NaNick Buxton, Transnational Institute, October 12, 2021
Kune kuwedzera kwezvematongerwo enyika kudiwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze semhinduro kumatambudziko anowedzera ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, asi kuongororwa kushoma kwakanyanya pamusoro pekuti rudzii rwechengetedzo rwavanopa uye kunaani. Iyi primer inoratidzira gakava - kuratidza basa remauto mukukonzera kunetsekana kwemamiriro ekunze, njodzi dzadzo izvozvi dzichipa mhinduro dzemauto kumatambudziko emamiriro ekunze, zvido zvemakambani zvinobatsira, kukanganisa kune avo vanotambura, uye dzimwe sarudzo dze 'chengetedzo' zvichibva pakururamisira.
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5. Nei masangano evagari nemapoka ezvakatipoteredza vachikurudzira kuchengetedza kwemamiriro ekunze?
1. Chii chinonzi kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze?
Kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze inzira yezvematongerwo enyika nehurongwa inoongorora kukanganisa kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze pakuchengeteka. Inofungidzira kuti kwakanyanya mamiriro ekunze uye kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nekukwira kwemhepo inokanganisa gasi (GHGs) kunokonzeresa kukanganisa kwehupfumi, magariro uye magariro - uye nekudaro kunokanganisa kuchengetedzeka. Mibvunzo ndeiyi: ndeyani uye rudzii rwechengetedzo iri nezve izvi?
Iko kutyaira kukuru uye kudiwa kwe'kuchengetedza kwemamiriro ekunze 'kunobva kune yakasimba nyika chengetedzo uye zvishandiso zvemauto, kunyanya izvo zvemarudzi akapfuma. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chengetedzo inoonekwa maererano ne'kutyisidzira 'kwainoita kumauto avo uye' kuchengetedzeka kwenyika ', izwi rinosanganisira zvese iro rinoreva simba renyika nehupfumi.
Mune ino chimiro, kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze kunoongorora izvo zvinoonekwa chaipoipo kutyisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika, sekukanganisa mashandiro emauto - semuenzaniso, kukwira kwenzvimbo yegungwa kunokanganisa mabhesheni emauto kana kupisa kwakanyanya kunotadzisa mashandiro emauto. Inotarisawo iyo kunanga kutyisidzira, kana nzira iyo shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inogona kuwedzera kusagadzikana kuripo, makakatanwa uye mhirizhonga inogona kuzadza kana kukurira mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubuda kwe'nzvimbo dzemitambo 'nyowani, senge Arctic uko kusungunuka kwechando kuri kuvhura zviwanikwa zvitsva zvemaminera uye kukwikwidza kukuru kwekutonga pakati pemasimba makuru. Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotsanangurwa se 'yekuwedzera kutyisidzira' kana 'chinokonzera kupokana'. Nhoroondo dzekuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze dzinofungidzira, mumazita eUS department reDziviriro zano, 'nguva yekupokana kurwa ... nzvimbo yekuchengetedza yakanyanya kusanzwisisika uye isingatarisirwe kupfuura yakatarisana panguva yeCold War'.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kwave kuchisanganisirwa muhurongwa hwekuchengetedza nyika, uye kwakambundirwa zvakanyanya nemasangano epasirese senge United Nations nemasangano ayo akasarudzika, pamwe nemasangano evagari, vezvedzidzo uye vezvenhau. Muna 2021 chete, Mutungamiri Biden yakazivisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika'' kuve chinhu chikuru cheagenda kumusangano weCOP26 munaNovember.
Sekutanga uku kuongorora, kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze senge nyaya yekuchengetedza iri kunetsa zvakanyanya sezvo ichizopedzisira yasimudzira nzira yechisimba yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze iyo inogona kuwedzera kusaruramisira kune avo vakanyanya kukanganiswa nedambudziko riri kuitika. Njodzi yemhinduro dzekuchengetedza ndeyekuti, netsananguro, ivo vanotsvaga kuchengetedza zviripo - isina kurongeka chinzvimbo. Mhinduro yekuchengetedzwa inoona se'kutyisidzira 'chero munhu anogona kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, sevapoteri, kana anoapokana zvachose, sevamiriri vezvemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvakare zvinodzivirira dzimwe, dzekudyidzana mhinduro kusagadzikana. Ruramisiro yemamiriro ekunze, nekusiyana inoda kuti tipidigure nekushandura masisitimu ezvehupfumi akakonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, tichikoshesa nharaunda munzvimbo dzakatarisana nedambudziko nekuisa mhinduro dzadzo pakutanga.
2. Kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kwakabuda sei sekutanga mune zvematongerwo enyika?
Kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kunotora nhoroondo yakarebesa yehurukuro yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza mumatunhu ezvidzidzo nekugadzira mitemo, ayo kubvira ma1970 nema1980 akaongorora kubatana kwenzvimbo nemakakatanwa uye dzimwe nguva akasundira vanoita sarudzo kuti vabatanidze kunetseka kwenzvimbo munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza.
Kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze kwakapinda mugwaro - uye kuchengetedzwa kwenyika - munhandare muna 2003, paine ongororo yakapihwa Pentagon naPeter Schwartz, aimbove Royal Dutch Shell kuronga, naDoug Randall weCalifornia-based Global Business Network. Vakayambira kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kutungamirira kuNguva yeRima itsva: 'Sezvo nzara, zvirwere, uye njodzi dzine chokuita nemamiriro ekunze dziri kuitika nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nyika dzakawanda dzinodiwa dzichapfuura simba radzo. Izvi zvinogadzira pfungwa yekupererwa, izvo zvingangotungamira kune hukasha hukashama kuti udzore kuenzanisa ... Kuvhiringidza nekukonana zvichave zvimiro zvehupenyu'. Gore rimwe chetero, mumutauro mushoma hyperbolic, European Union (EU) 'European Security Strategy' yakaratidza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze senyaya yekuchengetedza.
Kubva ipapo kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze kwave kuwedzera kubatanidzwa mukuronga kwekudzivirira, kuongororwa kwehungwaru, uye zvirongwa zvekushanda kwemauto zvenhamba iri kukura yenyika dzakapfuma dzinosanganisira US, UK, Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand neSweden pamwe neEU. Inosiyana nehurongwa hwekuita kwemamiriro ekunze kwenyika nekutarisa kwavo kune zvechiuto nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Kune vemauto uye nyika chengetedzo masangano, tarisiro pane shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inoratidza kutenda kwekuti chero rational planner anogona kuona kuti iri kuwedzera uye ichakanganisa chikamu chavo. Mauto nderimwe remasangano mashoma anoita kuronga kwenguva refu, kuve nechokwadi chekuenderera nesimba rekuita kupokana, uye kuve vakagadzirira kushanduka kwenzvimbo kwavanoita kudaro. Ivo zvakare vanofarira kuongorora zvakaipisisa-mamiriro ezvinhu nenzira isingagadziriswe nevanoronga magariro - izvo zvinogona kuve mukana panyaya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Secretary of Defense weUS, Lloyd Austin akapfupikisa kubvumirana kwemauto eUS nezve shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mu2021: 'Tatarisana nedambudziko rakakura uye riri kukura remamiriro ekunze riri kutyisidzira mamishini edu, zvirongwa, uye kugona kwedu. Kubva pamakwikwi ari kuwedzera muArctic kusvika mukutama kukuru muAfrica neCentral America, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kupa kusagadzikana uye kutitungamira kumisheni mitsva '.
Chokwadi, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze iri kutokanganisa mauto. Chirevo chePentagon cha2018 chakaratidza kuti hafu yenzvimbo dzechiuto mazana matatu nemazana mashanu dzaitambura nhanho dzematanhatu akakosha ezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya, sekukwira kwedutu, moto wesango uye kusanaya kwemvura.
Chiitiko ichi chemhedzisiro yeshanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye neyakareba kuronga kutenderera kwakasimbisa masimba ekuchengetedza nyika kubva kumazhinji ehurukuro dzekupokana uye kuramba pamusoro peshanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Zvaireva kuti kunyangwe panguva yehutungamiriri hwaTrump, mauto akaenderera nehurongwa hwekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze uku achidzikisira izvi pamberi pevanhu, kuti arege kuva tsvimbo yemheni yevanoramba.
Iko tarisiro yekuchengetedzeka kwenyika maererano neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotungamirwa nekutsunga kwayo kuwana kwakawanda kudzora kwese njodzi dzinogona nekutyisidzira, zvinoreva kuti inotsvaga kubatanidza zvese zvinhu zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kuti zviite izvi. Izvi zvakakonzera kuwedzera mukati mari kune ese ruoko rwekumanikidza ehurumende mukati kwemakumi emakumi emakore. Nyanzvi yekuchengetedza Paul Rogers, Emeritus Purofesa weRunyararo Zvidzidzo paYunivhesiti yeBradford, anodana zano 'liddism'(Ndiko kuti, kuchengetedza muvharo pazvinhu) - zano iro' rese rakazara uye rinoungana, rinosanganisira kuyedza kwakasimba kugadzira matekinoroji matsva uye matekinoroji anogona kudzivirira matambudziko nekuadzvinyirira '. Muitiro wakakurumidza kubvira 9/11 uye nekubuda kwealgorithmic matekinoroji, yakurudzira masangano ekuchengetedza nyika kutsvaga kuongorora, kutarisira uye pazvinogoneka kudzora zviitiko zvese.
Kunyange zvazvo masangano ekuchengetedzwa kwenyika achitungamira nhaurirano uye kuisa hurongwa pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, kunewo nhamba inowedzera yemasangano asiri echiuto uye emasangano evanhu (CSOs) anokurudzira kutarisa zvakanyanya kukuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinosanganisira pfungwa dzemitemo yekunze dzakaita seBrookings Institute uye Council on Foreign Relations (US), International Institute for Strategic Studies neChatham House (UK), Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Clingendael (Netherlands). French Institute for International uye Strategic Affairs, Adelphi (Germany) uye yeAustralia Strategic Policy Institute. Anotungamira mukuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze pasirese ndiyo US-based Center yeClimate and Security (CCS), inzvimbo yekutsvagisa ine hukama hwepedyo nevemauto nekuchengetedza chikamu uye bato reDemocratic bato. Akawanda emasangano aya akabatana nemauto epamusoro emauto kuti vagadzire International Military Council paMamiriro ekunze uye Chengetedzo mu2019.
Mufananidzo wechikwereti National Guard / United Nations hurumende inoshanda
Nguva yenguva yeKiyi Yemamiriro Ekuchengetedza Ekuchengetedza Matanho
- 2003: Shanduko Yemamiriro Ekunze Yemamiriro Ekunze uye Zvazvinoreva kuUnited States National Security. Chekutanga Pentagon-yakatumirwa bepa iyo yafanotaura dystopian mamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kukanganisa kwayo kuchengetedzeka kwenyika. Kuonekwa sekuwedzererwa asi isa toni yezano ramangwana.
- 2007: Zera reMigumisiro: Iyo Yekune dzimwe nyika Policy uye National Security Implications yeGlobal Climate Change. Chiitiko chine hunyanzvi, chakagadzirwa neakakosha emauto nekuchengetedza masisitimu, nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika ekunze uye veDemocratic insider, izvo zvakarondedzera zviitiko zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwekukanganisa tembiricha yepasi rose ye1.3 ° C, 2.6 ° C, uye 5.6 ° C.
- 2008: Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Kuchengetedzwa Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose. EU inotevera hutungamiri hweUS mukuzivisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze se'kuwedzera kutyisidzira 'izvo zvinowedzera kusagadzikana kuripo uye kusagadzikana uye kusagadzikana uye zvinounza njodzi dzezvematongerwo enyika nekuchengetedza dzinokanganisa zvido zveEurope'.
- 2008: Global Trends 2025: Nyika Yakashandurwa (DNI). National Intelligence Council inozivisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, pamwe nekuchinja kwenzvimbo, huwandu hwevanhu uye shanduko yesimba, sekugadzira nyika yekushomeka uye kusagadzikana.
