Mhando Dzemhirizhonga

NaSuman Khanna Aggarwal, Chivabvu 22, 2020

“Zana ramakore rechi20 richayeukwa sezana ramakore rakaratidzirwa nemhirizhonga. Iyo inotiremedza isu nenhaka yayo yekuparadza kwakawanda, kwemhirizhonga yakaitwa pachiyero chisati chamboonekwa uye chisati chamboitika munhoroondo yevanhu. Tine chikwereti kuvana vedu… hupenyu husina mhirizhonga uye kutya. Kuti tione izvi, hatifaniri kuneta mukuyedza kwedu kwete chete kuwana runyararo… asi… kugadzirisa midzi yechisimba. Ipapo chete ndipo patinozoshandura nhaka yezana ramakore rapfuura kubva pakuremerwa nekuita yambiro. ” - Nelson Mandela, Foreword kuWorld Health Organisation's World Report pamusoro peMhirizhonga uye Hutano, 2002

Iyo World World Report pamusoro peChisimba nehutano (WRVH) inotsanangura chisimba se:

"Iko kushandisa nechisimba kwesimba remuviri kana simba, kutyisidzirwa kana chaiko, kuzvitadzira, mumwe munhu, kana kurwisa boka kana nharaunda izvo zvinoguma zvaitika kana kuti zvine mukana wakakura wekukonzera kukuvara, kufa, kukuvara kwepfungwa, kukura-kurwara kana kupererwa. ”

Chisimba chomuviri inogona kuiswa mumapoka matatu akapamhama, zvichienderana nekuti ndiani anoita zvechisimba: 

• Kuzvitungamira Chisimba - zvinopesana newe; kuzviuraya, kuzvibata; 
• Mhirizhonga Yemubatanidzwa - kurwisa boka kana nharaunda; zvemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika kana zvehupfumi. 
• Mhirizhonga Yepakati - kurwisa mumwe munhu.

Mhirizhonga yakanangana nechisikigo inogona kunzi sa Mhirizhonga Yezvechipenga. Iyi nzira yechisimba inowanzo sunganidzwa zvakanyanya kune pfuma yekutengesa. Nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kugamuchira kuti hatichakwanise kurerutsa pasi redu, uye kuti kusawirirana kwezvikamu zvepasi nepasi rino kuri kukonzera kushushikana kukuru. Tava padanho repadhuze, uko kuenderera mberi kwekudyiswa kwezvinhu zvepasi redu kuti inyaradze uye kuwana mari kuchangotungamira mukuparadzwa kwedu pachedu.

Chisimba Chemasimba

Izwi rekuti Structural Mhirizhonga rinowanzozivikanwa kune rakakurumbira reNorway nyanzvi yezvemagariro uye muongorori worunyararo, Johan Galtung. Akatanga kuswededza izwi iri mune chinyorwa chake 'Chisimba, Runyararo, uye Runyararo Tsvaga,' rakabudiswa muna 1969. Structural Mhirizhonga zvinoreva chimiro chechisimba umo zvimagariro / zvetsika masangano kana masangano zvinokuvadza vanhu nekuvatadzisa kuzadzisa zvavanoda zvakakosha. Guruva reGaltung reChisimba (pamusoro) rinoita musiyano wakajeka pakati pemhando nhatu dzemhirizhonga.

Galtung anotsigira kuti iyo yeChisimba yeChisimba ine chimiro chakafanana neicho chechando, umo mune nguva dzose chikamu chidiki chinooneka uye chikamu chikuru chakavanzika. Direct Mhirizhonga, sezvo yakawanda mhedzisiro yayo ichioneka, inoenderana nemucheto weiyo iceberg. Zvinowanzo fungwa kuti Direct Mhirizhonga ndiyo yakaipa kwazvo mhirizhonga nekuda kwekuwoneka kwavo, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuziva uye nekudaro kurwisa. Nekudaro, izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uone kuti Direct Dzvinyu chiratidzo, chiratidzo chechakadzika chikonzero, iko kwakatangira kuchakavanzika chikamu cheiyo iceberg: mune yetsika uye kwechimiro chisimba. Nekudaro, chisimba uye zvechisimba zvechisimba zvinowanzo kukonzera mhirizhonga yakananga uye chisimba chakananga chinosimbisa mhirizhonga nemagariro, zvichitungamira kutenderera kusingaperi kwechisimba.

Tsika Mhirizhonga

Tsika Mhirizhonga inowana chirevo kuburikidza nechitendero, fungidziro, mutauro, hunyanzvi, sainzi, media, dzidzo, nezvimwewo, uye inoshandira kuregedza mhirizhonga yakanangana neyemisangano uye kudzivirira kana kudzvinyirira kupindura kwevakabatwa. Rwakadzika mukufunga kwekukosheswa kweimwe tsika pamusoro peimwe, dzinza rimwe pamusoro peimwe, rumwe rudzi pamusoro pevamwe, nezvimwewo Zvinopa kururamisirwa kwevanhu, kusafanana nemamwe marudzi, kuti vaparadze chisimba nekuparadza, uye kuti vapiwe mubayiro. neimwe nzira yekuita kudaro.

