Kune Huru-Kurwisa Mapfumo: Kutsvaga Mhinduro Dzakatovapo

NaPat Mukuru, Zvita 3, 2019

Mauto anotsvaga zvakatipoteredza zvine hushamwari zvekudzimisa moto mafomu nepo dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda dziripo - uye dzinoshandiswa pasirese.

Bazi razvino reDziviriro rinoparadzira nhema chidimbu, Naval Research Lab Chemists Tsvaga yePFAS-YeMahara Yekupisa Moto Foam inoenderera mberi ichisimudzira chinyorwa chenhema chePentagon chekuti mafuru asina mafuta emagetsi aripo pari zvino pamusika zvinhu zvisina kukodzera kune mafuru ezvitunha avanoshandisa pari zvino kuita zvekumhanyisa nekukurumidza.

Mauto eUS anoshandisa mvura yefirimu-inogadzira mafudzi (AFFF) kudzima moto wemafuta, kunyanya aya anosanganisira ndege. Iyo DOD inoshuma munaNovember, 2019 chinyorwa:

“Chinhu chakakosha chinoita kuti mapundu abudirire ndeye fluorocarbon Katherine Hinnty, injinjini yemakemikari kuNatal Tsvagiridzo Laborator muWashington. Dambudziko ne fluorocarbons ndizvozvo havazvidzikisi kana vachinge vashandiswa. Uye izvo hazvina kunaka kuvanhu, iye "

Izvi zvinonzwika sezvazviri, asi chirevo chinotyisa chinouya kubva kusangano rinoziva kuti makemikari aya ane chepfu kuzvizvarwa zviviri, rakashatisa nzvimbo dzakakura dzepasi pamwe navo, uye rine chinangwa chekurishandisa. Zvinopenga kuti yakawanda yepasi yakatama kupfuura mhombwe dzinokonzera kenza uye yatanga kushandisa zvisingaite kugona furawa-isina foam ukuwo vemauto eUS vakatsigira nezvekuenderera mberi nekushandiswa kwayo kwemakonzo. 

Tinofanira kusvika pakunzwisisa iyo Pentagon's pathology. Kutevera zvataurwa neinjiniya yemakemikari pamusoro apa, DOD inotaura nezve "EPA yehupenyu" yekunwa hupenyu hwemvura yezvinhu zviviri mumhuri yePFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate, kana PFOS, neFluluorooctanoic acid, kana PFOA. "  

Varwi nemauto vadziviriri vekushandiswa kwemafuta anoputika, ane huturu-anodzima moto anopinda muvhu uye anosvibisa emvura yekunwa emunharaunda anowanzo tarisa pakushandiswa kwePFOS nePFOA. Iyi ndiyo miviri yemhando dzinoparadza dzemhuri yese yevanopfuura zviuru zvishanu vanofungidzirwa kuti carcinogenic PFAS (per-uye poly fluoroalkyl) zvinhu.) Avo vanotisvibisa vangada kuti isu tirege kumboziva kuti mangani mabhirioni emarita emvura munzvimbo dzedu dzemvura - kana macubic mayadhi epasi pedu akasvibiswa nemakemikari maviri aya, pamwe nemamwe akasiyana siyana mamwe anouraya makemikari ePFAS.

Nekudaro, ivo vakashatisa iwo mharidzo uye ivo vanoregedza kushandiswa kwavo kwemhando mbiri idzi dzePFAS vachiri kuenderera mberi nekushandisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzeCarcinogenic dzakapiswa. Heano maitiro avanoriisa:  

“Mwaka uno, mauto akagadziridza Maitiro euto reAFFF muganho wePFOS nePFOA pamazinga akadzika anoonekwa uye ndokubvisa iyo fluorine inodiwa. Iyo Naval Research Laboratory iri kuyedza kutsvaga a kutsiva kweAFFF kwakangobatsira mukudzima moto moto asi "haina kana PFAS."