- 2010 na2014: Quadrennial Kudzivirira Kuongorora. Iyo 2010 QDR yakaratidza 'simba chengetedzo uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze' seimwe yezvinhu zvina zvinoda chiito chakakosha, ichiti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichaita se 'kukurumidza kusagadzikana kana gakava, kuisa mutoro kupindura kumasangano evarwi nemauto kutenderera pasirese'.
- 2015: UK National Security Strategy uye Strategic Defense uye Chengetedzo Ongororo. Inodaidza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mutyairi wekusagadzikana.
- 2016: White Pepa paGerman Security Policy uye Ramangwana reBundeswehr.
- 2016: YeAustralia Yekudzivirira White Pepa inonyora shanduko yemamiriro ekunze seyakawedzera njodzi uye inofungidzira kusagadzikana munyika dziri muSouth Pacific.
- 2018: New Zealand's Strategic Dziviriro Policy.
- 2020: EU Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Dziviriro Roadmap. Inoongorora kugona kwemamishinari eEU pasi pemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa uye inotsigira kusangana kuri nani kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye zvinhu zvakatipoteredza mukuronga nekumisikidza mamishini eEU.
- 2021: UK Ministry of Defense Shanduko Yemamiriro ekunze uye Sustainability Strategic Approach. Yakagadzirwa sechikamu chehurumende yeUK yekuzvisimudzira pre-COP26, inokurudzira chikamu chekudzivirira cheUK senge mutambi anokosha kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye njodzi dzekuchengetedza.
- 2021: NATO Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Chengetedzo Yekuita Chirongwa. Inotsvaga nzira dzekuongorora zvirinani njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze uye kugadzirira zvinhu uye mashandiro emhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, pamwe nevimbiso dzisina kusimba dzekugadzirisa mauto emhepo.
3. Masangano anochengetedza nyika ari kuronga nekugadzirisa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze sei?
Masangano ezvekuchengetedza nyika, kunyanya vemauto nevehungwaru, venyika dzakapfuma dzakasimukira vari kuronga shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nenzira mbiri dzakakosha: kutsvagurudza nekufungidzira zviitiko zvenguva yemberi zvengozi nekutyisidzira zvichibva nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvekuwedzera kwetembiricha; nekuita zvirongwa zvemauto ekuchinja mamiriro ekunze. Iyo US inoisa maitiro ekuronga kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuda kwehukuru hwayo nekutonga (iyo US inoshandisa yakawanda kuzvidzivirira kupfuura nyika gumi dzinotevera dzakasanganiswa).
1. Kutsvakurudza uye kufanotaura zvichaitika mune ramangwana
Izvi zvinosanganisira ese anoshanda ekuchengetedza masangano, kunyanya mauto nehungwaru, kuti vaongorore zvinokanganisa zviripo uye zvinotarisirwa pamasimba emasoja enyika, zvivakwa zvayo uye mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ayo nyika inoshanda. Kusvika kumagumo emvumo yake mu2016, Mutungamiri Obama vakapfuurira mberi kuraira ese madhipatimendi ayo uye masangano 'kuona kuti shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze dzakanangana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze dzinotariswa zvizere mukuvandudza dzidziso yenyika yekuchengetedza, marongero, uye zvirongwa'. Mune mamwe mazwi, kugadzira iyo yenyika chengetedzo sisitimu yepakati kune yayo yese mamiriro ekunze kuronga. Izvi zvakadzoserwa kumashure naTrump, asi Biden atora kwakasiya Obama, achiraira Pentagon kuti vashande pamwe neDhipatimendi reZvekutengesa, National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Director weNational Intelligence, Hofisi yeSainzi. uye Tekinoroji Policy uye mamwe masisitimu ekuvandudza Ongororo Yemamiriro ekunze.
Maturusi akasiana-siana ekuronga anoshandiswa, asi pakuronga kwenguva refu, mauto akareba kuvimba pakushandiswa kwezviitiko kuongorora ramangwana rakasiyana siyana uyezve kuongorora kana nyika iine hunyanzvi hunodiwa kuti igadzirise nhanho dzakasiyana dzekutyisidzira. Iyo ine simba 2008 Zera reMigumisiro: Iyo Yekune dzimwe nyika Policy uye National Security Implications yeGlobal Climate Change chirevo muenzaniso chaiwo sezvo wakatsanangura zviitiko zvitatu zvezviitiko zvinogona kuitika kuUS chengetedzo yenyika zvichienderana nekukwira kwetembiricha yepasi rose kwe1.3 ° C, 2.6 ° C, uye 5.6 ° C. Aya mamiriro anotora ese ari maviri ekutsvagisa zvedzidzo - senge Intergovernmental Panel pane Climate Change (IPCC) yesainzi yemamiriro ekunze - pamwe nemishumo yehungwaru. Zvichienderana nezviitiko izvi, mauto anovandudza zvirongwa nemazano uye ave kutanga sanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mukuita kwayo modelling, kuenzanisa uye nehondo mitambo yekutamba. Nekudaro, semuenzaniso, iyo US European Command iri kugadzirira kuwedzera kusangana kwezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nekukakavadzana muArctic sekunyungudika kwegungwa-chando, zvichibvumira kuchera kwemafuta uye kutumira kwenyika munzvimbo iyi kuwedzera. KuMiddle East, US Central Command yakagadzirisa kushomeka kwemvura muzvirongwa zvayo zvenguva yemberi.
Dzimwe nyika dzakapfuma dzakatevedzerawo, dzichigamuchira lens yeUS yekuona shanduko yemamiriro ekunze se'kuwedzera kutyisidzira 'ichisimbisa zvakasiyana zvinhu. EU, semuenzaniso, iyo isina bato rekudzivirira rekubatanidza kune yayo 27 nhengo dzenyika, inosimbisa kukosha kwekutsvagisa kwakawanda, kuongorora uye kuongorora, kuwedzeredza kusangana muzvirongwa zvematunhu uye zvirongwa zvezvekudyidzana nevavakidzani, kuvaka kwedambudziko-manejimendi uye kupindura kwenjodzi kugona, nekusimbisa manejimendi manejimendi. Sangano reUK rezveDziviriro 2021 zano rinoisa sechinangwa chekutanga 'kuti vakwanise kurwisa uye kukunda munzvimbo dzine hukasha uye dzisingaregerere', asi zvakare vanoshuvira kusimbisa kubatana pamwe nekubatana kwavo.
2. Kugadzirira mauto kune mamiriro ekunze akachinja nyika
Sechikamu chegadziriro dzayo, mauto ari kutsvagawo kuona kushanda kwayo mune ramangwana rakatarwa nekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze uye kukwira-mwero wegungwa. Ichi hachisi chidiki feat. Mauto eU.S. yakaratidza mabhesi 1,774 zvinoenderana nekukwira kwenzvimbo yegungwa. Imwe nheyo, Norfolk Naval Station muVirginia, ndeimwe yemahombekombe makuru emauto epasi uye anotambura mafashama egore.
Naizvozvowo kutsvaga kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvayo, iyo US nemamwe mauto muchibvumirano cheNATO vanga vachidawo kuratidza kuzvipira kwavo ku'nosvibisa 'zvivakwa zvavo nemabasa. Izvi zvakatungamira mukuiswazve kukuru kwemasolar panels kumahofisi emauto, mamwe mafuta mukutumira uye nemidziyo inowaniswa simba. Hurumende yeBritain inoti yakamisikidza 50% 'kudonhedza inshu' kubva kumafuta emagetsi anobatsira nendege dzese uye yakapa Ministry yayo yeDziviriro ku 'zero zero emissions na2050'.
Asi kunyange hazvo kuedza uku kuridzwa hwamanda sezviratidzo zvekuti mauto ari 'kuzvisvibisa' pachawo (mimwe mishumo inotaridzika zvakanyanya senge kushambadzira kwekushambadzira), chinonyanya kukurudzira kukurudzira kutora matsva ndiwo kusagadzikana kutsamira pane fossil mafuta akagadzirira zvechiuto. Kutakurwa kweiri mafuta kuchengetedza hummers, matangi, ngarava uye jets zvichimhanya ndeimwe yemusoro mukuru wemusoro wemauto eU.S. uye yaive honzeri yekutambura kukuru panguva yemushandirapamwe muAfghanistan sezvo matangi emafuta aipa mauto eUS aigara achirwiswa neTaliban mauto. US Kudzidza kwemauto kwakawana kukuvara kumwe neimwe 39 yemotokari dzemota muIraq uye imwe yematanho makumi maviri nemana emafuta muAfghanistan. Mukufamba kwenguva, simba rinoshanda, mamwe mafuta, magetsi anofambiswa nesimba rezuva uye matekinoroji anovandudzwa zvese zvinopa tarisiro yeasina kusimba, anoshanduka uye anoshanda zvakanyanya muchiuto. Aimbova secretary weUS Navy Ray Mabus zvitaure zvakajeka: 'Tiri kuenda kune mamwe mafuta muNavy neMarine Corps nechikonzero chimwe chete, uye kutiita kuti tive varwi vari nani'.
Izvo, zvisinei, zvakaratidza kuoma zvakanyanya kutsiva kushandiswa kweoiri mukutakura kwemauto (ndege, mauto emugungwa, mota dzepanyika) izvo zvinoumba huwandu hukuru hwekushandiswa kwemauto kwemafuta efosi. Muna 2009, iyo US Navy yakazivisa yayo '.Yakakura Green Green', ichizvipira pachinangwa chekumisikidza simba rayo kubva kune asiri-fossil-mafuta sosi na2020. Asi iyo danho rekutanga rakasunungurwa, sezvo zvakave pachena kuti izvo kwaingova kusiri iko kwakakodzera kupihwa kweaafrofuels kunyangwe nehukuru hwekudyara kwemauto kuwedzera iyo indasitiri. Pakati pekuwedzera kwemitengo uye kushorwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, chirongwa ichi chakaurayiwa. Kunyangwe dai yaive yakabudirira, pane humbowo hwakati kuti biofuel kushandiswa kune zvakatipoteredza uye zvemagariro mutengo .
Pamusoro pekuita zvechiuto, nzira dzekuchengetedza nyika dzinobatawo nekutumirwa kwe'simba rakapfava' - diplomacy, mibatanidzwa yepasi rose nekushandira pamwe, basa rekubatsira vanhu. Saka kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kwakawanda mazano anoshandisawo mutauro wekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu sechikamu chezvinangwa zvavo uye kutaura nezve matanho ekudzivirira, kudzivirira kukakavara uye zvichingodaro. Iyo UK 2015 yenyika yekuchengetedza nzira, semuenzaniso, inototaura nezvekudikanwa kwekutarisana nezvimwe zvikonzero zvekusachengeteka: 'Chinangwa chedu chenguva refu ndechekusimbisa kusimba kwenyika dzine urombo uye dzisina kusimba kune njodzi, kuvhunduka uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvichaponesa hupenyu uye kuderedza njodzi yekusagadzikana. Izvo zvakare zviri nani kukosha kwemari kuisa mukugadzirira njodzi uye kusimba pane kupindura mushure mechiitiko'. Aya mazwi ehungwaru, asi haaoneki mumafambisirwo anoitwa zviwanikwa. Muna 2021, hurumende yeUK yakacheka bhajeti rekubatsira mhiri kwemakungwa nemabhiriyoni mana emadhora kubva pa4% yemari yainowana munyika yose (GNI) kusvika pa0.7%, zvichinzi ndezvenguva pfupi kuitira kudzikisa huwandu hwekukwereta kurarama neCOVID-0.5. dambudziko - asi nguva pfupi mushure mekuwedzera kwayo kushandiswa kwemauto ne £ 16.5 bhiriyoni (a 10% kuwedzera kwegore).
Mufananidzo wechikwereti Cpl Neil Bryden RAF / Korona Copyright 2014 (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
4. Ndeapi matambudziko makuru ekutsanangura shanduko yemamiriro ekunze senge nyaya yekuchengetedza?
Dambudziko rakakosha pakuita shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nyaya yekuchengetedza nderekuti inopindura dambudziko rakakonzerwa nehurongwa hwekusarongeka nemhinduro dze'chengetedzo, dzakaomeserwa mupfungwa uye masangano akagadzirirwa kutsvaga kutonga nekuenderera. Panguva iyo kudzikisira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kuona shanduko ine runyararo inoda kugoverwa kukuru kwesimba neupfumi, nzira yekuchengetedza inotsvaga kuenderera mberi nechimiro chiripo. Mukuita uku, kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze kune zvimiro zvikuru zvitanhatu.
