Mharidzo yeV VI Symposium pamusoro pekudzingwa kweZvondo zveMasoja kunze kwenyika
Guantanamo, Cuba, May 4-6, 2019
NaColonel Ann Wright
Ndinofanira kutanga mharidzo yangu nekukumbira ruregerero kuvanhu veCuba kunyika yangu, United States of America inotora nyika yekutonga yeCuba yeNaval Base yeGuantanamo, nzvimbo yemauto iyo US yakabata nguva refu kunze kweUS nedzimba zvekare Makore gumi nemasere jeri rine mukurumbira riri ipapo.
Iniwo ndinokumbira ruregerero pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvinotyisa izvo US inenge iine vanhu veCuba kwemakore anopfuura 50 sehugandanga hwezvematongerwo enyika uye maitiro ekutyisidzirwa nekudzorera kwekusapfukira kune kuda kweAmerica kwemakore anopfuura 61, kubva kuCuban Revolution.
Iniwo ndinoita ruregerero rukuru kune Mutungamiri weCuban Institute for Ushamwari hwePeoples (ICAP) Fernando Gonzalez nekuda kwekuvharirwa kwake mumutemo muUnited States uye kune vamwe vanhu vanozivikanwa seCuban Five avo vakanga vasungwa zvisina kukodzera muSouth America
Ini ndinodawo kukumbira ruregerero kuvanhu veVenezuela neNicaragua nezve basa reUS mukuyedza kupidigura hurumende dzakasarudzwa kuenda kunyika dzadzo nezvirango zvakaiswa neUS kunyika idzodzo. Ini ndinokumbirawo ruregerero kuvanhu veHonduras nebasa iro rakatorwa neUS mukupidigura hurumende yavo. Panguva ino, pakukumbirwa neHurumende yeVenezuela, shamwari muWashington, DC dziri kutora Embassy yeVenezuela kudzivirira vanoedza kupidigura vaJuan Guaido kubva pakupinda muchivako cheEmbassy.
Iye zvino kumusoro wehurukuro yangu. The 70th Chirangaridzo cheNorth Atlantic Chibvumirano Sangano (NATO) chakaitirwa muWashington, DC Kubvumbi 3 na4, 2019. Masangano mazhinji akauya kuWashington kuzopokana neanopikisa nzira kuRussia iyo yaita Europe imwe nzvimbo yenhamo mushure memakore anopfuura makumi maviri neCold. Hondo yapera munhoroondo.
Mumakore gumi apfuura, US uye NATO vave vachishandira zvigaro zvemauto muBaltic, Scandinavia uye Eastern Europe nyika pamwe nemuganhu weRussia.
MuEstonia, kune NATO inotungamirirwa neBritain uye yakagadzirwa nemauto e800 kubva kuDenmark uye kuFrance ne4 German Dutu reJyphoon riri kuita mabhizimisi e "Air Policing".
MuLatvia, kune 1,200 munhu wehondo yakatungamirirwa neKanada uye yakaumbwa nevarwi veAlbania, Italy, Poland, Spain neSlovenia.
MuLithuania, mumwe munhu we1,200 battalion anotungamirirwa neGermany nevarwi vanobva kuBelgium, Croatia, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands neNorway ne4 Dutch F-16 jet iri kuita maBaltic "Air Policing" misasa.
Pakave nekuwedzera kwemajeri ezviuto zveEstonia neLatvia neLithuania zvakapetanidza bhajeti rehondo remauto nekuda kweNATO kudzvinyirira.
MuPoland, kune US Aegis nyika-based missile system uye 4,000 US inotungamirira bhoti nehondo dzakakura, kusanganisira 250 matangi, Bradley Kurwisa Zvimoto uye Paladin vaiti.
MuRomania, veUnited States vakaisa Aegis nyika-based missile system, yekutanga kuEurope kubva kuCold War.
