NaPeter van den Dungen
'Chimwe chechokwadi chekusingaperi ndechekuti mufaro unosikwa nekukudziridzwa murunyararo, uye imwe yekodzero dzekusingaperi ikodzero yemunhu yekurarama. Chimiro chendangariro chakasimba zvikurusa, icho chokuzvichengeta, kutaura kweiyi kodzero, kunosimbiswa nokutsveneswa nomurairo wakare: “Usauraya.” - Izvo hazvina basa kuti ini ndiratidze kuti ishoma sei kodzero iyi uye uyu murairo zvinoremekedzwa mune yazvino mamiriro ebudiriro. Kusvikira kunguva ino, sangano rehondo renzanga yedu rakavakirwa pakuramba kuvapo kworugare, kuzvidzwa kwoukoshi hwoupenyu hwomunhu, uye kubvuma kuda kuuraya.’
- Bertha von Suttner, pakutanga kwehurukuro yake yeNobel, yakaitwa musi wa18 Kubvumbi 1906 muOslo1.
Guta guru reAustria, uye kusvika 1918 yeAustria-Hungarian Empire, haisi pfupi yemamyuziyamu. Chimwe chikamu chinopemberera hupenyu uye mimhanzi yevazhinji vanyori vakazvarwa pano kana vaigara muguta iro rine nhaka yemimhanzi yechipiri kune imwe chete. Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert - kutaura chete vane mukurumbira pakati pavo - dhirowa vanoda mimhanzi yechinyakare kubva kumativi ese enyika kuenda kuVienna - kushanyira dzimba dzavaigara, uye kunakidzwa nemimhanzi yavo, kazhinji mudzimba dzemakonzati mamwechete. vakaita. Pazuva rekutanga regore rega rega, koniti yeGore Idzva kubva kuMusikverein muVienna ine mimhanzi yakawanda kubva kunhengo dzemhuri yaStrauss inotepfenyurwa ichienda kumakona mana epasi. Iyi tsika yechizvino-zvino ndiyo ine basa rekusimudzira kufarira muVienna uye kuunza vashanyi vasingaverengeki kuguta vanoshuvira kutanga-ruoko ruzivo rwaro rwemimhanzi isingaenzaniswi. Mifananidzo inoyevedza yevanyori vakuru vane midzi muVienna inoshongedza mapaki ayo akanaka. Mamiziyamu epasi rose akazvipirawo kuhunyanzvi, kunyanya kupenda. Pakati pekupedzisira 19th century uye 20th century maartist, Gustav Klimt naFriedensreich Hundertwasser vane hukama hwakasimba neguta, uye vanokwezva vasingaverengeki vanozvipira. Mundima yakasiyana kwazvo yekuedza kwevanhu, vadzidzi nevarapi vepsycho-analysis vanosanganisa guta naSigmund Freud, piyona waro. Kwakanga kuri kubva kwaaigara muguta, zvino Freud museum, kuti muna September 1932 akanyora tsamba yake yakakurumbira kuna Albert Einstein mumhinduro kumubvunzo wapashure, 'Nei Hondo?'.
Mauto mamiziyamu ari pakati pekare uye akawanda mamuseum munyika uye nyika shoma hadzina kana imwe chete. Miziyamu yakakura uye yakakosha yemauto muAustria, Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, iri muVienna. Kazhinji, mamiziyamu akadaro anonyatso dyidzana nenhoroondo yenyika; nepfungwa dzekuzvimirira nekusununguka; yekukunda nekukunda; yekuda nyika nembiri. Kuitira kuenzanisira rondedzero nemisoro yakadai, hapamboshaikwi zvinhu zveunyanzvi zvekuratidzwa mumamiziyamu akadaro; asi, kune kuwanda kukuru, kunopupurira nhoroondo refu yehondo. Pakati pezvinhu zvinonyanya kuratidzwa pakuratidzira zvinhu zvebasa remauto, zvinosanganisira yunifomu nekushongedza; mifananidzo uye zvigadzirwa zvemagamba ehondo; mifananidzo yezviratidziro zvehondo nemishandirapamwe; kuberekana kwemakomba; magwaro ekupira; uye zvechokwadi, zvombo zvehondo. Iwo ekupedzisira akawanda seakasiyana, kubva kupfuti nepfuti diki kusvika kupfuti hombe nematangi, nemabhomba nemazvombo, tisingarevi zvikepe zvehondo izvo zvinozoita mamiziyamu akavhurika ari ega. Maturusi aya orufu nokuparadza anoratidza kureba kwoupengo uye kwounzenza kwave kuchiitwa vanhu kuti vakunde. Nokugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zveatomu muzana remakore rechi20 zvino zvava pachena kuti kugadzirwa kwemitoo yokuparadza kwaenda kure, uye kuti kupona kwenyika kubva zvino kunotsamira pakudziviswa kushandiswa kwezvombo zvinoparadza uye, zvirokwazvo, pakurambidzwa kwavo nekubviswa. Zvakare nekuremekedza iyi nyaya huru uye inopisa yenguva yedu, kudzivirira kupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya, Vienna inozviona iri pakati pekuedza kwenyika uye kutarisa. Izvi zvakazivikanwa muna 2005 apo UN's International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) uye Director General wayo, Mohamed ElBaradei, vakaremekedzwa pamwe chete nemubairo weNobel Peace Prize.