1. Inocherekedza kana kudzoreredza kutarisisa kubva pazvikonzero zvekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, ichivharira shanduko inofanirwa kuenda kune isina kurongeka chinzvimbo. Mukutarisa pamhinduro kune zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzinogona kudikanwa, vanodzora kutarisisa kubva pazvikonzero zve dambudziko remamiriro ekunze - iyo simba remakambani uye nyika dzakabatsira zvakanyanya mukukonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, basa remauto rinova rimwe remasangano makuru eGHG emitters, uye marongero ehupfumi akaita sezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvakasununguka izvo zvakaita kuti vanhu vazhinji vatonyanya kunetseka nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Havana hanya nemhirizhonga yakadzikwa mumuenzaniso wezvehupfumi wepasi rose, vanofungidzira uye vanotsigira kuenderera mberi kwesimba nehupfumi, uye vanotsvaga kumisa kunetsana kuri kubuda uye 'kusachengeteka'. Ivo zvakare havapokane basa remasangano ekuchengetedza ivo pachavo mukusimudzira hurongwa husina hutongi hwemamiriro ekunze - saka nepo nyanzvi dzekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze dzichigona kuratidza kukosha kwekugadzirisa kuburitswa kwemauto eGHG, izvi hazvienderane nekufona kwekuvharisa zvivakwa zvemauto kana kuderedza zvakanyanya mauto nechengetedzo. mabhajeti kuitira kubhadhara zvisungo zviripo zvekupa mari yemamiriro ekunze kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dziise mari mune zvimwe zvirongwa zvakaita seGlobal Green New Deal.
2. Inosimbisa inosimudzira mauto uye chengetedzo zvishandiso uye indasitiri iyo yatowana pfuma zvisati zvamboitika uye simba mukumuka kwa9 / 11. Kufungidzirwa kwekusachengeteka kwemamiriro ekunze kwave chikonzero chitsva chakavhurika chekushandisa muchiuto nekuchengetedzeka uye nezviyero zvechimbichimbi zvinodarika tsika dzevanhu. Inenge nzira yega yega yekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze inopa mufananidzo wekusingaperi-kuwedzera kusagadzikana, kunoda kuchengetedzwa. SeNavy Rear Admiral David Titley akazvitaura: 'Zvakafanana nekupinda muhondo inogara makore zana'. Akagadzira izvi sedanda rekuita kwemamiriro ekunze, asi iri zvakare nekukanganisa gomba rekushandisa zvakanyanya zvemauto nekuchengetedza. Nenzira iyi, inotevera maitiro akareba emauto kutsvaga kutsvagiswa kutsva kwehondo, kusanganisira kurwisa kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, hugandanga, hackers zvichingodaro, izvo zvakatungamira kune kuwedzera mabhajeti emashandisirwo emauto nekuchengetedzeka pasi rose. Hurumende inoda kuchengetedzwa, yakaiswa mumutauro wevavengi nekutyisidzira, inoshandiswawo kupembedza matanho ekukurumidzira, sekuendeswa kwemauto nekugadzwa kwemutemo wechimbichimbi unodarika mademokrasi uye unodzivisa rusununguko rwevanhu.
3. Anoshandura mutoro wedambudziko remamiriro ekunze kune vakawirwa neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze, achivakanda se "njodzi" kana "kutyisidzira". Mukufunga kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, vanotsigira kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze vanonyevera nezvenjodzi dzekudyara kwenzvimbo, nzvimbo dzinogaramo, uye vanhu kuita chisimba kana kutama. Mukuita uku, avo vane chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze havasi ivo chete vanonyanya kukanganiswa nazvo, asi vanoonekwawo se'kutyisidzira '. Iko kusaruramisira katatu. Uye inotevera tsika refu yenyaya dzekuchengetedza uko muvengi anogara ari kumwe kunhu. Sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi Robyn Eckersley, 'kutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu chinoitwa nevatorwa kumaAmerican kana kunharaunda yeAmerica', uye hazvisi chinhu chinokonzereswa nemitemo yekuUS kana Western yekumba.
4. Inosimbisa zvido zvekambani. Munguva dzekoloni, uye dzimwe nguva kumberi, kuchengetedzeka kwenyika kwave kuonekwa nekudzivirira zvido zvemakambani. Muna 1840, UK Wokunze Munyori Lord Palmerston anga asina chokwadi: 'Ndiro bhizinesi reHurumende kuvhura nekuchengetedza nzira dzemutengesi'. Maitiro aya achiri kutungamira nyika zhinji 'mutemo wezvekunze nhasi - uye inosimbiswazve nesimba rinokura remasimba emakambani mukati mehurumende, vadzidzi, masangano ezvematongerwo enyika uye masangano ehurumende akadai seUN kana World Bank. Inoratidzwa mune dzakawanda nzira dzine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze dzekuchengetedza nyika dzinoratidza kunetsekana nezve zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze munzira dzekutakura, maketeni ekupa, uye kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze kumatunhu ehupfumi. Kuchengetedzwa kwemakambani makuru epasi rose (TNCs) anoshandurwa otomatiki sekuchengetedzwa kwerudzi rwese, kunyangwe iwo maTNCs, senge makambani emafuta, angave ari iwo anonyanya kupa kusagadzikana.
5. Inogadzira kusachengeteka. Kuendeswa kwemauto ekuchengetedza kazhinji kunogadzira kusagadzikana kwevamwe. Izvi zviri pachena, semuenzaniso, mune makumi maviri emakore-anotungamirwa neUS-uye mauto anotsigirwa neNATO-kutora Afghanistan, kwakatangwa nechipikirwa chekuchengetedzwa kubva kugandanga, asi ndokuzopedzisira kwave kukonzera hondo isingaperi, makakatanwa, kudzoka kweTaliban uye pamwe kusimuka kwemauto matsva emagandanga. Saizvozvo, mapurisa muUS uye kune imwe nzvimbo zvakawanzo gadzira kuwedzera kwekusachengeteka kwenharaunda dzakadzvinyirirwa dzinotarisana nerusarura, kuongororwa uye kufa kuitira kuchengetedza makosi akapfuma asina kukodzera akachengeteka. Zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze zvinotungamirwa nemauto ekuchengetedza hazvizopunyuke izvi zvine simba. Sezvo Maka Neocleous anopfupikisa: 'Chengetedzo yese inotsanangurwa maererano nekusachengeteka. Kwete chete kukwidza chero kuchengetedzeka kunosanganisira kutsanangurwa kwekutya kunokonzera, asi kutya uku (kusachengeteka) kunoda matanho ekudzivirira (chengetedzo) kumisa, kubvisa kana kumanikidza munhu, boka, chinhu kana mamiriro anokonzera kutya '.
6. Inodzikisira dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze. Kamwe kuchengetedzeka kuri iko kuronga, mubvunzo unogara uri izvo zvisina kuchengeteka, kusvika papi, uye ndeapi matanho ekuchengetedza anogona kushanda - zvisatomboita kuti chengetedzo inofanira kunge iri nzira yacho. Iyo nyaya inoiswa mumabhinari ekutyisidzira vs chengetedzo, inoda kupindira kwehurumende uye kazhinji ichiruramisa zviito zvisingawanzo kunze kwenzira dzekutonga nedemokrasi. Saka zvinodzora dzimwe nzira - senge idzo dzinotsvaga kutarisa zvimwe zvinokonzeresa, kana kutarisana nemitemo yakasiyana (semuenzaniso, kururamisira, hutongi hwakakurumbira, kuenderana kwezvakatipoteredza, ruramisiro yekudzorera), kana zvichibva kune akasiyana masangano nemaitiro (semuenzaniso hutungamiriri hwehutano hweveruzhinji. , commons-based kana nharaunda-based mhinduro). Iyo inodzvinyirira zvakare iwo mafambiro chaiwo anodaidzira idzi dzimwe nzira uye kupokana masisitimu asina ruramisiro anosimudzira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Onawo: Dalby, S. (2009) Kuchengetedza uye Shanduko Yemagariro, Polity. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Security+and+Environmental+Change-p-9780745642918
Patriarchy uye kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze
Pasi pemaitiro echiuto kune kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze kune hurongwa hwemadzitateguru hwakagadzirisa nzira dzechiuto kugadzirisa kusawirirana nekusagadzikana. Patriarchy yakadzika zvakanyanya mumauto nekuchengetedza zvimiro. Zvinonyanya kuoneka muhutungamiriri hwechirume uye kutonga kwemauto ehurumende nemauto ehurumende, asi zvirimowo munzira iyo kuchengetedzwa kunoitwa, rombo rinopihwa mauto nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, uye mashandisirwo emari nemhinduro dzechiuto. kunyange kubvunzwa kunyangwe iri kutadza kuita zvayakavimbisa.
Vakadzi uye LGBT + vanhu vanokanganiswa zvisingaenzaniswi nehondo dzehondo uye mhinduro dzehondo kumatambudziko. Ivo zvakare vane mutoro usingaenzaniswi wekutarisana nemhedzisiro yedambudziko senge shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Vakadzi vane mukurumbira zvakare vari pamberi peese mamiriro ekunze uye nerunyararo mafambiro. Ndosaka tichida chikadzi chinotsoropodza chengetedzo yemamiriro ekunze uye tichitarisa kumhinduro dzevakadzi. Sokutaura kunoita Ray Acheson naMadeleine Rees weWomen's International League yeRunyararo neRusununguko, 'Vachiziva kuti hondo ndiyo nzira yekupedzisira yekusagadzikana kwevanhu, vakadzi vanotsigira mhinduro dzenguva refu kumagakava nekutsigira runyararo nerunyararo zvinodzivirira vanhu vese' .
Onawo: Acheson R. naRees M. (2020). Maitiro echikadzi ekutaurisa zvakanyanya zvemauto
kupedza' mu Rethinking Unconstrained Mauto Mari, UNODA Occasional Papers No. 35, pp 39-56 https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/op-35-web.pdf
Vakadzi vakasiya nzvimbo vakatakura zvinhu zvavo vanosvika kuBossangoa, Central African Republic, mushure mekutiza mhirizhonga. Mufananidzo wechikwereti: UNHCR/ B. Heger (CC BY-NC 2.0)
5. Nei masangano evagari nemapoka ezvakatipoteredza vachikurudzira kuchengetedza kwemamiriro ekunze?
Zvisinei nekunetsekana uku, akati wandei ezvemamiriro ekunze nemamwe mapoka akasundira mitemo yekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze, senge Sangano reWorld Wildlife Fund, Environmental Defence Fund uye Natural Conservancy (US) uye E3G muEurope. Iwo anodzika-akananga-chiito boka Extinction Kupandukira Netherlands yakatokoka mukuru anotungamira wechiuto wechiDutch kuti anyore nezve kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze mubhuku ravo re'vapanduki '.
Zvakakosha kuziva pano kuti kududzira kwakasiyana kwekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze zvinoreva kuti mamwe mapoka anogona kunge asiri kutaura chiono chakafanana nemasangano ezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Sainzi wezvematongerwo enyika Matt McDonald anodudza zviono zvina zvakasiyana zvekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekuchengetedza kwavanotariswa: 'vanhu' (kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu), 'nyika-nyika' (kuchengetedzwa kwenyika), 'nharaunda yepasi rose' (kuchengetedzwa kwenyika) uye iyo 'ecosystem' (ecological kuchengetedzwa). Kupindirana nemusanganiswa wezviono izvi zvakare ari kubuda zvirongwa zve kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze, kuyedza kuita mepu uye kutaura mitemo inogona kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kudzivirira kusawirirana.
Zvinodiwa nemapoka emasangano akazvimirira oga zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvakasiyana izvi uye kazhinji zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, asi vamwe vanotsvaga kubatanidza mauto sevanodyidzana uye vanoda kushandisa 'kuchengetedzwa kwenyika' kuita izvi. Izvi zvinoratidzika kunge zvakavakirwa pakutenda kuti mubatanidzwa wakadai unogona kudzikisa kuburitswa kwemauto eGHG, kubatsira kutsvaga rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kumauto ezvematongerwo enyika anowanzo chengetedza maitiro emamiriro ekunze, uye nekudaro kusundira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze mumhepo. ane simba 'chengetedzo' maseketi emagetsi kwaanozopedzisira anyatso kukosheswa.