Kumusoro kuchamhembe kweEurope muScandinavia, nATO yakakurisa mauto ehondo kubva pakuguma kweCold War, inonzi Trident Juncture 18, yakaitwa muNorway kubva munaOctober 25 kusvika kuNovember 7, 2018 mune zvakaratidzwa zvikuru zvemasimba zvakatarisa kutyisidzira Russia.
Vakakomberedza zviuru makumi mashanu zvemasoja kubva kunyika makumi matatu nenomwe - nyika dzeNATO-makumi maviri nenomwe nyika pamwe neSweden neFinland - vakatora chikamu mumatanho akarongwa pakati peNorway yezvivakwa zvepasi, kuNorth Atlantic neBaltic Sea yekuita basa regungwa, uye muNorway, Sweden uye Finnish airspace.
Iwo angangoita zviuru gumi zvemasoja kupfuura muStrong Resolve Exercises muPoland muna 10,000, iyo yakaunza pamwechete nhengo dzeAlliance uye nyika gumi nenomwe dzekudyidzana.
Dzinosvika zviuru gumi mota dzakatora chikamu muchiitwa chemauto uye kana dzakamisikidzwa kumugumo-kusvika-kumagumo, convoy yaizove makiromita 10,000 kana 92 mamaira kureba. Ndege mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nezvikepe makumi matanhatu zvakatora chikamu, kusanganisira iyo nhare yenyukireya-inofambiswa nendege USS Harry S. Truman.
Anopfuura makumi maviri emauto epasi, pamwe nevashandi vemauto zviuru makumi maviri nemana vanosanganisira maMarines eU.S., 20,000 vashandi vemauto emuchadenga, vangangoita chiuru vevashandi vezvigadzirwa uye 24,000 vashandi vanobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzeNATO.
Iwo mashanu epamusoro akapa nyika dzaive United States, Germany, Norway, Britain neSweden, nenzira iyoyo.
Mu2017, kunyangwe paine kuratidzira kwakasimba kubva kuRussia, 330 US Marines akaendeswa kutenderera kuNorway nzvimbo yekudzidzira kuVærnes pakati peNorway. IU.S. inoda kuwedzera huwandu hwemauto eUS kusvika mazana manomwe uye ovaisa kumusoro kuSermoen, makiromita mazana mana nemakumi maviri kubva kuRussia. Chibvumirano chekutumirwa kuUS chaizowedzerwa kubva pamwedzi mitanhatu iriko inowedzerwazve kusvika pamakore mashanu.
Kuwedzeredzwa kweRussia kweCrimea muna2014 ndiyo pfungwa yeNATO inoshandiswa kuwedzera vashandi veUS / NATO nechepakati nekumabvazuva kweEurope. Hurumende yeRussia yakadzokorora uye kushoropodza kuendesa kwemauto eUS kuNorway.
Sezvo kuwedzera kweRussia kuCrimea mu2014, Poland yakave chinhu chinokosha yekuwedzera kweUnited States muEastern Europe, kusanganisira dzokorora deployments ye173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team kuratidza kuunganidza nokukurumidza masimba eUnited States neNATO. MunaAgasti, US Air Force yakashandiswa mashanu F-22 Raptors uye 40 airmen kuPoland kuti vatore chikamu mumashandiro ekubatana ikoko.
IU.America zvakare yakashuma kuti US Army Europe iri kuwedzera kuvepo kwayo kwemauto nekuwedzera varwi ve1,500 kuhondo yayo muGermany.
Mauto akati muna September 2018 kuti itsva iyo inoshandiswa zvakarongerwa kutanga gore rino uye kuti mauto nemhuri dzavo dzinofanira kunge dziri munzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweGermany neSeptember 2020.
Kune makumi matatu nemazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemaviri emauto eUS kuGerman uye mazana makumi masere nemazana masere nemakumi maviri nemaviri emauto eUS kuEurope:
Sangano rePolish rekudzivirira bazi rinoronga matunhu enyika yeBydgoszcz neTeruń senzvimbo dzingangodaro dzechikamu chekufungidzira cheUS. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo NATO's Joint Force Training Center yatove nemusoro muBydgoszcz.