Makore zana chaiwo apfuura, mubairo mumwechetewo wakaenda kuVienna - kuna Bertha von Suttner. Kupfuura munhu upi noupiwo zvake panguva iyoyo (kana kuti kubvira!), akanga achiitira hanya kuwanda kwezvombo, uye akanyevera nezvengwavaira iri kuuya kana nhangemutange yezvombo isina kumiswa ndokuiswa munhevedzano. Musoro wenovel yake ine mukurumbira, Isa Mawoko Ako!, yakavawo vavariro yesangano rorugare renyika dzakawanda iro rakavamba ndokutungamirira kusvikira ngwavaira yaityiwa yazova yechokwadi muna 1914. Kunyange kusati kwatanga nokushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, iye akafanoona kuuraya kukuru kwaizoguma nokushandiswa muhondo yokufambira mberi kwemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. kugadzirwa kwevanhu. Zvinyorwa zvake zviviri, zvakanyorwa mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake - Armament and Super-armament3 uye The Barbarisation of the Air, 4 yakaburitswa muna 1909 na1912, zvichiteerana - ine ruzivo rwakamuita muongorori werunyararo 'avant la lettre' uye izvo. havana kurasikirwa nekukosha kwavo nhasi.
Vienna, iyo yakapihwa zvakapfuma kwazvo nemamiziyamu akatsaurirwa kune vamwe vane mukurumbira pasi rose uye vanoyemurwa hunhu inofanirwa kuvewo imba yeyakasarudzika miziyamu yerunyararo yakapihwa kune akakosha uye akasarudzika magamba erunyararo pasirese - uye kuchikonzero icho akashanda nesimba. Mamiyuziyamu eRunyararo akanyanya kuwanda kupfuura mamuseum ehondo nemauto, uye achipihwa hutongi hwechinyakare hwechiuto ethos munharaunda zhinji dzedu (kunyanya avo vari munyika dzinonzi dzakabudirira kumadokero kwenyika) izvi hazvishamise. Kusiya padivi mashoma mashoma ekutanga, mamiziyamu erunyararo akangobuda mumashure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kunyanya muJapan. Kuparadzwa nemabhomba eatomu eHiroshima neNagasaki muna Nyamavhuvhu 1945 kwakaratidza nyika kuti kuramba ichirarama kwaienderana nezvaidiwa kupedza hondo uye nezvombo zvitsva zvaigona kuunza rufu nekuparadzwa kwepasi rose. Yekutanga uye nhasi ichiri yakakosha mamiziyamu erunyararo iHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum uye Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum. Akaiswa mumapaki makuru uye akanaka erunyararo, ese mamiziyamu akavhurwa muna 1955 sepakati-pakati pemaguta akavakwa patsva akange azviti maguta erunyararo. Vanoramba vachizivisa zvakasimba shoko rokuti upenyu nebudiriro chero kupi zvako pasi pano zvichange zvakachengeteka bedzi kana zvombo zvenyukireya zvabviswa. Aya mamiziyamu, muchidimbu, anorwisa-atomic bomb mamuseum.
Munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, mamwe marudzi emamiziyamu erunyararo akavakwa munyika dzakasiana-siana, kazhinji kacho nemhaka yezvido zvevanhu. Nepo dzinenge nyika dzese dzakagadzira mamiziyamu ehondo yenyika, zvinoita sekunge hapana kana nyika imwe yakagadzira miziyamu yerunyararo yenyika. Izvi zvimwe hazvishamise zvakapihwa chinyakare (asi zvakare chinopokana) mubatanidzwa wehondo nemauto nedziviriro nekupona kwenyika, uye 'nerunyararo' ne'kufadza', kushaya simba, kukundwa, hunyengeri. Vechinyakare nevanozviti vechokwadi vanopikisa kuti kuedza kuita dichotomy pakati pehondo nerunyararo (nehondo nerunyararo mamuseum) hazvina kunaka uye zvinotsausa nekuti mauto ndiwo akanakisa uye anovimbisa chete kuchengetedza runyararo, maererano nekare. maxim, 'Si vis pacem, para bellum' (Kana uchida rugare, gadzirira hondo). Zvose nhoroondo nemafungiro zvinoratidza hunyengeri hwenharo iyi. Kune rumwe rutivi, simba rokusava nechisimba rakaratidzirwa nenzira inopwisa navatsigiri vakuru vezana ramakore rechi20 vedzidziso yayo nomuitiro, Mohandas Gandhi naMartin Luther King. Shoko ravo harina kukanganisika: 'Hapana nzira yerunyararo, rugare ndiyo nzira'. Mamiziyamu akatsaurirwa kuna Gandhi nemudzidzi wake, Mambo, muIndia neUSA, zvichiteerana, mamuseum erunyararo erudzi rwakasiyana kwazvo neari muHiroshima neNagasaki, uye anoatsigira. Zvakadaro mamwe mamuseum erunyararo anonyora zviitiko zve grassroots peace movement, kusanganisira mishandirapamwe yekubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Hapana mamuseum erunyararo aripo, zvisinei, anoedza kuita ruramisiro kunhoroondo yakapfuma yerunyararo inosanganisira akasiyana mazano erunyararo uye zvikumbiro, zvemishandirapamwe nemafambiro, emasangano nemasangano, uye izvo zvinounza mukuzivikanwa kwemamwe magamba mazhinji akashinga uye anokurudzira erunyararo. Saizvozvo, hapana chero mamuseum erunyararo aripo anozivisa mushanyi nezve kupararira uye kwepasirese chiitiko chiri kufamba kwerunyararo nhasi, nezvezvinangwa zvaro nezvakabudirira, uye nezvematambudziko akatarisana nawo, uye izvo zvingakurudzira muenzi kuti abatane. kurwisana kwakafanana pakusikwa kwetsika yerunyararo.
Iyo Bertha von Suttner Peace Museum muVienna ingave mamuseum akadaro. Zvakaoma kufunga nezveunhu hwakakodzera pakuvakira miziyamu yakadaro. Bato rerunyararo rakarongeka rakatanga mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, panguva iyo Hondo dzeNapoleonic dzaisvika kumagumo. Masangano ekutanga erunyararo akagadzwa muUSA neLondon muna 1815-1816. Nhasi, mazana maviri emakore gare gare, bato rerunyararo rave sangano revanhu vakawanda zvisina kumboitika kare. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kana munhu akafunga nezvenhamba huru yevanhu vanogona kuunganidzwa kuti varatidzire kupikisa chimwe chombo, kana hondo. Nekugadzirwa, kushandiswa uye kuwanda kwezvombo zvenyukireya, kupona chaiko kwevanhu kuri panjodzi, uye izvi zvinobatsira kutsanangura kutsigirwa kwakapararira kuripo (pamwe, pane dzimwe nguva) kwesangano rerunyararo nhasi. Bertha von Suttner anotamba mukupera kwe19th uye kutanga kwe20th century. Sezvakanyorwa muMemoirs yake, akashamiswa uye akashamiswa nemufaro kuwana, mukupera kwema1880, kuti kwaive nesangano rerunyararo rakarongeka. Akabva angotaura nerimwe remasangano aitungamirira, International Arbitration and Peace Association, yakavambwa naHodgson Pratt muLondon muna 1880. Mhinduro yake kwaari, yemusi waChikunguru 1889, yakadhindwa zvakare muChirungu (pamwe chete neshanduro yechiGerman mumashoko omuzasi marefu) Die Waffen nieder! Hapana imwe nzvimbo munovhero apo Martha anosimbisa kudaro Bertha, ichokwadi chenhema, kupfuura pano. . 5, gore rekufa kwake, rinomira sepakati pepakati pekubuda kwesangano rerunyararo rakarongeka uye mutsivi waro mazana maviri emakore gare gare. Kuvhurwa kweBertha von Suttner Peace Museum muna Chikumi 1914, pamusi wezana ramakore rekufa kwake pamwe nemusi wegumi nemakumi maviri neshanu wekuburitswa kwebhuku rake rine mukurumbira, ingave nzira yakakodzera uye yakarebesa yekurangarira mukadzi akasarudzika. uyo akakodzera kuyeukwa nokusikwa kwechigarire chakadaro, chipenyu, chirangaridzo; ane zita nebasa rehupenyu zvinozozivikanwa zviri nani; uye vane muenzaniso uchakurudzira nekukurudzira vakadzi nevarume vasingaverengeki nhasi kuti vapinde mubato rerunyararo. Akapedza makore makumi maviri neshanu ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake kudzivirira njodzi iyo, mavhiki mashoma mushure mekufa kwake, Europe yakaunza pairi uye nepasirese. Nhasi, njodzi yakatokura yave pedyo - hondo, ingave netsaona kana nemaune, nezvombo zvenyukireya. Nekuzivisa mushanyi nezvebasa resangano rerunyararo repasi rose nhasi, uye matambudziko akatarisana nawo, museum ichaenderera mberi nemushandirapamwe waBertha von Suttner kujekesa maonero everuzhinji nezvenyaya dzehondo nerunyararo uye kuita nhamba yakakura yevagari vane hanya. kuitira kuti pave neshanduko huru inoguma nekusikwa kwetsika yerunyararo uye kubviswa kwezvombo nehondo.
