NaDarini Rajasingham-Senanayake, MuKudzika Nhau, February 28, 2021
Munyori ndiye yetsika anthropologist ane hunyanzvi hwekutsvagisa mune dzezvematongerwo enyika hupfumi, rugare, uye zvidzidzo zvebudiriro muSouth neSouth East Asia.
COLOMBO (IDN) - Guta guru reIndia, New Delhi, rakapiswa muvhiki rapfuura raFebruary 2020 apo Mutungamiriri weUS Donald Trump akarwira India. Kushanyira nyika huru uye inowedzera kubvaruka 'democracy', VaTrump vakatengesa pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pamusoro peUS $ 3 bhiriyoni yezvombo kuna Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
'Kubatana kwezana ramakore' pakati peIndia neUS kwakaziviswa naModi kwakaratidzika kunge kwakagadzirirwa kuisa China neBelt uye Road chirongwa (BRI), yatokombwa nehutachiona husinga zivikanwe Novel Corona.
Munguva yekushanya kwaTrump kwemazuva maviri kuIndia, vanhu makumi mana nevatatu vakaurayiwa uye vazhinji vakakuvara apo mhirizhonga dzechiHindu nemaMuslim dzakazunungusa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweNew Delhi vachiratidzira vachipesana neIndia Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), inofungidzirwa kuti inosarura kuvaMuslim yakawedzera.
Kushanya kwemutungamiriri weUS kuIndia, kwakauya gore chairo mushure mekukakavadzana kwemaHindu nemaMuslim muIndia kwakamiswa nemapato ekunze asinganzwisisike nehondo yepedyo pakati pevakwikwidzi vane zvombo zvenyukireya, India nePakistan, yakaitirwa mudunhu rePulwama, Jammu neKashmir muna Kukadzi 2019. pamberi peSarudzo Dzose muIndia
Zviitiko muPulwama zvakakonzera kutsigira nyika yechiHindu uye zvakavimbisa kudzoka kwesafroni yakashongedzwa Narendra Modi, shamwari yaPresident Trump uye shamwari, kutonga nesimba ruzhinji.
Makakatanwa anga achingopenga kubvira munaGumiguru wapfuura Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) yakatanga kushanda mukati mekuwedzera kwekuchengetedzeka kwenyika munzvimbo yehungwaru yeIndia inoita kunge iri mukutenderera kwebhizimusi remauto eUS, indasitiri yehungwaru ine 800 mauto uye 'lily pad' mabhesiki pasi rese mushure mezviitiko muPulwama.
Mibvunzo 12 yaPrashant Bhushan paPulwama padyo-hondo inomutsa mibvunzo nezve basa remapato ekunze, kunze kweSouth Asia, pakuratidzira iyi iri-hondo.[1]
Mwedzi miviri pamberi peCAA muna Nyamavhuvhu 2019, Kashmir yakabviswa chinzvimbo chayo chakakosha mushure mekubvisa Chinyorwa 370, ndokuchigovanisa muBuddhist Ladakh, Hindu Jammu neMuslim Kashmir nehurumende yakavharirwa kwemwedzi.
Izvi zviitwa nesafuroni yakanamatira hurumende yeModi yakaruramiswa muzita re "kuchengetedzeka kwenyika" uye mumashure mezviitiko muPulwama panguva iyo maMuslim mukati nekunze kweIndia vari kuwedzera kuvakwa sekutyisidzira nevazhinji vekumadokero ehungwaru.
Chitendero kuzivikanwa zvematongerwo enyika muSouth Asia kuri kuramba kuchishandiswa nhaurwa nezve hugandanga hweIslam huri kuburitswa zvino pamusoro pevaBuddha nemaHindu mudunhu renyika vane maitiro akareba uye akaomarara eakasiyana manamatiro uye kubatana.