Kuuya kweuto reUnited States kuEurope kwakasvika pakakwirira mukati memazana makumi mashanu kune mauto anopfuura 450,000 anoshandisa pane zvinopfuura 1,200. Mushure mokuguma kweCold War, mauto eUnited States muEurope akakurumidza kupera kusvika ku213,000 servicemen, uye gare gare ku1993 yakaderera kunyange kuwedzera kune 112,000 servicemen. Nhasi kune 64, 112 mauto emaAmerica akamira zvachose muEurope. Zvigadziriswa zvehondo uye veuto reUnited States muEurope (EUCOM) inogona kuiswa muzvikamu.
ZVIMWE ZVEMUSORO DZEMUSI MILITARY
Mauto ehondo https://southfront.org/military-analysis-us-military-presence-in-europe/
- Main operating bases zvivako zvakakura zvinokwanisa kugadzirisa nhamba yakawanda yakakura yemauto anogara nekugadziriswa ane zvigadziriswa zvakasimbiswa.
- Pamberi yekushandisa nzvimbo inonyanya kushandiswa nekushandura simba. Izvi zvigadziriro zvinokwanisa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
- Cooperative kuchengeteka nzvimbo kazhinji hauna mauto akaiswa zvachose uye anochengetedzwa nekontikiti kana kutsigira-sangano rutsigiro.
IUU US Command yeEurope, EUCOM, inokonzera kushanda kwechiuto, kubatana, huwandu hwekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza sechikamu cheUnited States mberi nekuzvidzivirira. EUCOM ine zvishanu: US Naval Forces Europe (NAVEUR), US Army Europe (USAREUR), US Air Force muEurope (USAFE), US Marine Force Europe (MARFOREUR), US Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR).
- Mauto eUnited States eEurope (NAVEUR) inopa mutemo wose, kutonga uye kubatana kwezvinhu zvose zveSouth maritime izvo zvino zvichishandiswa muEurope uye zviri muNaples, Italy iyo inosvikawo pamba yeSitanhatu Fleet.
- US Army Europe (USAREUR) iri muWiesbaden, Germany. Pamusoro peCold War, US Army yakanga inenge mauto e300,000 akaendeswa kuEurope, nhasi nheyo yeUSAREUR inoumbwa nemauto maviri ehondo nehondo uye mhirizhonga iri muGermany neItaly.
- US Air Force muEurope (USAFE) ine zvidzidzo zvisere zvitanhatu muEurope ine mazana ne39,000 inoshanda, kuchengetedzwa uye vashandi vehurumende. USAFE inotsigira hurumende dzinoenderera mberi muEurope uye yainyanya kushanda munguva yenhamo muLibhiya.
- US Marine Force Europe (MARFOREUR) yakagadzirwa mumakore makumi masere nemasere anopfuura 200 marines, nhasi murairo unogadzirirwa muBöblingen, Germany kune ma1,500 marines anoshandiswa kutsigira EUCOM neNATO misheni. MARFORE aishanda muBalkans, uye ane maitiro echiuto nguva dzose kunyanya nemauto eNorway.
- US Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) inopa rugare nguva yekugadzirira nekushanda kwekushanda kwekushanda kushanda masimba munguva isingabvumirwi hondo munharaunda yeEUCOM nzvimbo yekuita basa. SHEURURI yakabatanidzwa mumasangano akasiyana-siyana ekuvaka matongerwo emabasa uye kubudiswa kwemaAfrica kunyanya muAfrica, yakange ichiita basa muBalkans munguva yepfumbamwe uye yakatsigira kurwisana kwemauto munguva yeIraq neAlgan wars.
NUCLEAR WEAPONI MU EUROPE
Kunze kwezvigadzirisheni zveFrench neBritish izvo US inoramba iine nhamba yakawanda yezvombo zvenyukireya muEurope. Munguva yeCold War nguva yeUnited States yakanga iine huwandu hwemagetsi ezvombo zvenyukireya muEurope, asi mushure mokuguma kweCold War nekuwa kweSoviet Union iyo yakaderera nokukurumidza. Nhasi maererano nezvimwe zvisingafungidziki, US inopoteredza 2,500 kusvika ku150 hondo yakaiswa muItaly, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands neBelgium. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvizhinji zvezvombo izvi ndezvekusununguka kwemabhomba anokonzerwa nema aircrafts.