Dzimwe nguva, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, kunyanya hurumende yeBlair muUK (1997-2007) pamwe nehutongi hwaObama muUS (2008-2016) vakaonawo rondedzero dze'chengetedzo 'senzira yekutora mamiriro ekunze kubva kune vanozeza nyika vateereri. Sa UK Wokunze Munyori Margaret Beckett vakakavadzana muna 2007 pavakaronga gakava rekutanga pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze muUN Security Council, “kana vanhu vachitaura nezvematambudziko ezvekuchengetedza vanozviita nenzira yemhando dzakasiyana nedambudziko ripi zvaro. Kuchengetedzwa kunoonekwa sechinhu chakakosha kwete sarudzo. … Kuratidza kuchengetedzeka maererano nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune basa mukusimudzira hurumende idzo dzichiri kufanira kutora matanho. ”
Nekudaro mukuita kudaro, zvakasiyana kwazvo zviono zvekuchengetedzeka zvinosviba uye zvakasanganiswa. Uye ikapihwa simba rakaomarara remidziyo uye ekuchengetedza nyika, izvo zvinokunda chero chimwe, izvi zvinopedzisira zvasimbisa rondedzero yenyika - kazhinji kutopa kwezvematongerwo enyika 'anobatsira' kana 'ezvemamiriro ekunze' kumagariro nemauto ekuchengetedza uye mashandiro pamwe nezvinodiwa zvemubatanidzwa zvavanotsvaga kuchengetedza nekudzivirira.
6. Ndedzipi fungidziro dzinonetsa dzinoitwa nemauto ekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze?
Zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze emauto zvinosanganisira fungidziro dzakakosha dzinobva dzagadzira marongero nemapurogiramu avo. Imwe seti yefungidziro inowanikwa mumazhinji ekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze ndeyekuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichakonzera kushomeka, kuti izvi zvinokonzeresa kupokana, uye kuti mhinduro dzekuchengetedza dzichadikanwa. Muchirongwa ichi cheMalthusian, vanhu vanotambura zvikuru pasi rose, kunyanya avo vari munzvimbo dzinopisa dzakaita sedzakawanda dzesub-Saharan Africa, vanoonekwa sevanonyanya kukonzera kukakavara. Iyi Scarcity> Conflict> Chengetedzo paradigm inoratidzwa mumazano asingaverengeki, zvisingashamise kune sangano rakagadzirirwa kuona nyika kuburikidza nekutyisidzira. Mhedzisiro, zvisinei, isimba rakasimba redystopian kune kuchengetedzwa kwenyika kuronga. A typical Pentagon yekudzidzisa vhidhiyo inonyevera yenyika 'yekutyisidzira kwakasanganiswa' kuri kubuda kubva murima remaguta izvo mauto achatadza kudzora. Izvi zvinobudawo muchokwadi, sezvakapupurirwa muNew Orleans mushure meDutu reKatrina, uko vanhu vaiedza kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata. kubatwa sevarwi vevavengi ndokupfura nekuuraya pane kununura.
Sekutaura kwakaita Betsy Hartmann, izvi inokodzera munhoroondo refu yekolonialism uye rusaruraganda iyo yakabata vanhu nemakondinendi nemaune - uye inofara kuronga izvo mune ramangwana kuratidza kuenderera mberi kwekudzingwa uye kuvapo kwemauto. Inodzivisa zvimwe zvingangoita se kushomeka kunokurudzira kubatana kana gakava richigadziriswa mune zvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvakare, sekutaurwa kwamberi, nemaune inodzivirira kutarisa nzira idzo kushomeka, kunyangwe panguva dzekusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, kunokonzerwa nezviitiko zvevanhu uye zvichiratidza kukanganiswa kwezvivakwa pane kushomeka kwakazara. Uye inopembedza kudzvinyirirwa kwemafambiro ayo kuda uye kuunganidza shanduko yehurongwa sekutyisidzira, sezvo ichifungidzira kuti chero munhu anopokana nehurongwa hwehupfumi hwazvino unopa njodzi nekupa kusagadzikana.
Onawo: Deudney, D. (1990) 'Nyaya inopokana nekubatanidza kudzikisira kwezvakatipoteredza uye chengetedzo yenyika', Millennium: Zvinyorwa zveInternational Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298900190031001
7. Dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rinotungamira mukukonana here?
Iko kufungidzira kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inotungamira mukukonana kunoiswa mumagwaro ekuchengetedza nyika. Ongororo ya2014 yeDhipatimendi reDziviriro, semuenzaniso, inoti zvinokonzeresa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze '… zvinotyisidzira zvinowedzeredza zvinonetsa kunze kwenyika zvakaita sehurombo, kudzikisira kwezvakatipoteredza, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusagadzikana kwenzanga - mamiriro anogona kugonesa zviitiko zvehugandanga nezvimwe. mafomu echisimba '.
Kutaridzika kwepamusoro kunoratidza zvinongedzo: 12 yenyika makumi maviri dzakanyanya kutambura nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pari zvino dziri kusangana nehondo. Nepo kuwirirana kusiri kwakafanana nechikonzero, ongororo yekupfuura Zvidzidzo makumi mashanu neshanu pachinhu ichi nemapurofesa eCalifornia Burke, Hsiang naMiguel kuyedza kuratidza causal zvinongedzo, vachipokana yega yega 1 ° C kuwedzera tembiricha, kupokana kwehukama kwakawedzera ne2.4% uye kupesana kwekukonana ne11.3%. Maitiro avo ane kubvira zvave kupikiswa kwakawanda. A zana taura mukati muzvarirwo akapedzisa.
Mukuita, zvakaoma kurambana shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kubva kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvinotungamira mukukonana, uye pane humbowo hushoma hwekuti zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinotungamira vanhu kuti vatendeukire kumhirizhonga. Chokwadi, dzimwe nguva kushomeka kunogona kudzikisira mhirizhonga sezvo vanhu vanomanikidzwa kubatana. Tsvagurudzo munzvimbo dzakaoma dunhu reMarsabit kuchamhembe kweKenya, semuenzaniso, yakawana kuti panguva yekusanaya uye kushomeka kwemvura mhirizhonga yaisawanzoitika sezvo nharaunda dzaifudza vafudzi dzaisatomboda kutanga makakatanwa panguva dzakadai, uye zvakare dzaive nehutongi hwakasimba asi hwakachinjika hwezvivakwa mvura iyo yakabatsira vanhu kujairana nekushomeka kwayo.
Izvo zvakajeka ndezvokuti izvo zvinonyanya kugadzirisa kuputika kwemakakatanwa zvose zviri zviviri kusaenzana kunowanikwa munyika yepasi rose (Nhaka yeCold War uye kudyidzana kwepasirese kwakanyanya) pamwe nematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika anopindura kumatambudziko. Hamu-akamanikidza kana mhinduro dzekunyengera nevakuru vepamusoro kazhinji zvimwe zvezvikonzero nei mamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara achizoita makakatanwa uye pakupedzisira nehondo. An EU-yakabhadharwa kudzidza kwemakakatanwa muMediterranean, Sahel uye Middle East vakaratidza, semuenzaniso, kuti zvikonzero zvikuru zvekukonana mumatunhu aya zvakange zvisiri mamiriro emamiriro ekunze, asi kushaikwa kwedemokrasi, kusimudzira nekusaruramisira kwehupfumi uye kuyedza kwakashata kwekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inozopedzisira yaita kuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu awedzere.
Siria ndeimwe nyaya iripo. Vazhinji vakuru vemauto vanorondedzera kuti kusanaya kwemvura mudunhu nekuda kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze kwakatungamira sei kumaruwa- kutama kwemaguta uye nehondo yevagari. Asi izvo avo vakanyatsoongorora mamiriro acho ezvinhu zvakaratidza kuti yaive nhanho dzeAssad dzeneoliberal dzekucheka rubatsiro rwekurima dzakakanganisa zvakanyanya kupfuura kusanaya kwemvura mukukonzera kutama-mumaguta. Zvakadaro unenge wakaomerwa kuwana muongorori wemauto achipomera hondo pane neoliberalism. Uyezve, hapana humbowo hunoratidza kuti kutama kwakava nechokuita muhondo yevagari vemo. Vatami kubva kunharaunda yakawirwa nekusanaya kwemvura havana kubatanidzwa zvakanyanya mukuratidzira kwechirimo cha2011 uye hapana kana chimwe chezvaidiwa nevaratidziri chine chekuita nekusanaya kwemvura kana kutama. Yakanga iri danho raAssad rekusarudza kudzvanyirira pamusoro peshanduko nekuda kwekudaidzira demokrasi pamwe nebasa revatambi vekunze kusanganisira US iyo yakashandura kuratidzira murunyararo kuita hondo yevagari vemo.
Pane zvakare humbowo hwekuti kusimbisa mamiriro ekunze-kukonana paradigm kunogona kuwedzera mukana wekukonana. Inobatsira mujaho wezvombo, kukanganisa kubva kune zvimwe zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa kukakavara, uye kuderedza dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Kukura kwekutsvaga zvemauto uye zvehurumende-zvakanangwa kutaura uye hurukuro maererano nekuyerera kwemvura pakati peIndia neChina, semuenzaniso, zvakakanganisa hurongwa huripo hwekugovanisa mvura uye kuita kuti kunetsana munharaunda kuwedzere.
Onawo: 'Rethinking Climate Change, Conflict and Security', Geopolitics, Yakakosha Nyaya, 19 (4). https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fgeo20/19/4
Dabelko, G. (2009) 'Dzivisa hyperbole, oversimplification kana mamiriro ekunze uye kuchengeteka zvinosangana', Bulletin yeAtomic Scientists, 24 Nyamavhuvhu 2009.
Mufananidzo wechikwereti Christiaan Triebert (CC BY 2.0)
8. Ndeipi mhedzisiro yekuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze pamiganhu nekutama?
Rondedzero pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze anodzorwa nekufungidzirwa 'kutyisidzira' kwekutama kwevanhu vakawanda. Chirevo chine simba cha2007 US, Zera reMigumisiro: Iyo Yekune dzimwe nyika Policy uye National Security Implications yeGlobal Climate Change, inotsanangura kutama kukuru senge 'pamwe ndiro dambudziko rinonyanya kunetsa rine chekuita nekukwira kwetembiricha uye nemazinga egungwa', kunyevera kuti 'kuchakonzera kunetsekana kukuru kwekuchengetedzeka uye kukakavara kwenzvimbo'. A 2008 EU mushumo Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yakanyorwa mamiriro ekunze-akakonzera kutama seyechina inonyanya kukosha kuchengetedzeka (mushure mekupokana pamusoro pezviwanikwa, kukuvara kwehupfumi kumaguta / kumahombekombe, nemakakatanwa enharaunda). Yakadaidzira kuti 'kuenderere mberi kukura kweyakajeka mutemo weEuropean wekutama' muchiedza che 'zvakatipoteredza - zvakakonzera kumwe kushushikana kwekutama'.
Iyi yambiro yasimbisa iyo masimba uye masimba mukutsigira kwemauto emiganhu kuti kunyangwe pasina nyevero yemamiriro ekunze yakange yave hegemonic mumitemo yemuganhu pasi rese. Kuramba kuchiwedzera kunetsa kune vanhu vanotama kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakarongeka kwekodzero yepasirese yekutsvaga hupoteri, uye zvakakonzera kutambura kusingatauriki uye hutsinye kuvanhu vakatamiswa vanotarisana nenzendo dzine njodzi zvakanyanya sezvavanotiza nyika dzekumba kwavo kunotsvaga hupoteri, uye zvakanyanya 'kuvenga. ' nharaunda kana vabudirira.