Huwandu pamwe neruzhinji rwevanhu nemasangano achakokwa pakuvhurwa kwemuseum, uye vangangovepo, zviratidzo zvakajeka zvechimiro chaBertha von Suttner uye nekuenderera mberi kwekukosha kwenhaka yake. Chiratidziro zvakare cheruremekedzo rukuru, kuyemurwa uye kunyange rudo rwaari kubatwa narwo navose vanomuziva nebasa rake rorugare. Pakati perunyorwa rurefu uye runonakidza, vanotevera vakokwa vanogona kutaurwa: Mutungamiriri uye Chancellor weAustria, Gurukota reEuropean and Foreign Affairs (pakati pevamwe vashumiri), Mutungamiri weParamende yeAustria; Gavhuna weFederal State yeVienna; Meya weVienna; mutungamiriri weguta's Historical Museum (Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien), iyo ine muunganidzwa wakapfuma weSuttneriana. Zvakare Director General wehofisi yeUnited Nations muguta, uye weInternational Atomic Energy Agency (uye weComprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organisation, CTBTO); vamiriri uye tsika dzakabatanidzwa dzenyika dzinoverengeka dzinomiririrwa muVienna. Kune iyi rondedzero yakarebesa yevakakokwa vane mukurumbira inofanirwa kuwedzerwa zvakaenzana uye inonakidza runyorwa rwevatori vechikamu vanobva kunze kwenyika. Akazvarwa muPrague, mumazuva eHumambo hweAustria-Hungary, nhaka yaBertha von Suttner inonziwo kunze kweyava kunzi Austria nhasi, kuitira kuti mhemberero idzi dzibatanidzwe nevakuru vanobva kuCzech Republic neHungary. Kumiririra kwake kweEuropean Federation kuchatsanangura kuvepo kweMutungamiriri weParamende yeEuropean. Basa rake rekupayona mukugadzwa nekusimudzira masangano akasiyana siyana epasi rose, achiripo nanhasi, achaita basa rekubatanidzwa kweVatungamiri neVanyori Vakuru veInternational Peace Bureau neInter-parliamentary Union pamwe nevamiriri veAustria, Germany. , uye masangano erunyararo erudzi rweHungary ane muvambi kana mubatsiri waaive. Hapana tsananguro inodiwa pakutora chikamu kweMukuru weNorwegian Nobel Institute, Sachigaro weNorwegian Nobel Committee, uye Mutungamiriri weNobel Foundation muStockholm kana yevanoverengeka vakahwina runyararo rweNobel. Sevachengeti vedura rakakosha raBertha von Suttner, Vatungamiri veraibhurari uye dura reUN muGeneva vanozonyanya kugamuchirwa tichitarisa magwaro akasiyana siyana nezvimwe zvinhu zvavanenge vakweretesa kumuseum mutsva. Zvimwe chetezvo kune vakati wandei vanotungamira vanyori venhoroondo dzehupenyu nenyanzvi kubva kuAustria nekune dzimwe nyika vane tsvakiridzo nezvinyorwa pamusoro paBertha von Suttner zvakawedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwehupenyu nebasa rake. Zvinoenda pasina kutaura kuti nhengo dzepamusoro dzeKinsky, von Suttner, uye mhuri dzeNobel dzichafadzawo chiitiko nekuvapo kwavo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune vakati wandei vevatsigiri vakuru vane tsigiro yemari uye yezvinhu zvichave zvakaita kuti kuzadzikiswa kwemuseum kugoneke, kutanga uye pamberi Gavhuna weNational Bank yeAustria. MuAustria anodiwa kwazvo pasi rose, WA Mozart, inoratidzwa nenzira kwayo pamari yeAustria 1 Euro. Mamuseum akatsaurirwa kwaari muVienna neSalzburg anokwevera ruzhinji rwevashanyi vanobva kupota nyika. Iyo nyowani Runyararo Museum ichabatsira zvikuru kuita kuti mukadzi ane chimiro chinoonekwa paAustrian 2 Euro coin zvakanyanya kuzivikanwa uye kukosheswa, kumba nekune dzimwe nyika. Mifananidzo yake (kwete yaMozart) yakaratidzwa pamberi pepepa rine mavara rinoshambadza kuratidzwa kweEuro-Facts kwakaitwa muna 2003-2004 muAustrian National Bank's Money Museum.