Kunyange zvazvo zvombo zvenyukireya zviri kuWestern Europe zvakasunungurwa zvachose uye kubviswa kwehondo idzi hazvigoni kuitika, zvichifunga mamiriro ezvinhu muUkraine uye kuMiddle East. Kune mhando mbiri dzezvigadziro zvino zvichishandiswa kuchengetedza zvombo zvenyukireya muEurope: Nuclear Air Bases neMafasheni Emhepo neMagetsi eNyukliya munzvimbo yakachengetedza.
Nzvimbo dzeMhepo yeNyukireya ndeyeLakenheath (UK), Volkel (Netherlands), Kleine Broggle (Belgium), Buchel (Germany), Ramstein (Germany), Ghadei Torre (Italy), Aviano (Italy) uye Incirlik (Turkey).
Nheyo dzeMhepo neNyukiliya mumamiriro ekuchengetedza ari muNorvenich (Germany), Araxos (Greece), Balikesir (Turkey), Akinci (Turkey). IGermany ine zvombo zvenyukireya zvikuru zveUnited States izvo zvinogona kuchengetwa kupfuura mabhii 150. Zvombo izvi zvose zvinogona kutamiswa nekuendeswa kune dzimwe nheyo kana dzimwe nyika kana zvichidikanwa.
- US Bases iri muUnited Kingdom
- Menwith Hill Air Base
- Mildenhall Air Base
- Alcon Bury Air Base
- Croughton Air Base
- Fairford Air Base
- US Bases iri muGermany
- USAG Hohenfels
- USAG Weisbaden
- USAG Hessen
- USAG Schweinfurt
- USAG Bamberg
- USAG Grafenwoehr
- USAG Ansbach
- USAG Darmstadt
- USAG Heidelberg
- USAG Stuttgart
- USAG Kaiserslautern
- USAG Baumholder
- Spangdahlem Air Base
- Ramstein Air Base
- Panzer Kaserne (US Marine base)
- US Bases iri muBelgium
- USAG Benelux
- USAG Brussels
- US Bases iri muNetherlands
- USAG Schinnen
- Joint Force Command
- US Bases iri muItaly
- Aviano Air Base
- Caserma Ederle
- Camp Darby
- NSA La Maddalena
- NSA Gaeta
- NSA Naples
- NSA Sigonella
- Mabhesheni ari muSerbia / Kosovo
- Camp Bondsteel
- US Bases iri muBulgaria
- Graf Ignatievo Air Base
- Bezmer Air Base
- Aitos Logistics Center
- Novo Selo Range
- US Bases iri muGreece
- NSA Souda Bay
- US Bases iri muTurkey
- Izmir Air Base
- Incirlik Air Base
Kuwedzerwa kweRussia kweCrimea pakukumbira kwevanhu veCrimea avo vakavhota nokuda kwechikwata chechibvumirano, vakapa varwi vehondo muZimbabwe neNATO maonero avanofunga kuti vanoda kuwedzera zvakanyanya nhamba nesimba rekumanikidza zvehondo zvehondo Scandinavia nenyika dzeBaltic.
Uyezve, kurwisana kwemauto eUnited States neRussia uye kunze kwenyika muSiria uye muVenezuela kwave kuri kururamisira kwekuwedzera mubhadharo yeuto reUnited States, nepo hurumende yeRussia ine bhajeti yegumi chete zvegumi zvebhadha reUnited States uye iduku zvikuru kana achienzaniswa nemabhadharo ehondo akabatanidzwa emarudzi ose e29-NATO.