Iyo ichangobva kuchinjwa ichibvisa iyo fluorine inoshandura shanduro yakashanda kubvira 1967. MaNgezi akatanga kusimbiswa Mil Spec -F-24385,  ari chaiyo mauto akanangana neAkayiri Yefirimu Kuumba Foam, inoraira kushandiswa kwewakanyorova gomarara rinokonzeresa mafudzi. Izvi zvinogona kuoneka sekufambira mberi, kunyange hazvo mauto ari kure nekunyatso shatisa mafomu echitunha anoshandiswa pasi rese.

Mazhinji epasi anotevera kutungamira kweInternational Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) kubata hutongi nekutungamira kwekufamba nendege kune dzimwe nyika. ICAO yakabvumidza mapundu akati wandei asina mafuta omoto (anozivikanwa seF3) ayo akafanana neAFFF anoshandiswa neuto reUS. F3 foams anoshandiswa zvakanyanya panhandare nendege huru pasi rese, kusanganisira mahombe makuru epasi rese akadai seDubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, Manchester, Copenhagen, uye Auckland Koln, uye Bonn. Yese ye 27 nhandare huru muAustralia yakachinja kuenda kuF3 mafomu. Makambani akazvimirira emakambani anoshandisa F3 foam anosanganisira BP uye ExxonMobil.

Ivo veEuropean nemaiyo maindasitiri goliaths vane hanya zvakanyanya nehutano pamwe nekuchengeteka kwenyika yavo kupfuura Pentagon. 

MaEuropean anoshanda neICAO pachivande anoratidza kushushikana panguva yeAmerican system inoisa zvakajeka purofiti yemubhadharo pamusoro pehutano hweveruzhinji. Nyanzvi yepanzvimbo yakaunganidzwa neInternational Pollutants Elimination Network, (IPEN), yakaungana muRome mu2018. IPEN inetiweki yepasirese yekufarira veruzhinji maNGO anoshandira pamwechete nyika umo makemikari ane chepfu haachagadzirwa kana kushandiswa nenzira dzinokuvadza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Iwo mapaneru akataura nezve fluorine-isina moto-inorwisa mafoira. Chirevo chavo chinotora swipe kuAmerica kusava nehanya nedenda rehutano hwevanhu. 

“Pane kurwisa kukuru kubva kuzvinhu zvinofarira uye mapoka ekubiridzira inomiririra indasitiri yemakemikari eU.S. kune idzi shanduko, paine dzakawanda kusavimbika kana kusiri kwechokwadi kusimbisa uye ngano, kudzikisira kushanda kwayo uye kushanda zvakanaka kana kuchengetedzwa kwemafuta asina fluorine. ”

Kune Hondo yemashoko pakati pevaEuropean neUS pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemakonzo aya, zvachose kubvisa radar yeiyo purofiti yeUS media. Hutano hwepasi rose hwehutano hwevanhu huri kushamisika. 

Panowanzove ne zinger mune idzi missives neDOD uye heinoi uyu pane weNavy chemistist vanotsvaga fluorine-isina mafuru: 

“Kunyangwe EPA yakaratidza kuti PFOS nePCA dzinogona kukuvadza mukati chipangamazano chavo chehutano, Hinnty akati, dzimwe PFAS dzinogona kunzi dzakakuvadza munguva yemberi. Nekudaro, maChemist kuNaval Research Laboratori vari kutsvaga Foorine isina-furu, kana F3, kutsiva isina kukuvadza kuhutano uye izvo ndinogona kudzima moto wemoto nekukasira, "akadaro."

"Dzimwe PFAS inganzi inokuvadza mune remangwana?" Ichi chimwe chirevo chinosemesa nekuti vazhinji vepasirose epamusoro masayenzi uye masayendisiti, pamwe nehurumende dzepasirese nemasangano, vanoshandura kune vamwe vanokwanisa vasina chitunha, vasina fluorine. Izvo nekuti ivo vari kutarisisa kune sainzi uye kufamba kuti vadzivirire vanhu vavo. 

