Presidency yeMutungamiriri

By David Swanson, June 3, 2018.

AJanuary 29th tsamba kubva kumutevedzeri wemutungamiri weUnited States Marc Kasowitz vanoti mutungamiri haakwanisi kudzivisa kururamisira, anoramba gwaro rekupupurira, uye haagoni kuva rakapomerwa apo mutungamiri. Tsamba iyi inoratidzika sokuti inogona kukanganwira iye pamhosva dzake. Tariro yokuti kuverenga kwakadaro kusinganzwisisi tsamba yacho kwakanyatsoputika apo gweta remutungamiri mumwechete Rudy Giuliani akati iyi vhiki yevhiki yekupedzisira iyo Gwaro reMitemo rinotaura kuti mutungamiri anogona kukanganwira iye pachake.

Hezvino izvo zvinotaurwa neBumbiro reMitemo: "[H] e ichava nesimba rekupa mhinduro uye kukanganwira kwezvitadzo zvinopesana neUnited States, kunze kwezvakaitika mukunyengera." Kugara kwekuregerera hakuiti muBumbiro reMitemo. Uyewo hapana chirevo cheumambo chokuti mutungamiri haagoni kukanganisa kururamisira. Kana izvo zvakagamuchirwa, Nixon aisagona kubviswa muhofisi nemhosva yakashata yakanyatsodzivisa mhosva dzake dzakaipisisa muSoutheast Asia; iyo benzi pfungwa yokuti kuvhara kwakaipa kukunda mhosva yaisagona kushandurwa kuva inowanzofungwa; Nixon angadai akazviregerera; uye mutungamiri wega wega aigona kukanganisa nekudzivirira chero tsvakurudzo inoda.

Pane, ndinofunga, mazano maviri ezvinyorwa pamusoro pokuti takasvika sei munharaunda iyi muHurumende yeHurumende. Imwe ndiyo pfungwa yakagamuchirwa yakagamuchirwa iyo Vladimir Putin akazviita kwatiri. Chimwe chacho ndechokuti, kunzwisisa-chokwadi-chinonzwisisika kuti kupera zvishoma nezvishoma mune izvi kunofamba pamusoro pemakore mazana apfuura mazana emakore zvakatora zvikwama zvikuru mberi mumakumi emakore apfuura. George W. Bush zvinodziviswa ruramisiro munyaya yaValerie Plame Wilson uye akanga asina kuregererwa kana kuti zvimwe akazvidavirira. The Bush ne Obama hurumende dzakaramba kutevera zvinyorwa zvakawanda, zvisingaiti kana kuti nefarious rusununguko rweRussia. Pakati peavo vakaramba kutevedzera Congressional subpoenas, musambofungi zvikumbiro, nepo George W. Bush aiva mutungamiri vaiva: Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro, Munyori weHurumende ("asina kufarira" yaiva tsananguro yaCondi), Vachigaro weMutungamiri (uyo akafanozivisa kuti vangangodaro vasina kubvumirana nekutsamwa kwakadaro uye havana), White House Counsel, White House Chief of Staff, White House Political Director, White House Mutevedzeri weVashandi, White House VaPolitiki Mutevedzeri, uye White House Office of Management uye Budget.

Sezvimwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvehutungamiri hwemambo, Obama akaenderera mberi nemutemo wekutevedzera nehuwandu hwemashoko chete sezvakada. Izvi zvinowirirana nemuitiro wake wokunyora zvakare mitemo nekunyora zvinyorwa nenzira yeBushian, kuramba kurondedzera kutambudzwa, kuuraya, kusarura kusina mhaka, kana kusungwa mutemo, kuwedzera pakavanzika, kuwedzera mvumo dzepamutemo yekusingaperi-hukuru hukuru hwemasimba, kuvandudza nzira itsva yose yekusateerera mutemo kuurayiwa nebhobho roboti, kutanga hondo pasina Congressional mvumo, nezvimwewo.

Kune masimba maviri eCongress ane mutungamiri wenyika. Imwe inyanzvi yekuzvidzwa. Imwe inyangadzo.

Apo vanhu vanoramba kutevedzera Congressional subpoenas mazuva ano, Congress dzimwe nguva "inovabata mukuzvidzwa." Asi hazvibatsiri chaizvo. Zvechokwadi inotarisira Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro kuita shanduro ye subpoenas - kunyange iyo inotumirwa kuDhipatimendi reRuramisiro. Hazvina maturo kutaura, izvi hazvishandi.

