ken McGraw, akati haana nguva yekuongorora zvakabuda muongororo yeRAND uye akaramba kupa mhinduro pazviri.
Amai iShoko
Mauto eUS haakwanise kana kutadza kubvumirana kuti mamisheni mangani akaitwa nemauto awo epamusoro-soro muAfrica. Zvinoshamisa sezvingaite senge, zvakapihwa kuti tiri kutaura nezve sangano iro rine mukurumbira risingakwanise kuchengeta mari yacho. anoshandisa kana zvombo inotumira kumauto emubatanidzwa kana kunyange kuongorora pachayo, zvinogoneka zvachose kuti hapana anonyatsoziva kuti maJCET mangani - uye semhedzisiro kuti mangani mamishini akakosha - akaitwa mukondinendi, kwaakaitika, kana kuti chii chakaitika mukati mawo.
Chinozivikanwa ndechekuti ongororo yakaitwa nePentagon neRAND, hombe yekuAmerica yekufunga tangi uye mauto ekuenda kunoongororwa, akawana kuti chirongwa cheJCET chakaburitsa mhedzisiro yakaipa. Iwo mauto ane mauto akaita kudzidziswa, zvisinei, anogona kunge asina kutomboziva nezvemakore ekudzidza uye haape mhinduro pazviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, murairo unotarisira kondinendi uko kudzidziswa kunoitwa hautombobvumi mibvunzo pamusoro pechirongwa, ndoda kupa mhinduro.
Nekuongorora kwakazvimirira kunoratidza mhirizhonga ine zvombo uye kurwiswa kwehugandanga kuri kuwedzera muAfrica, nzvimbo yePentagon yekudzidza kondinendi inoratidza kufa kwehugandanga, uye mukuru wemauto eAmerica akanyanya kusimba muAfrica achibvuma kuwanda kwemapoka emagandanga ikoko, pamwe hazvisizvo. zvinoshamisa kuti mauto eUS haafarire kutarisa zvakanyanya pakuedza kwawo mumakore gumi apfuura. Nyanzvi, zvisinei, dzinoti kuchengeta vanhu vekuAmerica murima kune ngozi kune democracy uye kutyisidzira kune inoshanda mhiri kwemakungwa mauto eUS.
"Pane kushaikwa kukuru kwekubuda pachena pamhando iyi yekudzidziswa uye izvo zvinotadzisa vashandi veCongress uye veruzhinji kuti vatarise," anodaro Colby Goodman weCentre for International Policy. Akabvunzwa kakawanda nezve zvakataurwa naGoodman, Anthony Falvo weAFRICOM akapa mhinduro yake isingaite: Maemail kumutauriri ari kutsvaga mhinduro "akabviswa asina kuverengwa."
Chinyorwa chakawanikwa pa: http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176182/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_what_the_u.s._military_doesn%27t_know_%28and_neither_do_you%29/#more