Mwedzi miviri mushure mekunge India nePakistan zvasvika pamucheto pehondo muPulwama, kusanzwisisika kwePasika Svondo kurwiswa kwakanangana nemakungwa-kumberi kweMachechi uye emahotera evashanyi emusi waApril 21, 2019 muBuddhist yakatonga Sri Lanka, izvo zvakatonyanya kusanzwisisika neveIslam. State (IS), nepo nyanzvi dzakasiyana siyana dzehungwaru dzakataura kuti ISIS yakaronga kumisikidza Caliphate yayo muEastern Province yenzvimbo ine hunyanzvi iri muSri Lanka uko chiteshi chegungwa chakadzika cheTrincomalee Harbor [2]
Saeed Naqvi, nyanzvi inozivikanwa uye mutapi wenhau anogara kuDelhi, akataura nezvehugandanga hweIslam, "chinhu chezvematongerwo enyika", ukuwo Kadhinari weSri Lanka Malcom Ranjith akataura kuti nyika dzine simba dzinotengesa zvombo mushure mekurwiswa kwakadai.
Mazuva akati gare gare, mhirizhonga yapashure pesarudzo yakatanga muIndonesia, nyika yechitatu ine vanhu vakawanda muAsia uye hupfumi hukuru hweSoutheast Asia, mushure mekukunda musarudzo kweMutungamiri Joko Widodo. Mhirizhonga muJakarta yakanangana nemadzinza mashoma, kunyanya maBuddhist, maChinese mune anonamata akawanda, muslim-ruzhinji guta guru reIndonesia, Jakarta, rakapisa kweusiku huviri.
Shifting Center yeGlobal Power uye kuti Indian Ocean yakarasika sei
Mumakore gumi apfuura muzinda wesimba repasi nepfuma wanga uchibva chinyararire kubva kuEuro-America neTrans-Atlantic, kudzokera kuAsia nedunhu reIndian Ocean rinotungamirwa nekusimuka kweChina nedzimwe nyika dzekuMabvazuva nekuSoutheast Asia.
Nekudaro, mune yekutsvaira yekutaura muna Nyamavhuvhu 2019 Mutungamiri weFrance, Macron akati "tiri kurarama kupera kweWestern hegemony" munyika, muchidimbu semhedzisiro ye "Western" zvikanganiso pamusoro pemazana emakore apfuura.
Asia yakagara iri muzinda wepfuma yepasirese simba uye hunyanzvi kunze kwemazana maviri emakore mazana mashanu eWestern hegemony nekuda kwehumambo hweEuropean maritime uye kutamisirwa zviwanikwa kubva kuSouth yepasi rose kuenda kuEuro -America nyika yakaramba ichitungamira / munguva yekoloni runyararo rwepashure pehondo, se'kusimudzira 'uye rubatsiro rwuchiwedzera kupinda mumusungo wechikwereti uye chimiro che'kolonialism nedzimwe nzira' chero dzakawanda nzvimbo dze Africa, Asia neLatin America.
China ipapo nyika ichiri kusimukira yakatevera nzira yayo, ikabudirira kukwidza hafu yebhiriyoni yevanhu kubva muhurombo uye vakabatsirwa nekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kuti vave Superpower yepasirese.
Mukupindura kwekukwira kweChina nebhande rayo uye nzira yemugwagwa iyo Indian Ocean yakagadzirwazve uye kutumidzwa zita rekuti "Indo-Pacific" pasi pechirongwa cheUS chinonzi Free uye Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) pfungwa, hazvo , pasina kugunun'una kwekuratidzira kubva kuIndia uye neuto rayo rezvehungwaru.
Zvakare, mukupindura chirongwa cheChina chesirika, North Atlantic Chibvumirano Sangano (NATO), inosanganisira nyika dzePacc-rim, yanga ichiwedzera mauto eIndian Ocean pasi pehukama hwayo hwekudyidzana pamwe neayo maAsia-Paciec Partners - Australia, Japan , New Zealand neSouth Korea. Macron yekuFrance nguva pfupi yadarika yakati NATO yanga yakatarisana ne "dambudziko rekuzivikanwa" sezvo ichienda muIndian Ocean.