US MILITARY IN AFRICA
Ndinoda kuunza kukucherechedza kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwehuwandu hwemauto eUS nemauto munyika dzeAfrica pasi pemutemo weUS unonzi AFRICOM. Zvinoenderana netsvagurudzo yakaitwa naNick Turse naSean Naylor yakatumirwa muna Kubvumbi 19, 2019, inonzi "Iyo Yekutsika kweUS muAfrica," pane makumi matatu neshanu "kodhi-yakatumidzwa" kurovedza kwemauto nemauto eUS munyika 35.
ARMADA SWEEP: Sangano reUnited States reNavy Navy rinotarisirwa kubva kune ngarava kubva kumhenderekedzo yeEast Africa, Armada Sweep inotsigira hondo yeAmerica yekuAmerica munharaunda yacho.
Bases used: tsva
ECHO CASEMATE: Iko kushanda kunobatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana muCentral African Republic. Yakatanga muna 2013 se tsigira basa rehurumende yeFrance neAfrica yakatumirwa kuCentral African Republic inotambudzika nechinangwa chekuchengetedza runyararo uye yakaramba ichipa mazano-uye-kubatsira basa kune avo veAfrica vanochengetedza rugare. Zvisinei, mauto eUnited States haafambidzani neshamwari dzavo mumunda kana kuvadzidzisa. Basa racho rakavharawo kuiswa kwevatengesi uye Marines kuzochengetedza Embassy yeUnited States kuBangui uye kuendeswa kwebasa rekuSain rakasarudzwa kuti ribatsire mumiriri weUnited States mumisasa kupikisa Ishe's Resistance Army. Mumazuva okutanga ekushanda, mauto eUnited States akaputira mazana emasoja eBurundi, matani emidziyo uye anopfuura gumi nemaviri emotokari kuenda kuCentral African Republic, according kuAfrica. Hondo yeUnited States yakaenderera mberi kutakura French mauto mukati uye kunze kweCentral African Republic, uye iyo mission yakanga ichiri kuenderera mberi kwekutanga kwe2018.
Bashandisa: Abeche, Chad
EXILE HUNTER: Imwe yemhuri yezvimwecheteyo inonzi maitiro ekupandukira ayo US maitiro ekushanda akakwirira akaitwa muEast Africa. Mutungamiri Wakatapwa aiva chirongwa che127 iyo mauto makuru eUnited States akadzidzira uye akagadzirira simba reEtiopiya mukurwisana nehupanduki muSomalia. Bolduc anoti akaivhara mu2016 nokuti hurumende yeEthiopiya yakanga isinganzwisisiki pamusoro pesimba risina kuwira pasi pemurairo wayo. Zvisinei, rimwe reFebruary 2018 Defence Department Pamazita yezita rinonzi maitiro rinoratidza kuti rakanga ratomutswa.
Bases used: Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti
JUKEBOX LOTUS: Operation Jukebox Lotus yakatanga sematambudziko ekupindura kwaSeptember 2012 kuBanghazi, Libya, iyo yakauraya Amamiriri weUnited States J. Christopher Stevens nevamwe vatatu veAmerica, asi vakaenderera kusvika kusvika 2018. Inopa Africa Command huru yakawanda kuti iite mabasa akasiyana-siyana muRibya sezvinodiwa uye yakananga kusina basa rinokosha kana kupesana.
Bases used: Faya Greatau neNDjamena, Chad; Air Base 201, Agadez, Niger
JUNCTION RAIN: Basa rekuchengeteka kwegungwa muGulf of Guinea inosanganisira maAfrica neUnited Coast Guard mauto ekubhururuka achibva kuUnited States Navy kana avo veAfrica mauto. Muchi2016, maqembu e hybrid akaitwa 32 boardings, zvichiita mu $ 1.2 mamiriyoni mubhadharo inobhadharwa kudarika zvinodarika 50 maritime, pamwe nekudzorerwa kwe diesel fuel ngarava yakanga yatorwa nevapambi. Gore rapera, kushanda pamwe neSénégal uye Cabo Verdean navies kwakaguma nekusvika 40 boardings - kazhinji yezvikepe zvehove - uye $ 75,000 muhomwe dzinopiwa nekuda kwekubiri kwehove.