Mumakore makumi emakore apera, Congress yakashandisa kushandisa simba rainzi inherent despection, iro raireva simba rekuchengetedza huripo kuburikidza nekumanikidzira zvapupu zvekushandira pamwe nekudziisa mujeri paCapitol Hill kusvikira vaona zvakakodzera. Hapachina. Iye zvino "kuzvidzora" kunongova manzwiro anokwira mukati mudumbu remuongorori weAmerica apo nhengo yeCongress inofamba nayo. Imba kana Sénate kana, zvirokwazvo, chero komiti iyo, ine simba, maererano netsika uye kutonga kweDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States, kudzidzisa Sergeant paHondo dzeNyika kana Senate kuti asunge chero munhu ari kupomerwa kushorwa kweCongress kana kuti nokudaro akapiwa chirango nekuda kwekushorwa kweCongress. Kuoma kwekuwana nzvimbo yekuvasunga kwave kwakagadziriswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye inogona kunge yakakurumidza zvakare.

Munguva yekupedzisira ye19th Century uye chikamu chekutanga che20th, jeri rakajairika reRuwa rweColumbia raigara richishandiswa neVaSergeants paHurumende yeHarare uye Senate. Kunyange zvazvo jeri rakanga risati riri reCongress, urongwa hwaiitwa kuti hushandise, humba dzimwe nguva "uchapupu hunopupurirwa" mune imwe chivako pamwe nevakuru vakuru vejeri DC. Dare Rejeri rinotsanangurwa mune izvi 1897 New York Times nyaya. Ichi 1934 chinyorwa chinobva ku Time Time inokurukura kushandiswa kweSenate kweJurumende Yerusuwa kuranga kushorwa mune zvose 1860 uye 1934. Muna 1872 neCongress Congress yakurukura dambudziko rejeri reDDC risina kutungamirirwa neCongress, asi zviri pachena kuti rakagumisa kuti Sergeant paArms aigona kuchengetedza musungwa mujeri iroro. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kusanganisira iyo imwe nyaya, musungwa weCongress akashevedzwa kuti aonekwe nedare, uye Congress yakarayira Sergeant paArms kuti atakure musungwa kumatare kuti atsanangure mamiriro acho ezvinhu asi kuti asasunungure musungwa kubva mukuraira kwake.

Congress haisati yashandisa kunze kwejeri. Muna 1868 chiyero ichi chakabvumirwa: "Kugadziriswa, Kuti Imba A uye B, zvakatarisana nekamuri regweta reDare reZvitsva, muCapitol, i, uye iri pano, inopiwa sevarindi uye hofisi yemapurisa eKapitol uye ndeye icho chinangwa chakaiswa pasi pemutoro weSergeant-pa-zvigaro zveImba nesimba rine zvakakodzana zvakafanana nokuda kwechinangwa chakataurwa .... Kugadziriswa, Izvo zvakati Wooley, nokuda kwekuzvidzwa kwake kwechiremera cheImba, inofanira kuchengetwa kusvikira yakarayirwa neImba iri muchitokisi chakavharidzirwa muimba yevarindi veVa Capitol ne Sergeant-at-Arms kusvikira wakati Wooley achapindura mhinduro dzose pamusoro pekudzokorora, uye mibvunzo yose yaakapiwa nekambani iyo yakataura maererano nehurukuro inobvunzurudzwa iyo komiti, uye panguva iyo hapana munhu achataura naWooley, mukunyora kana kutaura, kunze kwekurayirwa kwaSomlomo . "

Iko Capitol yeUnited States neImba neSeneate zvivako zvizere nemakamuri zvinogona kushandurwa nyore nyore mumakamuri ekuchengetedza, uye zviri chaizvoizvo zvakazara nemakamuri evarindi. DC yakazara yakazara nejeri, dzakawanda dzadzo dziri pedyo neCapitol. Kutaura zvazviri, Mapurisa Mapurisa anoita zvakanyanya uye zvinowanzoshandisa mavari pasi pekunzwisisana kunoramba kuripo nevatongi vejeri. VaKapitol Mapurisa anobatawo vanhu, kwechinguva, muchivako zvikuru pedyo nehofisi yehofisi yehofisi.

Kudzokorora nhoroondo yekare yeC Congressional kuzvidza kunoratidza musanganiswa wezvakaipa, kusanganisira kupindura mibvunzo (pamisoro dzakasiyana), kuramba kuratidza zvinyorwa, kutadza kuoneka, nezvimwewo, asiwo kukanganisa Congress, kurwisa nhengo yeCongress, kurova nhengo ye congress nekadhi, kunyange nhengo dzeCongress ivo pachavo vachirova s ​​senator, uye nyaya yevanhu vanodhakwa vachikumbira zvisina kunaka. Apo kushandiswa kwemapurisa kwakanyangarika semhinduro kune vekare vanopupurira, zvinoramba zvichiri kushandiswa kune vanhu vanoridza zvisina kunaka.