Chisimba Chinyoro

Sezvo zvese zveSimba uye zveChisimba Mhirizhonga nzira dzakavanda dzemhirizhonga uye rusarura, dzinogona kupiwa pasi peMhirizhonga Diki. Muenzaniso weizvi unogona kuonekwa munzira kurongwa kwedzimwe nyika dzepasi rose. Vatauri vevakadzi vanowanzopihwa nguva yekutsvedza chete mumasikati kana kusvika kumagumo echikamu, apo varipo vanopera simba kana vatori vechikamu vanonzwa vaneta saka havachanyatsoda kunyatsoteerera.

Mhirizhonga Pfungwa

Kurwara kwepfungwa kunoreva kushungurudzwa kwepfungwa uye kwepamoyo, kushungurudzwa uye kwakafanana nazvo. Semuenzaniso, muroora mudiki wechiIndia anogona kuve akaitwa kuti anzwe kunge ari pasi nekuda kwekunge chimiro chake chakasviba, kana kuti anogona kunge achingogara achishorwa nevatezvara vake vepasi izvo vabereki vake vasina kupa kukwana kwakaringana. Ichi chiitiko chakajeka chechisimba chepfungwa chinogona kuitika nyore nyore munharaunda yeIndia. 

Izvi zvingave zvichinongedzwa kuti kutanga, munguva dzazvino muIndia, dowry yaive nzira yekupa mwanasikana Mugove wake wepfuma yakawanikwa nenzira yezvishongo kana mari, yaaive iye ega ane kodzero uye yaiwonekwa sacrosanct kwaari nemurume wake uye nevamwene. Izvo chete sezvo nzanga yeIndia yakawedzera kuve nekunyanya kuda zvinhu iyo murume anozobatira nemhuri yake vakatanga kukumbira uye kugamuchira kudiwa. Dowry yakava zvisiri pamutemo uye kurangwa neyakagara mujeri muIndia neDowry Prohibition Act muna 1961, asi ichiri kuitwa muchivande nevapfumi, vepakati nepakati nevarombo zvakafanana. Dowry haisi tsika yakasarudzika yeIndia; maitiro akafanana aripo mune dzimwe tsika zvakare.

Padanho rega, muenzaniso weMental Violence ndipo panokosha mumwe muhukama achipa mumwe wake kunyararira. Ostracism kubva kumhuri yako uye / kana nharaunda zvakare iri imwe mhando yeMental Violence. Semuenzaniso, nhoroondo yaGandhi inorondedzera maitiro aakadzingwa ne Bania Nharaunda apo akaenda kuEngland kunodzidza Law, nekuti yaive nyaya yekuenda kumhiri kwemakungwa.

Chisimba chepabonde

Mhirizhonga yebonde inotyora hutsvene hwemunhu akabatwa. Pedophilia, kubatwa chibharo, kusanganisira kubatwa chibharo kwemuchato, uye kutengeswa kwevanhu zvese zvinowira muchikamu ichi. Vakuru nevana vanogona kutengeswa kana kuitwa varanda uye kumanikidzwa kutengesa miviri yavo kuti vaite zvepabonde. 

Mhirizhonga yebonde inogona kushandiswawo sechombo chehondo. Vaviri varume nevakadzi vanogona kuve vakaitirwa mhirizhonga iyi mhirizhonga. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820, yakagamuchirwa muna2008, inotsanangura mhirizhonga pabonde semhirizhonga se "zano rehondo kunyadzisa, kutonga, kumutsa kutya, kuparadzira uye / kana kumanikidza vanhu venharaunda kana verudzi rwechisimba ..." Munguva dzichangopfuura, mhirizhonga yebonde yave ichishandiswa sedombo rekuverenga hondo kunyanya mumhirizhonga yemadzinza. Iyi mhirizhonga iri pakupedzisira inokurukurwa munzvimbo yeruzhinji. Muna 2018, iyo Mutengo Worugare weNobel yakagovaniswa neCongo gynecologist Dr Denis Mukwege uye Yazidi activist Nadia Murad "Nezvekuedza kwavo kupedza kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga pabonde sechombo chehondo uye kurwa."

Chisimba chemweya

Imwezve nzira yakatonyanya kufuratirwa nechisimba ndeye iyo inganzi yemweya. Rudzi urwu rwemhirizhonga runobuda kubva mukuwedzeredza paruzivo rwemunhu zvinhu zvinopesana nehukama hwake hwemweya. Kana mubereki, masisitimu ezvidzidzo uye mararamiro akatarisa mukukudziridza muviri nepfungwa asi nekuregeredza mweya, inogona kuverengerwa semhirizhonga yemweya. Aya mafungiro anogona kunzi mhirizhonga nekuti anokuvadza huwandu hwe munhu ari. Kusalinganisika kwakadaro pakurera kunosimudzira vana - kunyanya kana vava vakuru vechidiki - kutora kune zvisina kufanira mararamiro ehupenyu, vatengi uye kunyanya kuda munhu. Izvi zvinokanganisa kukuvadza hukama pakati pevanhu, zvichitungamira kusurukirwa, kushushikana, hukama hwakaputswa uye dzakasiyana-siyana chirwere chepfungwa. Chokwadi, kusava nehanya nezvinhu zvedu zvekunamata kunotitadzisa kwazvo.

Dr. Suman Khanna Aggarwal ari former Muzvinafundo Philosophy paDelhi University uye Muvambi uye Mutungamiri we Shanti Sahyog, NGOGandhian, uye iyo Shanti Sahyog Center yeRunyararo & Kurwisana Kugadziriswa muIndia.