Kutya-kutya pamusoro pe'vanochinja mamiriro ekunze 'kwakabatana zvakare neHondo Yenyika Yose paTerror iyo yakasimudzira uye yakapa mvumo yekugara uchigadziriswa kwezvekuchengetedza hurumende matanho uye mashandisirwo. Chokwadi nzira zhinji dzekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze dzinoenzanisa kutama nehugandanga, vachiti ivo vanoenda kuAsia, Africa, Latin America neEurope ichave nzvimbo yakaorera yekumisikidza nekutorwa nemapoka ane hukasha. Uye vanosimbisa rondedzero dzevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika sekutyisidzira, zvichiratidza kuti kutama kunogona kusangana nemakakatanwa, mhirizhonga uye nehugandanga uye kuti izvi zvinogadzira nyika dzakakundikana nemhirizhonga idzo nyika dzakapfuma dzichafanira kuzvidzivirira.
Vanokundikana kutaura kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kungatoganhurira pane kuparira kutama, sezvo mamiriro okunze anonyanyisa achikanganisa kunyange migariro inokosha youpenyu. Vanotadzawo kutarisa zvikonzero zvezvimiro zvekutama uye basa renyika zhinji dzakapfuma pasi rose rekumanikidza vanhu kutama. Hondo nekunetsana ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekutama pamwe nekusaenzana kwehupfumi. Zvakadaro nzira dzekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze dzinonzvenga nhaurirano yezvibvumirano zvehupfumi nekutengeserana izvo zvinogadzira kushaikwa kwemabasa uye kurasikirwa kwekuvimba mune zvekudya, seNAFTA muMexico, hondo dzakarwirwa humambo (nekutengeserana) zvinangwa zvakaita seLibya, kana kuparara kwenharaunda. uye zvakatipoteredza zvinokonzerwa neTNCs, zvakadai seCanada mafemu emigodhi muCentral neSouth America - iyo yose inofambisa mafuta. Vanotadzawo kuratidza kuti nyika dzine mari yakawanda sei dzinotambirawo nhamba shoma yevapoteri. Panyika gumi dzepamusoro-soro dziri kugamuchira vapoteri pasi rose maererano nechiyero, imwe chete, Sweden, inyika yakapfuma.
Sarudzo yekutarisisa mhinduro dzemauto mukutama panzvimbo pegadziriro kana mhinduro dzinonzwira tsitsi yakatungamira mukuwedzera kukuru kwemari uye kwemauto emiganhu pasirese mukutarisira kuwedzera kukuru mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Muganhu weUS uye mari yekufambisa yatama kubva pamadhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora kusvika pamabhiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu pakati pa9.2 na26. Frontex yakave nebhajeti yayo yakawedzera kubva pa € 5.2 mamirioni muna 2005 kusvika ku € 460 mamirioni muna 2020 ne € 5.6 bhiriyoni yakachengeterwa iyo agency pakati pa2021 na2027. Miganhu ikozvino 'yakachengetedzwa' ne 63 madziro pasirese.
uye mauto anogara achinyanya kuita basa rekupindura vanenge vatama zvese pamiganhu yenyika uye nekuwedzera kumberi kubva kumba. IUS inowanzoisa zvikepe zve navy uye US gadhi yekuchengetedza eCaribbean, EU kubva 2005 yakaendesa mubato wayo, Frontex, kushanda pamwe nenhengo dzenyika dzevamiriri pamwe nenyika dzakavakidzana kutenderera Mediterranean, uye Australia yakashandisa chikepe chayo. masimba ekudzivirira vapoteri vanomhara pamahombekombe ayo. India yakaendesa vamiririri vanowedzera vevamiriri veIndia Border Security Force (BSF) vanobvumidzwa kushandisa mhirizhonga pamuganhu wayo wekumabvazuva neBangladesh ichiita kuti ive imwe yenyika dzakaipisisa.
Onawo: TNI yakatevedzana pamuganhu wemauto uye indasitiri yekuchengetedza muganho: Border Wars https://www.tni.org/en/topic/border-wars
Boas, ini (2015) Mamiriro ekunze Kufamba uye Kuchengetedzwa: Kuchengetedzwa seChirongwa muKushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze Zvematongerwo enyika. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Climate-Migration-and-Security-Securitisation-as-a-Strource-in-Climate/Boas/p/book/9781138066687
9. Ndeupi basa remauto mukugadzira dambudziko remamiriro ekunze?
Panzvimbo pekutarisa kumauto semhinduro kumatambudziko emamiriro ekunze, zvakanyanyisa kukosha kuongorora basa rayo mukubatsira kumatambudziko emamiriro ekunze nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakakwira dzekubuda kweGHG nebasa rayo rakakosha mukusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika.
Zvinoenderana neshumo yeUS Congressional, Pentagon ndiyo yega mushandisi mushandisi wepeturu munyika, uye zvakadaro pasi pemitemo yazvino haidiwe kutora chero chiito chakakomba kudzikisa chisi chinoenderana neruzivo rwesainzi. A kudzidza muna 2019 Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Pentagon's GHG emissions yaive 59 miriyoni matani, yakakura kudarika yese inobuda muna 2017 neDenmark, Finland neSweden. Masayendisiti eGlobal Hutariri vakaverenga kuburitswa kwemauto eUK kuve 11 miriyoni matani, akaenzana ne6 miriyoni mota, uye EU inobuda kuita 24.8 miriyoni matani neFrance ichipa chikamu chetatu chese. Zvidzidzo izvi zvese fungidziro dzekuchengetedza dzakapihwa kushomeka kwe data rakajeka. Makambani mashanu ezvombo anogara munhengo dzeEU (Airbus, Leonardo, PGZ, Rheinmetall, neThales) akaonekwawo akagadzira pamwe chete matani anosvika miriyoni 1.02 eGHGs.
Iyo yakakwira mwero wemauto GHG emissions inokonzerwa nekupararira kwezvivakwa (mauto anowanzove muridzi wepasirese munyika zhinji), yakawedzera pasirese kusvika - kunyanya yeUS, iyo ine zvinopfuura mazana masere emauto pasi rose, mazhinji acho ari kuita mafuta-anoenderana neanopokana nema insurgency mashandiro - uye yakanyanya fossil-mafuta kudyiwa kwakawanda emauto ekufambisa masystem. Imwe F-800 murwi wejeti, semuenzaniso unopisa 15 emabhariri (342 marita) emafuta paawa, uye hazvigoneke kutsiva neimwe simba rinowedzerwazve. Zvombo zvemauto sendege nengarava zvine hupenyu hwakareba-kutenderera, zvichikiya mumhepo kabhoni kwemakore mazhinji anouya.
Iko kukura kwakakura pane chisi, zvisinei, ndicho chakanyanya chinangwa chemauto chino chengetedza nyika yaro kuwana zviwanikwa zvine hungwaru, chengetedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemari uye kugadzirisa kusagadzikana uye kusaenzana kunokonzera. Izvi zvakatungamira mukukwikwidza kwenzvimbo dzakapfuma-sosi seMiddle East neGulf States, nemigwagwa yekutakura yakatenderedza China, uye yaitawo mauto mbiru yekumanikidza yehupfumi hwakavakirwa pakushandisa mafuta-mafuta uye yakazvipira kune isina muganho. kukura kweupfumi.
Chekupedzisira, mauto anokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze kuburikidza nemukana mutengo wekudyara muchiuto pane kuisa mari mukudzivirira kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze. Mabhajeti echiuto akada kupeta zvakapetwa kaviri kubva pakupera kweCold War kunyangwe asingape mhinduro kumatambudziko makuru anhasi akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, denda, kusaenzana nehurombo. Panguva iyo pasi pano inoda mari huru inogoneka mukuchinja kwehupfumi kudzikamisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, veruzhinji vanogaroudzwa kuti hapana zviwanikwa zvekuita zvinodiwa nesainzi yemamiriro ekunze. MuCanada, semuenzaniso Prime Minister Trudeau akazvikudza nezvezvipikirwa zvaro zvemamiriro ekunze, asi hurumende yake yakashandisa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemanomwe paDhipatimendi reDziviriro yeNyika, asi madhora bhiriyoni gumi nemazana mapfumbamwe chete paDhipatimendi Rezvakatipoteredza & Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze muna 27. Makore makumi maviri apfuura, Canada yakashandisa. $ 9.6 bhiriyoni ekuzvidzivirira uye chete $ 730 mamirioni yezvakatipoteredza & shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Saka pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore apfuura sezvo dambudziko remamiriro ekunze ranyanya kuipa, nyika dziri kushandisa mari zhinji kumauto nemaoko pane kutora matanho ekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kuchengetedza nyika.
Onawo: Lorincz, T. (2014), Demilitarization yekudzika decarbonisation, IPB.
Meulewater, C. et al. (2020) Militarism uye Dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza: kuratidzwa kunodikanwa, Center Delas. http://centredelas.org/publicacions/miiltarismandenvironmentalcrisis/?lang=en
10. Mauto nemakakatanwa akasungwa sei neoiri nehupfumi hwekuwedzera?
Nhoroondo, hondo yaiwanzo kubuda kubva pakurwira kwevakuru kuti vatore mukana wekuwana magetsi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika paoiri nemafuta emafuta emari izvo zvakakonzera hondo dzepasirese, hondo dzevagari vemo, kusimuka kwemapoka evagari pamwe nemagandanga, kukakavara pamusoro pekutakura kana mapaipi, nekukwikwidza kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo mumatunhu akakosha kubva kuMiddle East kusvika parizvino Arctic Ocean. .
Imwe fundo inoratidza izvozvo pakati pechina nehafu nehafu yehondo dzekunze kubvira kutanga kweinonzi zera remafuta emazuva ano mu1973 yaive nehukama nemafuta, neiyo 2003 US-inotungamirwa nekupinda muIraq iri muenzaniso unotyisa. Oiri zvakare ine - chaizvo uye fananidzo - yakazodza indasitiri yemaoko, ichipa zvese zviwanikwa uye chikonzero chenyika zhinji kuenda kunoshandisa zvombo. Chokwadi chiripo humbowo hwekuti kutengesa zvombo kunoshandiswa nenyika kubatsira kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza kuwana mafuta. Chibvumirano chikuru chemaoko cheUK - iyo 'Al-Yamamah dhiri rezvombo' - vakabvumirana muna 1985, vanobatanidzwa iyo UK ichipa maoko pamusoro pemakore mazhinji kuSaudi Arabia - pasina kuremekedza kodzero dzevanhu - mukudzosera mazana matanhatu emabharani emafuta asina kuchena pazuva. BAE Systems yakawana makumi emabhiriyoni kubva mukutengesa uku, izvo zvinobatsira kutsigira iyo yekutenga maoko kweUK.
Pasi rose, kuwedzera kwekuda kwezvinhu zvekutanga kwakakonzera ku kuwedzera kwehupfumi hwekuwedzera kumatunhu nematunhu matsva. Izvi zvatyisidzira hupenyu hwenharaunda uye hutongi uye nekudaro zvakatungamira mukushorwa nekukonana. Mhinduro iyi yaigara iri yekumanikidza kwemapurisa uye mhirizhonga, iyo munyika zhinji inoshanda pamwe nemabhizinesi emuno neepasi rose. MuPeru, semuenzaniso, Earth Rights International (ERI) yakaburitsa pachena zvibvumirano gumi neshanu nemakumi masere zvakasainwa pakati pemakambani anodhonza nemapurisa munguva ya138-1995 'iyo inobvumidza Mapurisa kupa masevhisi akazvimirira mukati mezvivakwa nedzimwe nzvimbo… yemapurojekiti ekuwedzera mukuita purofiti'. Mhosva yekupondwa kwechizvarwa chekuHonduran mumiriri weBerta Cáceres nemaparamende akabatana nehurumende anoshanda nekambani yedhamhu Desa, ndeimwe yezviitiko zvakawanda pasirese apo kubatana kwezvekudyidzana kwepasirese kwenyika, maindasitiri ekubvisa uye mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika kuri kugadzira nharaunda inouraya kune vanoita zvematongerwo enyika. uye vemunharaunda vanoshinga kuramba. Global Witness yanga ichiteedzera mafungu emhirizhonga pasi rose - yakashuma kuti 2018 ivhu nevadziviriri vezvakatipoteredza vakaurayiwa mu212 - avhareji anopfuura mana pavhiki.