Vazhinji vevanhu nevamiriri vataurwa pamusoro vakatoratidza kuyemura kwavo Bertha von Suttner, uye chishuwo chekurangarira nekuita kuti hupenyu hwake nebasa rake rizivikanwe - uye basa rakakosha rekuenderera mberi - pachiitiko chezviitiko zvakawanda izvo dzakarongwa munyika dzakawanda kuti dzipemberere makore zana emubairo weNobel Peace Prize kwaari muna 100. Makore zana emubairo uyu aive akakosha nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Haasi iye chete mukadzi wekutanga kuremekedzwa zvakadaro asi, zvakatonyanya kukosha, vese vakahwina runyararo rweNobel, uye chokwadi vanhu vese, vane ngava kwaari kuti Alfred Nobel akasarudza kurangarira bato rerunyararo mutestamende yake. Chiitiko chikuru uye chakanyanya kushamisa yaive simposium yepasi rose ine musoro unoti 'Rugare, Kufambira mberi, uye Vakadzi' yakarongwa naProfessor Erich Glawischnig, muvambi nemutungamiri weInternational Bertha von Suttner Association, uye muridzi nemugadzirisi wevon Suttner castle muHarmannsdorf. , kuchamhembe kweVienna. Yakaitirwa muEggenburg iri pedyo, muna Chivabvu, musangano wemazuva matatu wakavhurwa naDr. Heinz Fischer, Mutungamiriri weAustria; makurukota akati wandei kubva kuhurumende pamwe nevamiriri vaivepowo. Hurukuro dzakakosha dzakataurwa na1905 Nobel mubairo werunyararo Shirin Ebadi, uye Petr Pithart, mutevedzeri wasachigaro weseneti yeparamende yeCzech Republic. Pakati pevakurukuri vakakokwa paive naCora Weiss, muvambi uye sachigaro weHague Appeal for Peace (HAP), mutambo mukuru werunyararo uyo wakaunza varwiri verunyararo zviuru gumi kuThe Hague muna 3 kwezana remakore remukuru, Musangano wekutanga weHague Peace. (umo von Suttner, kunyangwe asiri mumiriri wepamutemo, akaita basa rakatanhamara kuseri kwezviitiko). Dr. Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, nhengo yeSwiss Parliament uye yeCouncil of Europe, uye mutungamiri weAssociation 2003 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 10,000, vakasuma chirongwa ichi chekufungidzira icho chakatangwa nechinangwa chetatu: kupemberera mubairo weNobel weNobel waBertha von Suttner makore zana apfuura; kukwevera ngwariro kuidi rokuti vakadzi vashomanene zvikuru vakanga vakudzwa nomubairo wakafanana kubvira ipapo; uye kuratidza chokwadi chekuti nhasi vakadzi vasingaverengeki pasi rose vari kushandira runyararo, kazhinji mumamiriro ezvinhu anoedza. Mukutanga kwegore ra1999, mumiriri weSwitzerland muOslo akapa mazita nekukodzera kwevakadzi 1000 kuNorwegian Nobel Committee kuti vatarise nezvemubairo wa2005.