Mumakore ekutanga enyika ino maitiro ekuzvidzwa haana kuonekwa se "inherent". Yakanga inongodanwa kushorwa. Asi yakasimbiswa neCongress chete, sezvo kushorwa kwedare kwakasimbiswa nedare, sezvo kushorwa kweparamende yehurumende kana mutemo wekare wekoloni kana Paramende yeBritain yakasimbiswa nemuviri iwoyo. Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo weBumbiro wakanga usingarevi kunyadziswa, kwaiva kubvumirana kweCongress, gare gare kutsigirwa nemitemo yakawanda yeU.S. Supreme Court, kuti Congress yakave nekodzero yekodzero iyi ye "kuzvidzivirirwa." Izvi zvakanzwisiswa kakawanda sekudzivirirwa kubva pakuvhiringidzwa uye kurwisana, asiwo sekudzivirirwa kubva pakuzvidza uye kubva pakudengenyeka kweChishanu simba kuburikidza nekuramba kuita maererano nezvikumbiro kana subpoenas. Nhoroondo yacho inoratidza kuti chirevo chekunyadziswa neCongress, kana kuti pane chikonzero chekumusunga munhu akazvidzwa kuti amuise pamhosva, haafaniri kutungamirirwa ne subpoena.

Zvimwe makore shure, Chimwe Chechikonzero chakasimudzirwa muzvinyorwa zvinopesana nemashoko aya: "Pasi pemasimba ekuzvidza simba, House Sergeant-at-Arms ane kodzero yekutora Karl Rove muusungwa ndokumuunza kuImba apo kushora kwake kunogona kuedzwa, zvichida, nekumire kana kusarudza komiti. Kana iye akawanikwa neImba kuti ave mukuzvidzwa kweCongress, anogona kuiswa mujeri kwehuwandu hwenguva yakatarwa neImba (kwete kudarika nguva ye110th Congress iyo inoguma kutanga kweJanuary 2009) kana kusvikira apindirana pupura. Dare Repamusorosoro rave rakaziva simba reImba kuti rishandise maitiro aro ega kuburikidza nekunyadziswa kwekuzvidzivirira, zvichinzi kunze kweiyo, Congress 'ichave yakasvibiswa nekunyadziswa kose nekukanganisa kusina kunaka, caprice kana kuti kurangana kungaita sarudzo nayo.' Pamberi peChishanu yakakumbira Dhipatimendi reRuramisi kuti iedze mhosva dzekunyadzisa panzvimbo yayo, simba rekuzvidza simba rakashandiswa kupfuura nguva 85 pakati pe1795 ne1934, kunyanya kusimbisa uchapupu nemabhuku. "

Kunyange the Washington Post anobvumirana nazvo: "Makamuri maviri ose anewo 'kuzvidza' simba, zvichibvumira kuti muviri uwane mimwe miedzo uye kunyange kutongesa avo vanowanikwa mukushora Congress. Kunyange zvazvo zvakanyanya kushandiswa munguva ye19 yezana remakore, simba harina kubvunzwa sezvo 1934 neDemocratic lawmakers vasina kuratidza chido chekuvandudza tsika. "

Apo imba yacho inofanira kusunungura vasungwa vose pamagumo emakore maviri eCongress (uye yakamboita saizvozvo), Senate - kana komiti yayo-havadi uye vanogona kuvabata muChishanu inotevera. Kutarisana neNzvimbo yakazara kana Senate chikamu chetsika yezvinyorwa zvisiri pamutemo, kwete kunyadziswa. Yakanyatsosimbiswa kuti kushorwa kwepanyika kunogara muimba yakazara kana komiti.