IUS neNATO vanoda imwe nzvimbo muIndian Ocean kubvira Dare reInternational Court reJustice (ICJ) rakatonga gore rapfuura muna Kukadzi kuti United Kingdom (UK) kugara kweChagos Islands inogara Diego Garcia kwemauto - haisi pamutemo pasi pemutemo wepasi rose. uye inofanirwa kudzoserwa kuvanhu veChagossian vakadzingwa nechisimba kuti vavake hwaro muma1960. Nyanzvi yezvevanhu David Vine akatumidza Diego Garcia kuti "Chitsuwa Chekunyara" mubhuku rake pane "Chakavanzika Nhoroondo yeUS Mauto Base".
India ndiyo yega nyika pasi pano inogoverana zita regungwa, ichipupurira kune yayo yemagariro clout uye yakarongeka nzvimbo munzira dzepasirese dzekutengesa. Indian Sub-Continent iri pakati peIndian Ocean iyo inobata Africa kumadokero neChina kumabvazuva.
Asia, kubva kuIran kuenda kuChina kuburikidza neIndia, ine yakawanda yenhoroondo yevanhu yakatungamira pasi rose mune zvehupfumi, zvebudiriro uye zvehunyanzvi hunyanzvi uye kukura. Asia nedunhu reIndian Ocean izvozvi yave zvakare nzvimbo yepasi rose yekukura, seUS nevakabatana vayo veTrans-Atlantic vane masimba emumvura akaderera mushure memakore mazana maviri ekubudirira nekuderera kwesimba repasirese uye simba panguva ino.
Nekudaro, sarudzo yesarudzo yaDonald Trump yeku "Ita America Yakakura Zvakare" zvakare nekusimudzira kutengeswa kwezvombo zveUS muAsia kusimudzira hupfumi kune rimwe divi, uye de-kudyidzana kwenyika kune imwe pamwe nehutachiona hweCorona kuva ichangobva kutaurwa muvhiri rekudyidzana kwenyika. izvo zvakaita kuti China ive Simba renyika, nevanhu vayo vane mabhiriyoni, nhoroondo dzekare uye vatungamire muhunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi panguva ino.
Gurukota rinowona nezvekunze kuRussia Sergey Lavrov panguva yekushanya kuSri Lanka neIndia muna Ndira 2020, akataura kuti iyo 'yemahara uye yakavhurika Indo Pacific' zano haisi chinhu asi zano rakanangana neChina.
Zvichakadaro, India yanga ichishanda pakutsvaga mabheseni akawanda muIndia Ocean nekusaina zvibvumirano zvekucheka shangu neFrance iyo inotora hove dzeIndian Ocean nepo EU ichida zvikamu makumi mapfumbamwe muzana zvehove dzakabatwa muIndian Ocean, uye usambofungisisa nezvevane hove varombo paIndian Ocean littoral nyika.
Kurwisa Nzvimbo dzetsika: Hybrid Hondo ine rudo kubva kuAmerica
Mumashure mekuurayiwa kweIran General Qasem Soleiman muna Ndira 2020 mushure mezvo Corona Virus isina kuvharwa kuChina, VaDonald Trump vakatyisidzira kurwisa "nzvimbo dzemagariro" muIran (Persia yekare ine budiriro inoshamisa) - musha weZoroastrianism , uye matunhu kwakatendeuka zvitendero zvikuru zvepasi rese - dai Iran yakatsiva varwi veUS ku Middle East neNorth Africa (MENA) dunhu.
MuSri Lanka, isu tava kuziva mashandisiro akaita chirongwa cheSaudi cheWahabi-Salafi chirongwa chekushandisa netiweki yevarume vechidiki vechiMuslim kurwisa kweIsita Svondo paCultural Sites senge chiratidzo cheSt. dzimwe nguva vaMuslim vanoungana. Vanopfuura vanhu mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kusanganisira vekunze makumi mashanu vakafa musi uyu.