Musangano uyu wakaonawo kuvhurwa muHarmannsdorf castle yeBertha von Suttner inofambira kuratidzwa, Hupenyu hwerunyararo, yakapihwa neFederal Ministry of Foreign Affairs muVienna (chiratidziro chacho chakadhindwa, muruvara, mune inoyevedza 16-peji Leporello-maitiro. bhurocha). Zvinyorwa zvezviratidziro zvakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda (kusanganisira Japanese), uye kuratidzwa kwakaratidzwa mumaguta pasi rose, uye kuchiri kuwanikwa. Ushumiri humwe chetehwo hwakaburitsawo rondedzero ine mifananidzo yakanyorwa naHella Pick, ine musoro unoti Bertha von Suttner - kuraramira rugare.8
Musangano wepasi rose weEggenburg-Harmannsdorf wakateverwa muna Mbudzi 2005 nemumwe, wainzi 'Mazano aBertha von Suttner Munguva Yazvino' wakaitirwa muSeneti yeParamende yeCzech Republic muPrague. Yakaitwa naPetr Pithart, musangano uyu wakaitika pasi pekutsigirwa neMutungamiriri weCzech Republic, Federal Chancellor weAustria, uye Sachigaro weChamber of Deputies yeCzech Republic. Vatori vechikamu vakakokwa kumabiko akaitwa pamwe chete nevamiriri veAustria neNorway. Pakutanga kwegore, vamiriri veAustria, Norway neSweden muNetherlands, vachibatana neCarnegie Foundation, vakaronga hurukuro muRunyararo Palace muHague (18 Kubvumbi 2005) - guta rechitatu raive nechikonzero chakanaka chekuyeuka. mukadzi wekutanga mubairo weNobel Peace. Semumiriri mukuru uye mutungamiri wesangano repasi rose rerunyararo airemekedzwa zvakanyanya nevamiriri vazhinji, akaita basa rakakosha panguva yemisangano yerunyararo ya1899 ne1907 ikoko. Apo Muzinda Worugare wakatsaurirwa muna 1913, akasimbisa ukoshi hukuru hweichi chivako chitsva chakatsaurirwa kurugare rwenyika kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti misangano yorugare, zvibvumirano namatare zvakanga zvisina kukwana zvoga: ‘Izvi zvinhu zvinodawo zvimiro zvavo zvokunyama, zvinooneka zviri nyore. zviratidzo, dzimba dzavo. Hondo, iyo yatonga pasi rose kwezviuru zvemakore, haina kuperevedza nezviyeuchidzo nedzimba dzemadzimambo. Rugare runongova nechiyeuchidzo CHIMWE chete: chifananidzo chaKristu paAndes; uye muEurope yave nekekutanga chivako CHIMWE chakanaka: Imba yeRunyararo yakaitwa naAndrew Carnegie muguta iro rakazvara dare repasi rose rekupokana… Imba yeRunyararo muHague inomira senzvimbo inooneka watova mutemo wenyika dzepasi rose unozovandudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kugadzwa kwemafaro eRunyararo Palace, zvisinei neruzha rwehondo, kunoratidza imwe nhanho yekufambira mberi kwerunyararo… Nyika yese ichacherechedza chiitiko ichi. Uye kunyange vadzivisi vachizonyomba zvakapetwa kaviri, avo vasina hanya (nemhaka yekusaziva) vachazununguswa - uye kutenda kwevatsigiri kuchasimbiswa uye kuwanda kwavo kuchawedzera.'9
Iwo chaiwo mazwi uye manzwiro achashanda kune yakarongwa Bertha von Suttner Peace Museum muVienna. Ichokwadi kuti nhasi kune zvakawanda zviyeuchidzo uye zvivakwa zvakatsaurirwa kurunyararo kupfuura zvaive zvakaita muzuva rake - chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa chekufambira mberi kwepfungwa yerunyararo uye kukura kwetsika yerunyararo. Pamusoro pezviyeuchidzo zvechinyakare uye zviyeuchidzo, masangano akadai semamuseum erunyararo, masangano ekutsvagisa runyararo, uye mapurogiramu ezvidzidzo zverunyararo, anoita kuti rugare ruve pachena kupfuura nakare kose uye anomiririra zvinhu zvarwo uye mafomu anobatika kusavapo kwaicherwa naBertha von Suttner muna 1913.10 , kana zvakaitwa nehunyanzvi, zvechokwadi zvinokwezva kutarisa kwenyika - zvingave sei neimwe museum ine Alfred Nobel uye chipangamazano wake, Bertha von Sutner, pamwoyo payo. Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize wava 'chinyorwa' chepasi rose, chinoyemurwa zvikuru; museum yakatsaurirwa kumukadzi akakurudzira kusikwa kwayo haigone asi kufadza kufarira kwepasirese. Vanopikisa shoko guru remu museum - kubvisa zvombo - richaramba richiwanda kunyange zvazvo zvose zviri muAustria neEurope, pamwe nekune dzimwe nzvimbo pasi rose, havachadzoreri gakava sezvakaitika kusvika 1914. Zvakawanda kupfuura Runyararo. Palace inova imba yeInternational Court of Justice, iyo Peace Museum muVienna - yakagadzirirwa senzvimbo yepamusoro yedzidzo uye chishandiso chekusimudzira dzidzo yerunyararo uye tsika yerunyararo - ine mukana wekuderedza zvakanyanya chikamu icho cheruzhinji. ruzhinji rusina hanya uye rusina hanya nekuda kwekusaziva. Chekupedzisira, kupembererwa kwemurwiri mukuru uye akashinga werunyararo akawana budiriro zhinji (pasinei neruvengo kose nezvipingamupinyi zvaakasangana nazvo) zvechokwadi zvinongosimbisa kutsunga kwevateveri vake nhasi uye kukurudzira nekukurudzira vamwe kuti vabatane navo.