Saka, chii chinoshorwa mutemo? Zvakanaka, mu1857 Congress yakaparidzira mutemo unoita kuti vanhu vazvidza Congress (uye nguva yakawanda yejeri ndeyei 12 mwedzi). Izvozvi zvakazviita zvikuru kwazvo nekuda kwekudiwa kwekusunungura vasungwa pamagumo eChishanu imwe neimwe, asi zvakare nekuda kwekutsvaga nguva yekuisa vanhu mhaka yekuzvidzwa, chimwe chinhu chaiwanzoitwa nekomiti, neaipomerwa kazhinji akabvumirwa nemutemo nemazvapupu. Zvichipiwa izvo Congress inopedza nguva yayo inokosha mumazuva ano, ndiani asingadi kuti iite shure kwayo inopesana simba rokuzvidza? Zvakanaka, chido chedu chinopiwa. Congress haina kumbobvira isisina simba iroro, uye chaizvoizvo yakaramba ichiishandisa kuburikidza ne1934 kubvira apo yakasarudza kusasarudza. Kuzvidzwa kwekwenyika isimba rinogara mune izvo Sangano reUnited States rakasikwa kuti rive guru rine simba rehurumende. Haikwanise kuvharwa mumatare, uye haikwanise kuregererwa kana kuregererwa. Iyo inogonawo kuisa nguva isinganonoki nematare edzimhosva.

Musi waApril 15, 2008, iyo Congressional Research Service (CRS) yakaratidza kunzwisisa kwayo kwemasimba okuzvidza muzvakavandudzwa ripoti. Uyu mushumo unotsanangura kushandiswa kwekutanga kweC Congressional kuzvidza mu 1795. Zvinoshamisa, kune zemazuva ano, nyaya yacho yakamuka apo vazhinji veCongress Members vakapikisa kuti mumwe munhu akaedza kuvapa chiokomuhomwe. Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzemazuva ano dzeCongress dzisingatomboregi kutaura kune ani zvake asina kumbovashandisa zvakajeka kuburikidza ne "purogiramu yemari" yehurongwa, panguva iyoyo chiito ichi chakanga chakaonekwa sechinhu chinonyadzisa kukudzwa kweCongress. Hongu, Congress yakatenda kuva nechiremera.

Kunyengera kwakafanana sekupfekedzwa sekushorwa.

Ne "Genius of Impeachment: Mushonga weVatangi veRoyalism," John Nichols akabudisa mamwe makore shure kwechimiro chinofanira kuverengerwa kuverenga mune zvikoro zvose zvepamusoro uye yekoroji muUnited States. Nichols inogadzira nyaya yakaoma kuti kushandiswa kwemazuva ose kwakakosha kuitira kuponesa kwehurumende yedu yehurumende, kuti kupomerwa kwemhosva kunowanzova nemigumisiro inobatsira kunyange kana isingabudiriri, kuti kukurudzirwa kwekupomerwa hakusi sekutengesa mune zvematongerwe enyika sekusakwanisa kuita saizvozvo apo inofanirwa, kuti kuendesa kuBhitter Bush muAmerica House kwaive kwakagamuchirwa nechishuwo chekusimbisa rubatsiro rwevanhu, uye kukanganisa kwekutsvaga Bush kunobatsira pakuwedzera kukuvadza kwesimba guru pane iyo hurongwa hwedu hwehurumende husingadzoki - huchafanotaura iyo yakaratidza chokwadi munguva yeBrazil makore, apo Nichols (ainzi Democrat anopindirana) aifunga kuisa hanya nazvo, uye mumakore eTrump, apo Nichols zvakare ari mutsigiri akasimba wekupomerwa.

Waiziva here kuti nyaya dzekupomerwa dzakaiswa kune vapfumbamwe (vanoita kuti vatungamiri veC11) veUnited States? Waizviziva here kuti mumatambudziko manomwe (akaita iyo 8), Republican kana Whigs ndivo vaiva vakuru vanotsigira kana vatsigiri vakuru vekupomerwa? Waiziva here kuti Republican, mune vashomanana, vainetseka pamusoro pekutonga kwemutemo uye kutora mutungamiri wehurumende kwemasimba ehondo, yakatanga kuedza kukuru kwekutonga mutungamiri Truman, kuedza kwakapera chete apo Dare Repamusorosoro rakatora matambudziko akafanana ndokutonga Truman (uye Congress uye Mutungamiri vakateerera Supreme Court)? Waizviziva here kuti izvi zvakabatsira vaRepublicans muchisarudzo chakatevera?

Waiziva here kuti veRipublicans vanoisa Bumbiro reMitemo pamusoro pemutungamiri wenyika yeRepublican vakapa mavhoti akasimbisa chisarudzo cheMutungamiri Nixon? Ichokwadi, ivo vakaita saizvozvo mushure mekunge maDemocrates aita.