Pentagon iri kutaura chimwe chinhu pano. Kana vachinyora, "Dzimwe PFAS dzinogona kunzi dzinokuvadza mune ramangwana," ivo havasi kureva sainzi. Ivo vakaziva iyo inotuka sainzi kwemakore makumi mashanu. Panzvimbo iyoyo, ivo vari kureva iyo EPA kana Congress uye nemhepo isingafungidzirwe yekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kutambura kwevanhu uye kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza hazvingadzikise zviito zvePentagon, asi iyo EPA kana Congress ingangoita rimwe zuva.  

Vemauto vanonzwisisa kuti kubvumira fosi kubva munzira inogara ichirovera-kurira kudzidzira kupinda muvhu inokanganisa zvakanyanya hutano hweveruzhinji kuzvizvarwa zvakawanda zvinotevera. Ivo vanoziva makaravhizheni anofamba pasi pevhu kusvibisa matsime ezvekunwa uye akasarudzika ekunwa, vachipa nzira yakananga yekumedza kwevanhu. Vanoziva kuti PFAS inopfuura kubva kumukaka waamai kuenda kune yavo nyowani. Ivo vanoziva iyo inokonzera itsvo, chiropa uye testicular cancer uye kuti inokonzera kutyisa zvinotyisa uye huwandu hwezvirwere zvehudiki. Vanoziva uye havana hanya. 

Kupera kwechinyorwa ichi chakanangana nePFAS chakabatana nePDAS vanoti mauto anoenderera mberi nekutsvagisa mafuru asina mafuta, "Spencer Giles, Naval Research Laboratory research chemist inogara muWashington, akati kana chinhu chikaratidza kuvimbisa, chinounzwa Lab reNavy kuMaryland, uko kunoedza kukuru kupisa kunoitika. ”

Naval Research Laboratory, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD)

Iyo lab ndiyo Naval Research Laborator, Chesapeake Bay Detachment (NRL-CBD) muChesapeake Beach, Maryland, nzvimbo yakasvibiswa zvikuru inenge 35 mamaira kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweWashington. Iyo NRL-CBD inopa zvivakwa kuNRL muWashington yekutsvaga moto-kudzvanyirira.

Nhoroondo yemauto enzvimbo iyi, ine mukurumbira pamusoro peChesapeake, inodzokera muna 1941. Kubva ipapo, maNavy anga achishandisa saiti iyi kuyedza kwakawanda kwekuparadza nharaunda, kusanganisira kushandiswa kweiyo chaiyo uranium, yakapera uranium (DU) , uye thorium. Iyo Navy yakaitisa DU mune yakakwira velocity kukanganisa zvidzidzo mu Kuvaka 218C uye Kuvaka 227.  Kushandiswa kwekupedzisira kweDU kuChesapeake Beach kwaive mukudonha kwa1992. Iko kushandiswa kwePFAS mukuyedza kwekudzimisa moto, zvisinei, ndiyo mhosva inotyisa kwazvo yeNavy munzvimbo ino yakanaka yeMaryland. 

Kubva pa1968, iyo Nzvimbo Yekudzidzira Moto yange ichishandiswa kuyedza kudzima vamiriri pamoto wakatanga nemagetsi akasiyana siyana. Miedzo iyi yakaitwa nekugadzira moto pane kongiri yekubatidza padanho nekupiswa pachena kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa peturu zvinosanganisira peturu, dizili, uye jet-propulsion mafuta. Maererano neshumo rePFAS neCH2M Hill mu2017:

Aya mashandisi anoshandisa maviri akavhurika kupisa nzvimbo uye maviri hutsi. Moto suppressants akaedzwa anosanganisira AFFF [yemvura firimu inogadzira foam], PKP (potasiamu bicarbonate), mahoni, uye mapuroteni fosi ("bhinzi supu"). Kazhinji, mvura ine tsvina ine izvi mhinduro inodururwa mugomba rinobata uye inobvumidzwa kunyura zvishoma nezvishoma muvhu.  