PaSimposium ya2005 yakaitirwa muRunyararo Palace mumwe wevatauri, Muzvinafundo Pieter Kooijmans, aimbova Gurukota rinoona nezvekunze kweDutch uye akazotonga kuInternational Court of Justice, akataura nezvaBertha von Suttner nekuvandudzwa kwemutemo wekubvisa zvombo nekudzora zvombo.11 Akapedzisa kuongorora kwake kwakanaka uye kumukoshesa nokutaura kuti 'nyika yedu inoda zvikuru hunhu hwechimiro chake'. Munguva yeSimposium, raibhurari ine mukurumbira yeRunyararo Palace yakaratidza sarudzo yehupfumi hwayo yezvinyorwa zvake, chekutanga uye ekutanga editions akasiyana ebhuku rake guru.
Rinenge gore gare gare, chimwe chirongwa chinokosha, chepamusoro-soro chechirangaridzo chakaitwa mhiri kwomuganhu (zvino hauchaoneki!), muBrussels, dzimbahwe reEuropean Union. Musi wa8 Kurume 2006 - International Women's Day, uyezve makore zana ekupihwa kweNobel Peace Prize kuna Bertha von Sutner muOslo (izvo, kutaura zvazviri, zvakaitika musi wa18 Kubvumbi 1906) - chivakwa chehofisi cheEuropean Economic and Social Committee uye Komiti yeMatunhu muRue Montoyer muguta guru reBelgian rakatumidzwa zita rake. Dombo rechirangaridzo riri muchimiro chebhuku rakavhurika, nemuvezi wemuAustria Lilo Schrammel, rinoreva 'mubairo wekutanga weNobel werunyararo' (muChirungu, chiGerman, neFrench). Mhemberero yekutumidza zita iri yakapembererwa nehurongwa hwakasiyana hwezviitiko, kusanganisira hurukuro yekusiyirana. Chinyorwa chine mifananidzo yakanakisa chakaburitswa.12 Mumashoko ake ekutanga, Anne-Marie Sigmund, Mutungamiriri weEuropean Economic and Social Committee, akataura zvakaonekwa navon Suttner, 'Mharidzo yesangano rerunyararo harisi zvimwe zviroto zvekufungidzira zvisingabatanidzwe ne pasi rose – ishoko rinoratidza kurarama kwebudiriro.13 Benita Ferrero-Waldner, aimbova Gurukota rinoona nezvekunze kweAustria, uye zvino ari Commissioner weEU weExternal Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, munhanganyaya yake akadana mukadzi waanogara naye 'the great Austrian European. ' uyo akanga ari mberi kwenguva yake uye ane novel rine mukurumbira rakanga risiri chete chikumbiro cherudo chekuda runyararo, uye nemhando ipi zvayo yekunyanyisa, [asi] rinombundirawo chiono cheEurope yakabatana, yemagariro'.14 Vanyori vese vari vaviri. akasimbisa chinoenderera sosi yekurudziro hupenyu hwake nebasa zvinotipa. Mumupiro wake une musoro unoti “Lay Down Your Arms!” – Vachidzidzisa shoko rorugare, Muzvinafundo Werner Wintersteiner akaongorora uye akaombera mushandirapamwe wavon Suttner wekusimudzira tsika yerunyararo, uye akasimbisa kudiwa nhasi kwedanidziro huru yedzidzo yerunyararo, yakarongwa nemaune nekusimudzirwa. Ane simba akatanga-mutungamiri weCentre for Peace Research and Peace Education paAlpen-Adria University muKlagenfurt ari pamberi pemushandirapamwe uyu muEurope nhasi.