Nepo Nichols inosanganisira nhoroondo yekutsauka kubva ku1300s pamusoro, kusanganisira kuedza kutyisa hurumende Prime Minister Tony Blair, achifunga nezvenyaya ino sezvandiri ini, ndinoda kubvisa zvishomanana zveNichols mazwi pamusoro pezvinoitika zveDemocratic Party mu Nyika dzakabatana. Izvi hazvirevi zvakawanda mukutarisana; iwe zvechokwadi unofanira kuverenga bhuku racho. Asi heino mukana waro:

"Apo sangano reDemocrats rakakundikana kutevera kupomerwa semhinduro yakakosha kuIran-Contra kuzarurirwa kwekusava nemutemo mutemo reReagan White House - kuramba mazano aHenry B. Gonzalez, mukuru wesangano reTexas Texas uyo oga akabudisa nyaya dzakakodzera mu 1987 - ivo vakafunga kuti vakanga vachigadzirisa bato rekukunda mukusarudzo kwehutungamiri hwehutungamiri. Pane kudaro, Vachigaro weMutungamiriri weGeorge Herbert Walker Bush, avo vakadzoka kubva pamanyoro ari pasi pechechi yaakagamuchira kubva kuCongress nokuda kwekuzvibatanidza kwake mukunyadzisa, akasarudzwa kuva hukuru hwehurumende mu1988 nedzimwe nyika, uye zvaitarisira kufambira mberi kweDemocratic Congress muNational Congress yakakundikana kuita .

"Kutora zvikwama muhondo yezvematongerwo enyika zvinowanzokonzera kugogodza, pamwe nekambani inobata shure ichidonha kusvika kumubhedha uye ichirwisana, kazhinji kwenguva yakareba kwazvo, pakupedzisira inomuka zvakare. Uye Democratic Party yeGeorge Herbert Walker Bush makore, neine inenge isingazivikanwi penchant yekukwevera majeke, inoita ngozi chaiye yekuti ichinyatsoratidzirwa kwete kamwe chete asi kakawanda kana ikakundikana kukonzera nyaya yekutadza kwakaipisisa kune chikamu cheBush administration. "

"'Ndinofunga kuti tinofanira kugadzirisa nyaya iyi sarudzo,' Pelosi akaramba achikakavadzana, achinyatsodzivisa kutaura nezvekuti - saAndire Andrew Johnson paakange asina kuwanikwa mu1868, saHarry Truman apo maRipublicans akambokurukurwa kumupa mu1952, saRichard Nixon apo Dare reMatare eDare rakabvumira kumubata muC1974, uye kufanana naBill Clinton paakabatwa mu1998 - George Bush naDick Cheney vakanga vasingambogonizve kutarisana neAmerican electorate. "

"'Tingamudzidzisa sei murume uyu?' [Munyori wemapepeti Harold] Mhinduro yaMeyerson yaiva 'hatigoni' - kwete nokuti Bush haisi kunyadziswa asi nokuti 'kugara pazvinhu zvisina kunaka ikozvino kwaizove kubudisa simba kubva pamabasa ekusarudzwa anoda kubudirira kana kupomerwa kunogara kuri kuronga. ' Saka zano kubva kuna Meyerson, mumwe wevanyori vezvematongerwe enyika vane ruzivo kuruboshwe, kwaiva kuedza kubvisa-uye-kushandura. Simhanya pane utano hwakanaka uye dzidzo, shandisa Congress uye ipapo, zvichida, utange kufarira mibvunzo yekutsvaga. Dambudziko nemaitiro akadaro rakapetwa kaviri: Kutanga, vanonyatsoteerera zvematongerwe enyika ekunyengera. Chechipiri, vanoita zvisiri izvo kunze kwechiito chezvematongerwe enyika - chaizvoizvo iyo House Minority Whip Leslie Arends, Illinois Republican, akaitumidza iyo 1974 apo, manheru eDare reMitemo yeChishanu rinosarudza nyaya dzekupomera Richard Nixon, akazivisa 'Kunyengedzwa kunongova Dhiyabhorosi. Tinofanirwa kuzviziva sezvo uye isu tinofanira kufambidzana sevaRepublicans uye tinopikisa urongwa hwose. Mumazuva mashoma, Arends aitarisa benzi zvikuru, seanopfuura chikamu chetatu cheMatongerwo eDare reRubatsiki reRipublican, kusanganisira vanoverengeka vanochengetedza mazano, vakapa mavhoti mukuda kwekupomerwa. Mumavhiki mashoma, Arends haasati atarisa asi chaizvoizvo aiva benzi, sezvo vhoti dzakasimuka kubva kuhofisi dzakawanda dzeRepublicans vakange vatsoropodza kupomerwa ... "