Onawo: Orellana, A. (2021) Neoextractivism uye mhirizhonga yenyika: Kudzivirira vadziviriri muLatin America, Nyika Yemasimba 2021. Amsterdam: Transnational Sangano.
Mufananidzo wechikwereti coulloud / flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
Militarism nemafuta muNigeria
Pamwe hapana paine kubatana pakati peoiri, zvemasoja nekudzvinyirira kuri pachena kupfuura muNigeria. Inotonga hutongi hwehutongi pamwe nehurumende dzakateerana kubva parusununguko dzakashandisa simba kuona kuyerera kwemafuta nehupfumi kune vashoma vepamusoro. Muna 1895, mauto eBritish mauto akapisa Brass kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti Royal Niger Kambani yawana hutongi hwekutengesa mafuta emichindwe paNiger River. Vanhu vanofungidzirwa zviuru zviviri vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mu2,000 hurumende yeNigeria yakaumba iyo Rivers State Internal Security Task Force kudzvinyirira kuratidzira kune runyararo muOgoniland vachipesana nezviitiko zvinosvibisa zveShell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC). Zviito zvavo zvehutsinye muOgoniland chete zvakatungamira kurufu rwevanhu vanopfuura zviuru zviviri nekurohwa, kubatwa chibharo nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevamwe vazhinji.
Oiri yakakurudzira mhirizhonga muNigeria, kutanga nekupa zviwanikwa zvemauto nemautongi ekutora masimba nekubatana kwemafemu emafuta epasi rose. Sekutaura kwemumwe mukuru weNigerian Shell wekambani, 'Kune kambani yekutengesa iri kuyedza kuita mari, unoda nharaunda yakagadzikana… Udzvanyiriri hunogona kukupa izvo'. Ihwo hukama hwekufananidza: makambani anotiza kuongororwa nedemokrasi, uye mauto anosimbiswa uye anovandudzwa nekupa chengetedzo. Chechipiri, zvakagadzira chikonzero chekupokana pamusoro pekugovera mari yemafuta pamwe nekupokana nekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakakonzerwa nemakambani emafuta. Izvi zvakaputika kuita zvombo kurwisa uye kupokana muOgoniland uye neuto rinotyisa uye rine hutsinye.
Kunyangwe runyararo rwusina kusimba rwavepo kubva 2009 apo hurumende yeNigeria yakabvuma kubhadhara vaimbove varwi pamwedzi, mamiriro ekumukazve kwemakakatanwa achiripo uye ichokwadi mune mamwe matunhu muNigeria.
Izvi zvinobva paBassey, N. (2015) 'Isu taifunga kuti yaive oiri, asi yaive ropa: Kuramba kumuchato weCorporate-Mauto muNigeria neBeyond', mune kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvakaperekedza N. Buxton naB Hayes (Eds.) (2015) Vakachengetedzwa uye Vakadzingwa: Mauto neMakambani ari Kugadzira Nyika Yakashandurwa Nemamiriro ekunze. Pluto Press uye TNI.
Kusvibiswa kwemafuta munzvimbo yeNiger Delta. Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Ucheke / Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
11. Kuita zvehondo nehondo zvine chekuita nezvakatipoteredza?
Hunhu hwemauto nehondo ndeyekuti inoisa pamberi zvibodzwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kusabvisa zvese, uye zvinouya nechimiro chekusarudzika zvinoreva kuti mauto anowanzo kupihwa mukana hanya kunyange nemitemo shoma uye kurambidzwa kuchengetedza nharaunda. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ese mauto nemauto akasiya nhaka inoparadza nharaunda. Kwete chete vemauto vakashandisa huwandu hwakawanda hwemafuta, vakaisawo zvombo zvine chepfu nekusvibisa zvombo uye zvombo zvehondo, zvivakwa zvakanangwa (oiri, maindasitiri, masewageji nezvimwewo) nekukuvara kwekusingaperi kwezvakatipoteredza uye kwakasiya nzvimbo dzakazadzwa nehuturu hwakaputika uye husina kuputika uye zvombo.
Nhoroondo ye imperialism yeUS ndeimwe yekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kusanganisira kusvibiswa kwenyukireya kuri kuitika kuMarshall Islands, kuendeswa kweAgent Orange muVietnam uye kushandiswa kweiyo uranium yapera muIraq neyaimbova Yugoslavia. Mazhinji emasaiti akasvibiswa muUS zvivakwa zvemauto uye akanyorwa pane Yekuchengetedzwa Kwekuchengetedza Agency's National Priority Super Fund runyorwa.
Nyika dzakakanganiswa nehondo nemakakatanwa anotambura zvakare kwenguva yakareba kubva mukuparara kwehutongi uko kunokanganisa mirau yezvakatipoteredza, kumanikidza vanhu mukuparadza nharaunda dzavo kuti vararame, uye kunokurudzira kusimuka kwemapoka ehondo anowanzo bvisa zviwanikwa (oiri, zvicherwa nezvimwewo) vachishandisa zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya maitiro ezvakatipoteredza uye kutyora kodzero dzevanhu. Hazvishamisi kuti, dzimwe nguva hondo inonzi 'kusimudzira kusimukira mukudzoka'.
12. Mauto haasi anodikanwa here kumhinduro dzevanhu?
Chikonzero chakakura chekudyara muchiuto panguva yedambudziko remamiriro ekunze ndechekuti ivo vachazodikanwa kuti vapindure kunjodzi dzakanangana nemamiriro ekunze, uye nyika zhinji dziri kutotumira mauto nenzira iyi. Mumashure meTyphoon Haiyan iyo yakakonzera kuparara muPhilippines munaNovember 2013, mauto eU.S. yakaendeswa pakakwirira kwayo, Ndege dzemauto makumi matanhatu nenomwe uye zvikepe zvegungwa gumi nemaviri uye vangangoita chiuru chevashandi vemauto kubvisa migwagwa, kutakura vashandi vekubatsira, kugovera zvekuyamura nekuburitsa vanhu. Munguva yemafashama kuGerman muna Chikunguru 66, mauto eGerman [Bundeswehr] yakabatsira kukurudzira mafashama ekuchengetedza, kununura vanhu uye kuchenesa semvura inoderera. Munyika zhinji, kunyanya munyika dzine mari yepasi nepakati, mauto pari zvino anogona kunge ari iwo ega masimba, vashandi uye matekinoroji ekupindura zviitiko zvine njodzi.
Icho chokwadi chekuti mauto anogona kutamba mabasa ekubatsira hazvireve kuti ndiyo yakanakisa institution yebasa iri. Vamwe vatungamiriri vemauto vanopikisa mauto akabatanidzwa mukuyedza kubatsira vanhu vachitenda kuti zvinokanganisa gadziriro yehondo. Kunyangwe vakagamuchira chinzvimbo ichi, kune njodzi dzemauto dzinopinda mumhinduro dzevanhu, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu ehondo kana panopindurwa mhinduro dzevanhu dzinoenderana nezvinangwa zvemauto. Sezvo nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yekuUS yekune dzimwe nyika Erik Battenberg achibvuma pachena mumagazini yemusangano, Chikomo kuti 'kuyamurwa kunotungamirwa nemauto hakusi kungoita rubatsiro rwevanhu - kunogona zvakare kubatsira kwakakosha kwakakosha sechikamu chebumbiro rekunze reUS'.
Izvi zvinoreva kuti rubatsiro rwemubatsiri runouya nehurongwa hwakavanzika - pasirin'i inoratidzira simba rakapfava asi kazhinji ichitsvaga kuumba matunhu nenyika kuti vashandire zvido zvesimba zvine simba kunyangwe zvichidhura demokrasi nekodzero dzevanhu. IUS ine nhoroondo refu yekushandisa rubatsiro sechikamu chekurwisa-kupandukira kuyedza 'dzakasviba hondo' muLatin America, Africa neAsia pamberi, panguva uye kubvira Hondo Yemashoko. Mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura, mauto eU.S.NATO nemauto ave achinyanya kuita zvechiuto - zvevashandi muAfghanistan neIraq izvo zvinoshandisa zvombo nechisimba pamwe chete nerubatsiro uye kuvaka patsva. Izvi zvakave zvakawandisa kupfuura zvisingavatungamirire kuti vaite zvinopesana nebasa rezvekubatsira vanhu. MuIraq, zvakatungamira mukushungurudzwa kwemauto senge kushungurudzwa kwakapararira kwevasungwa muBagram gamba remauto muIraq. Kunyangwe kumba, kuendeswa kwemauto ku New Orleans yakavatungamira kuti vapfure vagari vakapererwa zvinokonzerwa nekusarura uye kutya.
Kupinda muchiuto kunogonawo kukanganisa kusununguka, kusarerekera uye kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi verubatsiro rwevanhu, zvichiita kuti vagone kuve vanovavarirwa nemapoka evapanduki. Rubatsiro rwechiuto runowanzoguma rwava kudhura kupfuura mabasa eruyamuro ehurumende, achitsausa zviwanikwa zvehurumende zvishoma kumauto. The maitiro akakonzera kunetseka kwakadzika pakati pemasangano akaita seRed Cross / Crescent nemaDoctors asina maBorder.
Zvakadaro, mauto anofungidzira basa rakawedzera rekubatsira vanhu munguva yedambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Chirevo cha2010 neCentre for Naval Analysis, Shanduko Yemamiriro ekunze: Anogona Mhedzisiro pane Zvinotarisirwa kuUS Mauto Rubatsiro rweVanhu uye Dambudziko Rekupindura, inotaura kuti kusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kushushikana hakungodi chete rubatsiro rwemauto rubatsiro, asi zvakare kunoda kuti ipindire kudzikamisa nyika. Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze rave chikonzero chitsva chehondo yekusingaperi.
Hapana mubvunzo kuti nyika dzichazoda zvikwata zvinogadzirisa njodzi pamwe nekubatana kwenyika dzese. Asi izvo hazvifanirwe kusungirwa kumauto, asi zvinogona kusanganisira simba rakasimbiswa kana nyowani revanhu rine chinangwa chevanhu chete icho chisina zvinangwa zvinopesana. Cuba, semuenzaniso, iine mashoma zviwanikwa uye pasi pemamiriro e blockade, ine yakagadzira yakanyatsoshanda Civil Defense chimiro yakamisikidzwa munharaunda yega yega inosanganiswa nehunyanzvi hwekutaurirana kwenyika uye nyanzvi yezvemamiriro ezvemamiriro ekunze yakabatsira kuti irarame madutu mazhinji asina kukuvara uye kufa pane vavakidzani vakapfuma. Apo Hurricane Sandy yakarova zvese Cuba neUS muna 2012, vanhu gumi nemumwe chete vakafa muCuba asi 11 vakafa muUS. Germany zvakare ine mamiriro ehurumende, Technisches Hilfswerk / THW(Federal Agency for technical Relief) inonyanya kuve nevanozvipira iyo inowanzo shandiswa pakupindura njodzi.
13. Makambani ezvombo nekuchengetedza anotsvaga sei kuwana purofiti kubva padambudziko remamiriro ekunze?
'Ndinofunga [shanduko yemamiriro ekunze] mukana chaiwo weiyo [muchadenga pamwe nedziviriro] indasitiri', akadaro Lord Drayson muna 1999, aimbova Gurukota reHurumende reSainzi neInnovation uye Gurukota reHurumende reStrategic Defence Acquisition Reform. Akanga asina kukanganisa. Iyo indasitiri yezvombo uye yekuchengetedza yakawedzera mumakumi emakore apfuura. Yakazara indasitiri yezvombo yekutengesa, semuenzaniso, yakapetwa kaviri pakati pa2002 na2018, kubva pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemaviri kusvika pamadhora mazana mana nemakumi mana emabhiriyoni, nemaindasitiri makuru emaoko akadai se Lockheed Martin neAirbus vachifambisa bhizinesi ravo zvakanyanya munhandare dzese dzekuchengetedza kubva pamuganho manejimendi kuongorora kwemumba. Uye iyo indasitiri inotarisira kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kusachengeteka kwaichagadzira kuchazvisimudzira zvakanyanya. Mune May 2021 mushumo, Masoko emaketeni akafanotaura kuwedzera kwemubhadharo weindasitiri yekuchengetedza indasitiri nekuda kwe 'kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kukwira kwenjodzi dzinongoitika dzega, kusimbisa kwehurumende pamitemo yekuchengetedza'. Muganhu wekuchengetedza indasitiri iri inotarisirwa kukura gore rega rega ne7% uye yakafara indasitiri yekuchengetedza indasitiri ne6% pagore.