Bashandisa: Dakar, Senegal
JUNCTION SERPENT: A kuongorora kuedza muLibhiya kuti, sechikamu che2016 kuparidzira kwemairstrey zvinopikisana neIslamic State mamiriro ehurumende yeRibyan yeSirte, yakapa Joint Special Operations Commandira zviremera zvakasiyana-siyana kurongedza zvinhu kuitira kuti dzikudziridzise zvido zvekutsvaga
Bases used: tsva
JUNIPER MICRON: Muna 2013, mushure mokunge uFrance yakatanga kupindira kwehondo kunopesana nevaIslam muAmerica-yainzi Operation Serval, US yakatanga Operation Juniper Micron, iyo yaisanganisira kuendesa ndege dzeFrance nemauto uye zvigadzirwa mune iyo yaimbova koloni yeFrance, ichifambisa refueling missions kutsigira simba reFrance, nekubatsira masangano eAfrica pamwe chete. Juniper Micron akanga achienderera mberi kubva munaOctober 2018, ane inoronga kuti ienderere mberi mune ramangwana.
Bases used: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Istres-Le Tube Air Base, Furanzi; Bamako uye Gao, Mali; Air Base 201 (Agadez), Arlit, Dirkou, Madama uye Niamey, Niger; Dakar, Senegal
JUNIPER NIMBUS: Juniper Nimbus inoshandiswa kwenguva yakareba inotarisira kutsigira hurumende yeNigeria yekurwisana neBhoko Haram.
Bases used: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; N'Djamena, Chad; Arlit, Dirkou neMadama, Niger
JUNIPER SHIELD: Basa remaambura yekutumwa iro rakaguma nekuvandira zvakanyanya muNiger, Juniper Shield ndiyo United States 'centerpiece kupesana kwemagandanga iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweAfrica uye inofukidza 11 nyika: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal uye Tunisia. Pasi peJuniper Shield, mauto eUnited States anochinja mumwedzi mitanhatu kudzidzisa, kupa mazano, kubatsira nekuendesa mauto emunharaunda pamwe chete kuti aite mabasa anopesana nemapoka emagandanga, kusanganisira ISIS-West Africa, Boko Haram neAl Qaida nevanoshamwaridzana navo.
Bases used: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Garoua naMaroua, Cameroon; Bangui, Central African Republic; Faya Greatau neNDjamena, Chad; Bamako uye Gao, Mali; Nema uye Ouassa, Mauritania; Air Base 201 (Agadez), Arlit, Diffa, Dirkou, Madama uye Niamey, Niger; Dakar, Senegal
NIMBLE SHIELD: Basa rakaderera rakananga kuBhoko Haram uye ISIS-West Africa
Bases used: Douala, Garoua naMaroua, Cameroon; Bangui, Central African Republic; N'Djamena, Chad; Diffa, Dirkou, Madama uye Niamey, Niger
OAKEN SONNET I-III: Mutsara wezviitiko zvitatu zvinotyisa muSouth Sudan. Oaken Sonnet Ndakanga ndiri zvakaoma 2013 kununura vashandi veUnited States kubva kunyika iyoyo pakutanga kwehondo yehurumende. Oaken Sonnet II yakaitika mu2014 uye Oaken Sonnet III mu2016.
Bashandisa: Juba, South Sudan
OAKEN STEEL: Kusimbiswa kweAmerica Embassy muJuba, South Sudan, kudzivirira Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reHurumende panguva yekupesana pakati pemakwikwi emakwikwi munyika yehondo yehurumende, Operation Oaken Steel, iyo yakamhanya kubva July 12, 2016, kusvika kuna Jan. 26, 2017, akaona mauto eUnited States achiendesa kuUganda kunopa hurongwa hwekugadzirisa matambudziko munguva yekusagadzikana.
Bases used: Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti; Moron Air Base, Spain; Entebbe, Uganda
Tinoronga kuva nehurukuro yakareba paSouth mauto eAfrica pamusangano wehurukuro inotevera.