Machechi uye mahotera emhando yepamusoro akarwiswa muSri Lanka nemusi weSvondo yePasika, kuitira kuti nyika igadzikane - nechinangwa chekumanikidza hurumende kusaina chibvumirano chekutora ivhu reMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) uye iyo Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).
Ipapo zvigaro zvemauto zveUS zvaizomiswa, vachishandisa iyo IS nyaya senge alibi yekutaura kuti mauto eUS ari kurwisa Islamic State magandanga uye anodzivirira maKristu muSri Lanka inezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, ine ruzhinji rwechiBuddha nerwenyika.
Kubva pakaitika mabhomba eIsita chirongwa cheUS Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) chakabatanidzwa pakurwiswa nemagandanga eIsita neSvondo izvo zvakazivikanwa nenzira isinganzwisisike neIslamic State yeIraq neSyria (ISIS).
ISIS yakagadzwa neCIA mushure mekunge US yapinda muIraq, yakadonhedza nekuparadza mauto aSaddam Hussein echiSunni aine zvinangwa zviviri: kuita shanduko yehutongi muSyria nekuwisira Assad yakatsigirwa neRussia uye kurwisa maIran neShiaa maMuslim nekuwedzera kupatsanurana kuMiddle East. Nyika.
Iranian General Soleiman aive achitungamira kurwisa ISIS muIraq uye nharaunda yeMENA uye yaSadaam Hussein yaive yakakurumbira muIran neIraq paakaurayiwa mukurwisa kweUS drone padyo nendege yeBagdad muIraq.
Vanhu veLanka vanoziva kuti pakange pasina chikonzero chevaMuslim chekurwisa maKristu muSri Lanka sezvo nharaunda idzi dziine hukama hwakanaka vari vaviri vashoma.
Weaponizing Zvitendero: Cold War Redux
Icho chokwadi chekuti Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) chakamisa nekushandisa mapoka eIslam muCentral Asia ndokumhanyisa oparesheni neAsia Foundation kushandisa chiBuddha kupokana nesocialist nemaCommunist mafambiro muSoutheast Asia nyika, seThailand neIndonesia, yakasimbiswa uye yakaziviswa. mune Yale University nhoroondo, Eugene Ford nzira yekutyora bhuku "Cold Hondo Monks: Buddhism uye America Yakavanzika Strategiki muSoutheast Asia", Rakaburitswa neYale University Press muna2017.
Strategic yakanangwa nenzvimbo dzetsika kupatsanura, kutsausa, kuita colonize nekumisikidza zvigaro zvemauto nekumisidzana hukama hwezvitendero mukukanganisa nyika dzakasiyana siyana uye dzakasiyana tsika nehupfumi hweAsia, ne 'Hybrid maritime Warfare' kutengesa zvombo zvinoita kunge 2020. " Pivot kuAsia ”mutemo wakatanga kutaurwa panguva yehutongi hwaObama.
Iko kune yepasirese nepasirese yemagariro sainzi indasitiri yekudyidzana pahukama pakati pechitendero nehukama neUS neEU mari, mazhinji ane hukama nematanho ekufunga ehondo seRAND Corporation, iyo inoshandira anthropologists vakaita saJona Blank vakanyora 'Mullahs paMainframe' uye 'Museve weBlue Blue wakabviswa Mwari' kubatsira maitiro aya.
Mushure mekurwiswa kweIsita muSri Lanka, Rand's Blank yakataura muJakarta kuti Islamic State (IS) yaive "franchise" inoratidza maitiro ayo emakambani - saBurger King weMac Donald's yemakona egoridhe?
Sezvo 2020 inowonekera, zviri kuwedzera pachena kuti zvitendero zviri kushandiswa zvombo munyika dzeAsia, dunhu reIndian Ocean nekupfuura nemapato ekunze asinganzwisisike nemauto epasirese anosunga iyo IS rondedzero senge paIsita Svondo muSri Lanka.