Iyo indasitiri iri kuita purofiti munzira dzakasiyana. Kutanga, iri kutsvaga kuisa mari pakuyedza nemauto makuru emauto kugadzira matekinoroji matsva asingavimbe nemafuta epasi uye ayo anokwanisa kugadzirisa zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, mu2010, Boeing akakunda kondirakiti yemamirioni makumi masere nemapfumbamwe kubva kuPentagon kugadzira iyo inonzi 'SolarEagle' drone, neQinetiQ neCentre for Advanced Electrical Drives kubva kuYunivhesiti yeNewcastle kuUK kuvaka ndege chaiyo - iyo ine mukana wekuti zvese zvionekwe seye 'green' tekinoroji uye zvakare kugona kuramba uchikwira kurefu sezvo isingafanirwe kuwedzera mafuta. Lockheed Martin muUS iri kushanda neOcean Aero kugadzira submarines dzinoshandisa simba rezuva. Kunge maTNC mazhinji, makambani ezvombo anodawo kusimudzira kuedza kwavo kudzikisira kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvirinani zvinoenderana nemishumo yavo yegore. Tichifunga nezvekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekukonana, kwavo greenwashing kunova surreal pazvikamu nePentagon mu2013 yekudyara $ 5 mamirioni kugadzira mabara asingatungamire kuti mumashoko emutauriri wemauto eUS 'anogona kukuuraya iwe kana kuti iwe unogona kupfura chakanangwa nacho uye iyo haisi njodzi yezvakatipoteredza'.
Chechipiri, inotarisira zvibvumirano zvitsva nekuda kwehurumende dzakawedzera bhajeti mukutarisira kwekusachengeteka kweramangwana kunokonzerwa nedambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinowedzera kutengesa kwemaoko, muganho uye zvekushandisa zvekuongorora, mapurisa uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza nyika. Muna 2011, wechipiri Energy Energy Dziviriro uye Chengetedzo musangano (E2DS) musangano muWashington, DC, wakafara pamusoro pebhizimusi mukana webhizimusi rekuwedzera indasitiri yezvidziviriro mumisika yezvakatipoteredza, ichiti yaive yakapetwa kasere kukura kwemusika wezvidziviriro, uye izvo 'iyo yekudenga, yekudzivirira uye yekuchengetedza chikamu chiri kusimukira kugadzirisa izvo zvinoratidzika kunge zvichava musika wayo wakanyanya padhuze kubva kubuda kwakasimba kwebhizimusi revagari / rekumusha makore anoda kusvika gumi apfuura'. Lockheed Martin mukati yaro 2018 yekusimudzira mushumo inozivisa iyo mikana, achiti 'vemasangano akazvimiririra vane basa ravo pakupindura kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye zviitiko zvinogona kutyisidzira hupfumi nenzanga'.
14. Ndedzipi mhedzisiro yenyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze mukati uye pamapurisa?
Zviratidzo zvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika hazvimboite zvekutyisidzira kwekunze, ivowo pamusoro pekutyisidzira kwemukati, kusanganisira kune zvakakosha zvehupfumi. Semuenzaniso, yeBritish Security Service Act ya1989, iri pachena mukuraira kuchengetedzeka basa rekuchengetedzwa kwehupfumi hwenyika; iyo US National Security Dzidzo Mutemo we1991 nenzira imwecheteyo inobatanidza zvakananga pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye nehupfumi hweUnited States '. Maitiro aya akawedzera mushure me9 / 11 apo mapurisa akaonekwa seyekutanga dziviriro yekumusha.
Izvi zvakadudzirwa kuti zvinoreva manejimendi uye kusagadzikana kwechero kusagadzikana, mune shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inoonekwa sechinhu chitsva. Naizvozvo kwave kuri mumwe mutyairi wekuwedzera mari yekuchengetedza masevhisi kubva kumapurisa kusvika kumatirongo kusvika kuvarindi vemuganhu. Izvi zvakagadziriswa pasi pemantra nyowani ye 'dambudziko manejimendi' uye 'kubatana-kushanda', kuyedza kubatanidza zvirinani vehurumende vanobatanidzwa mukuchengetedzwa senge kurongeka kwevanhu uye 'kusagadzikana kwevanhu' (mapurisa), 'mamiriro ekuziva' (ungwaru kuunganidza), kusimba / kugadzirira (kuronga zvevanhu) uye mhinduro yekukurumidzira (kusanganisira vekutanga kupindura, kupokana nehugandanga; makemikari, zvipenyu, radiology uye kudzivirira kwenyukireya; kuchengetedza kwakakosha kwezvivakwa, kuronga kwemauto, zvichingodaro) pasi petsva 'yekuraira-uye-kutonga 'zvivakwa.
Tichifunga kuti izvi zvave zvichiperekedzwa nekuwedzera kwemauto emukati ekuchengetedza mauto, izvi zvave kureva kuti kumanikidza simba kuri kuwedzera kunongedza mukati zvakanyanya sekunze. MuUS, semuenzaniso, iro Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rine akaendesa anopfuura $ 1.6 bhiriyoni anokosha ezvekuwedzera zvombo zvemauto kumadhipatimendi munyika yose kubvira 9/11, kuburikidza nechirongwa chayo che1033. Iyo midziyo inosanganisira zvinopfuura chiuru zana nemakumi mana nemana emakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu. Mapurisa akatengawo kuwanda kwemidziyo yekuongorora inosanganisira madhiraoni, ndege dzekutarisa, tekinoroji yekutevera foni.
Mauto anotamba mukupindura kwemapurisa. Kurwiswa kweSWAT nemapurisa kuUS kwaita rocket kubva 3000 pagore muma1980 kusvika 80,000 pagore muna 2015, kunyanya ye kutsvaga zvinodhaka uye zvisingaenzaniswi zvakanangwa vanhu vane ruvara. Pasi rese, sekuongororwa kwemapurisa epamberi nemakambani akazvimiririra ekuchengetedza anowanzo kuve nechekuita mukudzvinyirira nekuuraya vanoita zvematongerwo enyika. Ichokwadi chekuti mhirizhonga iri kuwedzera kunangana nemamiriro ekunze nevamiriri vezvakatipoteredza, vakazvipira kumisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, inosimbisa kuti mhinduro dzekuchengetedza dzinongokundikana sei kugadzirisa zvikonzero zvinokonzeresa asi zvinogona kuwedzera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze.
Hondo iyi inopinda mumhinduro dzechimbichimbi zvakare. Dhipatimendi rekuchengetedzwa kwenyika mari ye 'kugadzirira kwehugandanga' mu2020 inobvumidza iyo mari imwechete kuti ishandiswe 'mukusimudzira kugadzirira kune dzimwe njodzi dzisina hukama nezviito zvehugandanga'. Iyo Chirongwa cheEuropean cheCritical Infrastructure Dziviriro (EPCIP) inoenderera zvakare nechirongwa chayo chekuchengetedza zvivakwa kubva mukukanganisa kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi pehurongwa hwe 'kupokana nehugandanga'. Kubva kutanga kwe2000s, nyika zhinji dzakapfuma dzakapasa masimba emagetsi ekukurumidzira ayo anogona kutumirwa mukuitika kwenjodzi dzemamiriro ekunze uye akapararira uye akaganhurirwa mukuzvidavirira kweruzhinji. Iyo 2004 UK's Civil Contingencies Act 2004, semuenzaniso inotsanangura 'emergency' sechero 'chiitiko kana mamiriro' ayo 'anotyisidzira kukuvara kwakanyanya kuhupenyu hwevanhu' kana 'kune zvakatipoteredza' zve 'nzvimbo muUK'. Iyo inobvumidza makurukota kuunza 'zviremera zvechimbichimbi' zveinenge miganhu isina muganho pasina kuendesa kuparamende - kusanganisira kubvumidza nyika kurambidza magungano, kurambidza kufamba, uye kurambidza 'zvimwe zviitiko zvakatemwa'.
15. Arongwa yekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze iri kuumba sei dzimwe nhandare senge chikafu nemvura?
Mutauro nehurongwa hwekuchengeteka hwapinda munzvimbo dzese dzezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi uye hupenyu hwemagariro, kunyanya zvine chekuita nekutongwa kwezvakakosha zviwanikwa senge mvura, chikafu uye simba. Kufanana nekuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze, mutauro wekuchengetedza zviwanikwa unoendeswa uine zvinoreva zvakasiyana asi une misungo yakafanana. Inotungamirwa nepfungwa yekuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ichawedzera kusagadzikana kwekuwana izvi zviwanikwa zvakakosha uye kuti kupa 'chengetedzo' ndiko kwakanyanya.
Pane chokwadi chakasimba humbowo hwekuti kuwana chikafu nemvura kuchakanganiswa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Iyo IPCC's 2019 mushumo wakasarudzika weKushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze uye Nyika inofungidzira kuwedzera kwemakumi masere nemakumi masere nematatu evamwe vanhu vari panjodzi yenzara ne183 nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Iyo Global Mvura Institute inofungidzira vanhu mazana manomwe emamiriyoni pasi rose vangangosiiwa misha nekushaikwa kwemvura kwakanyanya panosvika gore ra700. Zvizhinji izvi zvichaitika munyika dzinotonhora dzinotambura idzo dzinonyanya kukanganiswa neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Nekudaro, zvinoonekwa kuti vazhinji vatambi vakakurumbira vanoyambira nezve chikafu, mvura kana simba 'kusachengeteka' taura zvakafanana nyika, zvehondo uye zvemakambani zvine musoro iyo inotonga nharo pamusoro pekuchengetedza kwemamiriro ekunze. Vanochengetedza vanotsigira kushomeka uye vanoyambira nezvenjodzi dzekushomeka kwenyika, uye vanowanzo kusimudzira mhinduro dzemakambani anotungamirwa uye dzimwe nguva kudzivirira kushandiswa kwemauto kuvimbisa kuchengetedzeka. Mhinduro dzadzo mukusachengeteka dzinoteera yakajairwa nzira yakanangana nekuwedzera kupa- kuwedzera kugadzirwa, kukurudzira kuwanda kwekudyara kwakazvimirira uye kushandisa matekinoroji matsva kukurira zvipingaidzo. Munzvimbo yechikafu, semuenzaniso, izvi zvakakonzera kubuda kweClimate-Smart Agriculture yakanangana nekuwedzera goho rezvirimwa mune mamiriro ekuchinja kwetembiricha, kuunzwa kuburikidza nemibatanidzwa yakaita seAGRA, mune makambani makuru ezvekurima anoita basa rinotungamira. Panyaya yemvura, yakurudzira kushomeka kwemari nekuchengetedzwa kwemvura pachivanhu, mukutenda kuti musika unoiswa nani kugadzirisa kushomeka nekukanganisa.
Mukuita, kusarongeka kuripo musimba, chikafu uye masystem emvura anofuratirwa, kwete kudzidza kubva. Kushaikwa kwanhasi kwekuwana chikafu nemvura kushoma basa rekushomeka, uyezve mhedzisiro yenzira iyo makambani-anotonga chikafu, mvura uye magetsi masisitimu anoisa pamberi purofiti pane kuwana. Sisitimu iyi yakabvumidza kuwanda, masystem ekukuvadza zvisikwa, uye marara epasipo epasi rese anotariswa nekashoma kemakambani anoshandira zvido zvevashoma uye achiramba kuwana zvachose kune vazhinji. Munguva yekunetsekana kwemamiriro ekunze, kusarongeka kwemamiriro ezvinhu hakuzogadziriswa nekuwedzera kwekugovera sezvo izvo zvichizongo wedzera kusarongeka. Makambani mana chete ADM, Bunge, Cargill naLouis Dreyfus semuenzaniso vanodzora 75-90 muzana yezvekutengesa zviyo zvepasirese. Zvakangodaro kwete chete iyo inotungamirwa inotungamirwa chikafu system kunyangwe hombe purofiti inokundikana kugadzirisa nzara inokanganisa 680 mamirioni, iri zvakare imwe yeakanyanya kupa kune chisi, ikozvino ichiumba pakati pe21-37% yehuwandu hweGHG.