Uku kupara mhosva kune vanhu nepasi. 

Mu2018 iyo DOD yaisanganisira Iyo Chesapeake Bay Detachment pane a rondedzero yenzvimbo dzemauto dzakasvibiswa zvakanyanya nePFAS.  Pasi pemvura yakaratidzirwa kuva neiyo 241,010 zvikamu pa trillion (ppt) yePFOS / PFOA.

EPA uye mudunhu reMaryland havana mitemo inosimbisa panzvimbo yekudzora hunhu hwemauto, hunokuvadza. Zvichakadaro, dzimwe nyika dzinodzikamisa iwo makemikari ari mumvura yepasi kusvika pamazamu pasi pe20 ppt. NRL-CBD's zvinoshamisa zvinoshamisa zvigaro zvePFAS zvinoshamisa, kunyanya kune chigadziko chisina runway. Kwezvizvarwa zviviri, maNavy techs anga achifamba kubva kuWashington kuenda "kumahombekombe" kunoyedza zvinonzwika. 

MaNgezi akachengeta chimiro chakaderera pane zvakasvibiswa. Vazhinji vanhu muChesapeake Beach havazivi nezvedambudziko iri, nepo Southern Maryland yekudhinda yakanyatsoongorora nyaya iyi. Hapasina kuve neruzhinji rwekuongorora kweNavy's scant yekuongorora chirongwa chetsime rakazvimirira munharaunda yakapoteredzwa.  

Munyika yose, maNavy akaedza zvakasarudzika tsime munharaunda dzakatarisana nezvigadziko zvadzo. MuChesapeake Beach Navy haana kumbobvira aedza matsime evavakidzani vepedyo vanogara nezve 1,000 tsoka kubva pagomba rinopisa raishandiswa kwemakumi emakore.

Muizvi 2017 exchange, vamiririri veMaryland Dept.Zvakatipoteredza uye Naval command vanokurukura kuti kusvibiswa kunobva kune yakadzika mvura, ndiko kuti, mvura yepasi iri padyo nepamusoro, kubva pa3 'kusvika 10' pazasi pevhu, inogona kusvika kune yakadzika aquifer, kubva kwazviri matsime mazhinji ari munharaunda anotora mvura yawo. Navy inoti matsime epamba kuchamhembe kweChesapeake Beach base "anotendwa kuti anoongororwa muPiney Point Aquifer," uye kuti iri pazasi peyuniti, "inofungidzirwa kuti inoenderera mberi uye inopfigirwa zvizere."

Kujeka, Mauto ari kupokana hapana nzira yakasvibiswa inogona kusvika munyasi merukova nepo Maryland Dhipatimendi reZvakatipoteredza richiti "hazvigone kunyatsotsanangurwa kuti nzvimbo iyi iri pasi pekuvhara zvizere uye gare gare inoenderera mberi." Mune zvimwe. mazwi, nyika iri kuti zvingave zvinogoneka kuti carcinogens kubva kumoto kudzidzira kusvika kune vanhu vanonwa mvura.

Pamwe chete, iyo Navy yakaratidza sampuro makumi mana ematsime munharaunda. Matsime matatu kubva pane akazara makumi mana akawanikwa aine PFAS, kunyangwe iyo Navy isiri kuburitsa chaiwo matanho. Sezviri pachena, mvura yemumvura haina kupatsanurwa ne "inoenderera uye yakanyatsovharirwa unit," Zvikasadaro hapana kusvibiswa kungadai kwakawanikwa. 

Pave nekumuka kamwe kamwe muAmerica pamusoro pemakemikari aya mumwedzi mishoma yapfuura, kunyange hazvo mauto apukunyuka huwandu hukuru hwekuongorora. 

Midhiya inononoka kutora pairi, nepo Pentagon ichipikisa hunyengeri webhu.