Ipo ichidzikamisa uye ichigadzira nyonganiso munyika dzine tsika dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAsia, zvombo zvezvitendero nemapato ekunze zvaizokanganisa iyo "Rise of Asia" isingafungidzirwe yakafanotaurwa nevemasystem epasi rose saImmanuel Wallenstein, uye kubatsira "Kuita America Ive Nyowani", zvakare nekutengesa zvombo kusimudzira hupfumi hweUS, mugove mukuru weuto remauto / bhizinesi-njere / varaidzo remaindasitiri.
Kugadziriswa kwezvitendero nemapato ekunze asinganzwisisike zvinoita kunge kwakanangana nekutungamira dunhu re "Kurwisana kweMagariro" nyowani; ino nguva pakati pevaBuddha nemaMuslim - makuru "makuru echitendero chenyika" chenyika dzeAsia, uye pakati pevaHindu nemaMuslim muIndia umo maHindu ari mazhinji.
Asia ine nhoroondo yeanopfuura makore zviuru zvitatu, nepo USA iine nhoroondo uye budiriro yemakore anokwana mazana matatu, mushure mekuparadzwa kwevanhu vekuAmerican vekutanga pamwe nebudiriro yavo mu "nyika itsva". Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei Donald Trump achigodora Asia, uye akatotyisidzira kurwisa nzvimbo dzekare dzeIran - mhosva yehondo pasi pemutemo wepasi rese?
Ehezve, kutyisidzira kwaTrump kupokana ne "nzvimbo dzetsika" dzeIran kwakaratidza pachena izvo zvatova tsika yakajairwa muCIA bhuku rekushandisa pakurwisa chitendero uye nekuparadza nzanga dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvitendero, kupatsanura nekutonga, nekurwisa nzvimbo dzetsika, seChechi yaSt. paSvondo Svondo muSri Lanka.
Panguva yebasa rekunamata pazvitendero zvakawanda muSri Lanka mu2018, pakabvunzurudzwa nhengo dzeMosque padhuze neKattankuddi takaudzwa kuti mari uye makwikwi kubva kuSaudi Arabia neIran ndeimwe yezvikonzero zvekuchengetedza kukuru pakati penzvimbo dzeMuslim dzeSri Lanka uye vakadzi vachiwedzera kupfeka hijab.
Mumiriri weTurkey akange ayambira Ministry yekune dzimwe nyika yeSri Lanka kuti vaive neruzivo rwekuti nhengo makumi mashanu dzeFethullahist Terrorist Organisation (FETO) ine mutungamiri, Fetullah Gulan anogara muUS (uye inofungidzirwa neMiddle East intel. Nyanzvi seCIA yakatsigira Imam), vaive muSri Lanka. Gurukota rezvekunze kwenyika panguva iyoyo, Wasantha Senanayake, akaudza vezvenhau kuti Mumiriri weTurkey akateedzera yambiro iyi kaviri muna 50 na2017 uye akatumira fax ruzivo rwakakodzera kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro kaviri.
Sezvo 2020 inofambira mberi, mafambiro aDonald Trump kana pamwe iyo US Deep State bhizinesi remauto bhizimusi rakaomarara "Pivot kuenda kuAsia" nedunhu reIndian Ocean ku "Make America Great Again" zvava kujeka:
- Kuuraya General General Soleiman weIran (aive achitungamira kurwisa Islamic State neISIL), kuIraq muna Ndira; uye Coronavirus nyowani ichirova Iran muna Kukadzi (kune ichangobatwa nyika dzeMENA padhuze neIran, ona aje.io/tmuur).
- Ehupfumi nehondo yemasanganiswa, kusanganisira inofungidzirwa kuti yehondo kurwisa China.
- Weaponizing chiHindu-chiMuslim kusagadzikana muIndia, mushure mekuita kwaPulwama kusarudzazve Modi, uye kutengesa zvombo kuIndia.
- Mhando dzese dzemarara dzisina kujairika dzakatorwa kubva kuBritain nemoto wesango unopisa mushure mezvo maherikoputa eU.S. pamwe nemabhaketi avo akanaka ebambi anoendeswa kudzima marimi, uye zvinodhaka zvinoyerera muIndian Ocean kumahombekombe mu "Opium War" nyowani kuSri Lanka neSouth Asia?