Kukundikana kwechiono chinotungamirwa nekambani chekuchengetedzeka kwaendesa mafambiro evagari vazhinji pane zvekudya nemvura kunoshevedza chikafu, mvura uye hutongi, hutongi hwejekerere uye kururamisira kuitira kugadzirisa misoro yezvinhu zvekuenzanirana izvo zvinodiwa kuti uwane mukana wakaenzana kune zviwanikwa zvakakosha, kunyanya panguva yekusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Kufamba kwehutongi hwechikafu, semuenzaniso, kuri kudaidzira kodzero yevanhu kuti vagadzire, vagovanisa nekudya chikafu chakachengeteka, chine hutano uye chine mutsika nenzira dzakatsiga mukati uye padyo nenharaunda yavo - nyaya dzese dzinofuratirwa neshoko rekuti 'kuchengetedza chikafu' uye zvakanyanya kupokana kune yekudyara epasi rese agroindustry yemhindu.
Onawo: Borras, S., Franco, J. (2018) Agrarian Mamiriro ekunze Ruramisiro: Imperative uye mukana, Amsterdam: Transnational Sangano.
Maoko kubva paNyika (2016), Kuchenesa nyika: Nharaunda dzepamberi dzinotungamira kurwira: Manzwi kubva kuGlobal Convergence yePasi neMvura Kurwira
Mufananidzo wechikwereti Felipe Werneck - Ascom / Ibama (CC BY 2.0)
16. Tinogona here kununura izwi rekuchengetedza?
Kuchengeteka kuchazove chimwe chinhu icho vazhinji vachadaidzira sezvo kuchiratidza chishuwo chepasi rose chekutarisira uye kuchengetedza zvinhu zvakakosha. Kune vanhu vazhinji, chengetedzo zvinoreva kuva nebasa rakanaka, kuva nenzvimbo yekugara, kuwana mukana wehutano uye dzidzo, uye kunzwa wakachengeteka. Saka zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti sei masangano emasangano ave achizeza kurega izwi rekuti 'chengetedzo', richitsvaga pachinzvimbo chekuwedzera tsananguro yaro kuisa nekuisa pekutanga kutyisidzira kuhupenyu hwevanhu uye hwezvakatipoteredza. Izvo zvinonzwisisikawo panguva iyo panenge pasina vezvematongerwo enyika vari kupindura kunetsa kwemamiriro ekunze nekukomba kwainofanirwa, kuti vezvemamiriro ekunze vachatsvaga kutsvaga mafuremu matsva nevatsva vatsva kuti vaedze kuchengetedza zviito zvakakodzera. Kana isu tikakwanisa kutsiva dudziro yehondo yekuchengetedzwa nevanhu-yakanangana nemaonero ekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu izvi zvinogona kunge zviri mberi kukuru.
Kune mapoka ari kuyedza kuita izvi seUK Kufungisisa Kuchengetedza danho, iyo Rosa Luxemburg Institute uye nebasa rayo pane zvakaratidzwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwekuruboshwe. TNI yaitawo rimwe basa pane izvi, ichitaura an imwe nzira yekuhondo yehugandanga. Nekudaro inzvimbo yakaoma yakapihwa mamiriro ezvesimba remagetsi kusaenzana pasirese. Iko kumhanyisa kwezvinoreva kwakatenderedza kuchengetedzeka saka zvinowanzo shandira zvido zvevane simba, nehurumende-yakanangana nehondo uye kushandurwa kwekambani kuhwina pamusoro pezvimwe zviratidzo senge kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu nezvakatipoteredza. Sekutaura kunoita purofesa weInternational Relations, Ole Weaver, 'mukutumidza chimwe chiitiko chinetso chekuchengetedza, "nyika" inogona kutora kodzero yakasarudzika, iyo, pakupedzisira, inogara ichitsanangurwa nenyika nevakuru vayo'.
Kana kuti, semuongorori wezvekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika Mark Neocleous anopokana, 'Kuchengetedza mibvunzo yesimba remagariro nezvematongerwo enyika kune mhedzisiro inopedza simba yekubvumidza nyika kutora chiito chechokwadi chezvematongerwo enyika maererano nenyaya dziri kutaurwa, kubatanidza simba remhando dziripo dzehutongi hwevanhu, uye kupembedza kupfupika-kutenderera kwechero nzira shoma dzakasununguka dzedemokrasi. Pane kuti tigadzirise nyaya, saka, tinofanira kunge tichitsvaga nzira dzekudziita zvematongerwo enyika nenzira dzisiri dzekuchengetedza. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti imwe chirevo che” chengetedzo” ndechekuti “kutadza kupukunyuka”: tinofanira kudzivisa kufunga nezvesimba rehurumende uye pfuma yakazvimirira kuburikidza nezvikamu zvingaite kuti titadze kuzvitiza'. Mune mamwe mazwi, pane gakava rakasimba rekusiya masisitimu ekuchengetedza kumashure uye kugashira nzira dzinopa mhinduro dzechigarire kudambudziko remamiriro ekunze.
Onawo: Neocleous, M. uye Rigakos, GS eds., 2011. Anti-chengetedzo. Tsvuku Quill Mabhuku.
17. Ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze?
Zviripachena kuti pasina shanduko, zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvichaumbwa nemasimba akafanana akakonzera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pakutanga: simba rakabatana remakambani uye kusarangwa, uto rakadzivirirwa, nyika inowedzera kudzvanyirira, kuwedzera hurombo nekusaenzana, kunetesa mafomu ehutongi hwedemokrasi nemafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika anopa mubayiro makaro, kuzvimiririra uye kutenga vatengi. Kana izvi zvikaramba zvichitonga mutemo, zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvichave zvakaenzana uye zvisina tsarukano. Kuitira kupa chengetedzo kune wese munhu ari parizvino dambudziko remamiriro ekunze, uye kunyanya avo vanotambura, zvingave kuchenjera kutarisana pane kusimbisa iwo masimba. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mafambiro mazhinji ezvehukama achitaura kururamisiro yemamiriro ekunze kwete kuchengetedzeka kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuti chinodiwa shanduko yesystem - kwete kungo chengetedza chokwadi chisina kururama kuti chienderere mberi mune ramangwana.
Kunyanya pane zvese, kururamisira kungangoda chirongwa chinokurumidza uye chakazara chekudzora marisi nenyika dzakapfuma uye dzinosvibisa zvakanyanya mumitsetse yeGreen New Deal kana Eco-Social Pact, iyo inoziva chikwereti chemamiriro ekunze chavakakweretesa kunyika. uye nharaunda dzeGlobal South. Zvinoda kugoverwa patsva kwepfuma pamatanho epasi rose neepasi rose uye kukosheswa kweavo vanotambura zvakanyanya nekukanganisa kweshanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Iyo yakashata mamiriro emamiriro ekunze emari nyika dzakapfuma dzakatsidza (uye zvakadaro kuendesa) kune yakaderera-nepakati nyika dzinotambira haina kukwana zvakakwana kuita basa. Mari yakatsauswa kubva parizvino $ 1,981 bhiriyoni anoshandiswa pasirese kumauto ichave yekutanga yakanaka nhanho yakanangana nekubatana-kwakavakirwa mhinduro kune zvinokanganisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Saizvozvowo, mutero pamhenderekedzo yemakambani purofiti inogona kukwidza madhora mazana maviri- kusvika mazana matanhatu emadhora mazana matanhatu pagore yekutsigira nharaunda dzinotambura dzakanyanya kubatwa neshanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Kunze kwekugovera patsva, tinoda kuti titange kugadzirisa zvisina kusimba muhupfumi hwepasi rose izvo zvinogona kuita kuti nharaunda dzinyanye kunetseka panguva yekusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze. Michael Lewis naPat Conaty ratidza zvinomwe zvakakosha hunhu hunoita kuti nharaunda ive 'yakashinga': kusiyanisa, hupfumi hwevanhu, zvisikwa zvine hutano, hunyanzvi, kubatana, masisitimu enguva dzose ekupa mhinduro, uye modularity (iyo yekupedzisira inoreva kuronga hurongwa uko kana chinhu chimwe chikatyoka, hazviite. kukanganisa zvese zvimwe). Kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuti nzanga dzakaenzana zvakanyanya dzakanyanya kugadzikana panguva yedambudziko. Zvese izvi zvinoratidza kudiwa kwekutsvaga shanduko dzakakosha dzehupfumi hwazvino hwepasi rose.
Ruramisiro yemamiriro ekunze inoda kuisa avo vanozonyanya kukanganiswa nekusadzikama kwemamiriro ekunze kumberi uye hutungamiriri hwemhinduro. Izvi hazvisi zvekuona chete kuti mhinduro dzinovashandira, asiwo nekuti nzanga zhinji dzakadzvinyirirwa dzinotova nemhinduro kudambudziko rakatarisana nesu tese. Kufamba kwevarombo, semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nemaitiro avo agroecological haasi kungoita chete masisitimu ekugadzirwa kwechikafu ayo anoratidzwa kuti akasimba kupfuura agroindustry kune shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, arikuchengetawo kabhoni yakawanda muvhu, nekuvaka nharaunda dzinogona kumira pamwechete nguva dzakaoma.
Izvi zvinoda hutongi hwejekerere hwekuita sarudzo uye kubuda kwemaitiro matsva ehutongi izvo zvingangoda kudzikiswa kwesimba nekutonga kwemauto nemakambani uye kuwedzerwa kwesimba nekuzvidavirira kune vagari nenharaunda.
Chekupedzisira, kutonga kwemamiriro ekunze kunoda nzira yakatarisana nerunyararo uye isiri yechisimba mafomu ekugadzirisa kusawirirana. Zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze zvinopa rondedzero yekutya uye zero-sum yepasi apo chete rimwe boka rinogona kurarama. Ivo vanotora kukakavara. Ruramisiro yemamiriro ekunze inotarisa panzvimbo dzemhinduro dzinotibvumidza kuti tibudirire pamwe chete, uko kunetsana kunogadziriswa zvisina mhirizhonga, uye avo vanotambura kwazvo vanodzivirirwa.
Mune zvese izvi, tinogona kutora tariro kuti munhoroondo yese, njodzi dzakawandisa dzakaburitsa zvakanakisa muvanhu, zvichigadzira mini, ephemeral utopian nzanga dzakavakirwa pachokwadi kubatana, demokrasi uye kuzvidavirira izvo neoliberalism nehutongi zvakabvisa kubva mune zvematongerwo enyika zvemazuva ano. Rebecca Solnit akanyora izvi mukati Paradhiso mugehena mairi akaongorora njodzi shanu dzakadzama, kubva muna 1906 kudengenyeka kwenyika kuSan Francisco kusvika muna 2005 mafashama eNew Orleans. Anocherekedza kuti kunyangwe zviitiko zvakadaro zvisina kumbove zvakanaka mazviri, zvakare zvinogona 'kuratidza zvimwe zvingave zvakaita nyika - zvinoratidza kusimba kwetariro iyoyo, rupo irworwo nekubatana ikoko. Inoburitsa rubatsiro rwekubatsirana seyakasarudzika mashandiro enzira uye veruzhinji sechimwe chinhu chakamirira mumapapiro kana chisipo padanho '.
Onawo: Kuti uwane zvakawanda pane zvese izvi zvidzidzo, tenga bhuku: N. Buxton naB Hayes (Eds.) (2015) Vakachengetedzwa uye Vakadzingwa: Mauto neMakambani ari Kugadzira Nyika Yakashandurwa Nemamiriro ekunze. Pluto Press uye TNI.
Kutenda: Ndatenda kuna Simon Dalby, Tamara Lorincz, Josephine Valeske, Niamh Kana Bhriain, Wendela de Vries, Deborah Eade, Ben Hayes.
Zviri mukati menyaya iyi zvinogona kutaurwa kana kuburitswazve kuitira zvisiri zvekutengesa zvakapihwa kuti sosi yacho yataurwa zvizere. TNI yaizofara nekutambira kopi kana chinongedzo kumavara munotaurwa kana kushandiswa mushumo uyu.
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