- MuSomalia, iyo IS-yakabatana neAl-Shabaab kurwisa kuMogadishu, pamhenderekedzo yeIndian Ocean yeAfrica, muna Ndira 2020, yakaita kuti US iunze mauto. Zvichakadaro, ungwaru hweSomalia hwakati, paive nemaoko ekunze aibatanidzwa pakurwiswa kweMogadishu.
Chekupedzisira, kunyangwe hazvo zvakataurwa naNarendra Modi nezve "kudyidzana kwezana remakore" pakati peUS neIndia panguva yekushanya kwaTrump kwakaipa kuIndia, zviri pachena kuti India pamwe nekuchengetedzeka kwayo kuri kuridzwa nevaimbove vatenzi vekoloni shamwari dzavo dzeTrans-Atlantic, izvo zvino sezvazvino kuteedzera pazvinenge zvakakodzera kupatsanurwa-kutonga-uye-kupamba 'mutambo mukuru' wedunhu reIndian Ocean; zvinosemesa, sekuti India yakatamba nharaunda yayo kuti 'ipatsanure nekutonga' muSouth Asia panguva yeCold War makore - apo RAW neIB (Intelligence Bureau) vakagadzira iyo LTTE muSri Lanka, nepo US yakabata chiIslam neBuddhism kurwisa postcolonial socialist uye maCommunist mafambiro ekuedza kupa zviwanikwa zvenyika kuWest neSoutheast Asia.
Zvakajeka zvakare kuti blowback kubva uye inopokana naDonald Trump's bellicose pivot kuenda kuAsia, kusiyana neBallyhoo yepivot yaObama kumabvazuva, hazvidziviriki. Izvo zvinongokurumidzisa kudonha uye kudonha kwehumambo hweAmerica kunyangwe paine zvigadziko zvemauto mazana masere pasirese, uye kuwedzera kusaenzana munyika yatove yakakamurwa zvakanyanya panguva ino kunze kwekunge vanhu veAmerica vachikwanisa kudzinga vagari vemuWhite House vodzosera Yakadzika State uye yemauto-bhizinesi yakaoma.
* Dr. Darini Rajasingham-SenanayakeTsvagurudzo inotarisa nyaya mune zvevakadzi nekupa vakadzi masimba, kutama uye tsika dzakasiyana, ethno-chinamato kuzivikanwa zvematongerwo enyika, nyowani nedhara Diasporas uye chitendero chepasirese, kunyanya, matunhu epasi rose eTheravada Buddhist munzvimbo dzeAsia-Pacific. Aive Mudzidzisi Mukuru paOpen University yeSri Lanka. Dhigirii rake reBachelor rinobva kuBrandeis University uye MA uye Ph. D vanobva kuPrinceton University. [IDN-InDepthNews - 03 Kubvumbi 2020]
Mufananidzo: Kushanya kwaMutungamiri Trump kuIndia pakupera kwaFebruary 2020 kwakauya gore chairo mushure mekukakavadzana kwemaHindu nemaMuslim muIndia kwakamiswa nemapato ekunze asinganzwisisike nehondo yepedyo pakati pevakwikwidzi vane zvombo zvenyukireya, India nePakistan, yakaitirwa mudunhu rePulwama, Jammu ne Kashmir muna Kukadzi 2019, nguva pfupi pamberi peSarudzo Dzose muIndia. Kwayaka: YouTube.
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Zvichengetedze. Gara wakachengeteka munguva yeCorona.
[1] Cf. Prashant Bhushan mibvunzo gumi nembiri paPulwama: greatgameindia.com/12- isina kupindurwa-mibvunzo-on-pulwama-attack/)
[2[ Nilantha Illangamuwa Isis haana kusarudza Sri Lanka, asi Sri Lankan Mapoka akasarudza ISIS: RAND http://nilangamuwa.blogspot.com/2019/08/isis-didnt-choose-sri-lanka-but-sri.html