Pakutanga gore rimwe chetero, musi wa12 Ndira 2006, chimwe chiitiko chekupemberera makore zana emubairo werunyararo wa von Suttner chakaitika muOsnabrück, guta rekutanga uye rakakosha kwazvo muGermany 'guta rerunyararo' rinovawo musha weGerman inotsigirwa nemubatanidzwa. Foundation for Peace Research (Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung), yakavambwa muna 100. Dr. Barbara Hendricks, Secretary of State muFederal Ministry of Finance, vakapa Foundation chitambi chepositi, uyewo mari yekurangarira, yakatsaurirwa kuna von Sutner. Yakaburitswa muna Mbudzi 2001, chitambi ibasa diki reunyanzvi: rinosanganisira mapaneru matatu, zita uye chivharo chenovhero yake ine mukurumbira zvakatenderedzwa kuruboshwe nemufananidzo wemunyori uye, kurudyi, nechinyorwa '2005 Years Nobel. Mubairo weRunyararo kuna Bertha von Suttner', pamwe chete nemufananidzo waNobel uye wegore ra100. Magadzirirwo aya, sezvakangoita zvitambi zvakanakisa, zvinokwanisa kuendesa ruzivo rwakakura muchimiro chidiki-diki asi chinoyevedza. Ministry yakapawo kadhi rekupeta rezuva rekutanga rine nhoroondo pfupi yehupenyu. Hurukuro dzakarongwa dzakapihwa naProfessor Volker Rittberger, sachigaro weSiseko (panhaka ya von Suttner yetsvagurudzo yerunyararo yemazuva ano), uye anotungamira munyori wenhoroondo dzerunyararo weGerman Karl Holl (pakurwira kurwa hondo kwemumwe mukadzi, uye kurudziro yaanoenderera mberi nayo. kupa).2005
Pamusoro pezviitiko zvechirangaridzo uye zvepamutemo zvakarongwa muna 2005 na2006 (izvo zviri pamusoro hazvireve kuve nhoroondo yakazara), zvimwe zviitiko zvakawanda, zviitiko, uye zvirongwa zvakaitika mumakore ese maviri kupemberera Bertha von Suttner's. jubilee rakadai sepurojekiti yepasi rose Imagine Peace yezvikoro yakatangwa nekurongwa naDr. Susanne Jalka weVienna-based Association Konfliktkultur. Iyo purojekiti yakaguma nechirongwa chezviitiko muGuta reGuta muVienna musi wa19 Kubvumbi 2006, pasi pekutsigirwa naMai Margit Fischer, mudzimai weMutungamiri weAustria. Basa rakafanana redzidzo yerunyararo rinosanganisira zvikoro rakaitwa muPrague, kuburikidza nekuedza kwaDr. Jana Hodurova weCzech Bertha von Suttner Society. Dr. Laurie R. Cohen, munyori wenhoroondo uye nyanzvi yaBertha von Suttner akabatana neLeopold-Franzens University muInnsbruck akaronga musangano wepasi rose payunivhesiti waiti War at home/War at the front (Heimatfront/Kriegsfront) muna Zvita. 2005; akagadzirisawo bhuku rine maonero matsva pamusoro pa von Suttner iro rakatsikiswa panguva ino.16 Saizvozvowo, 2005 akaona kudhindwa kweimwe chidzidzo chakaburitsa chiedza chitsva pakudzingwa kwa von Suttner kuGeorgia, Abenteurerin Bertha von Suttner waMaria Enichlmair: Die. unbekannten Georgien- Jahre 1876 bis 1885.17 Enichlmair anoyeuka kuti muna 1999 vaverengi vebepanhau guru reAustria, Der Standard, vakanga vavhotera Bertha von Suttner mukadzi ainyanya kukosha wokuAustria muzana remakore rechi20. yezana remakore iroro. Kuenderera mberi kwake pesvedzero uye kurudziro zvingangomuitawo muzana ramakore rechi18 muAustria akakosha, uye kwete chete kune vekwake.
Mhemberero dzemhemberero idzi dzanga dzisiri dzekutanga maererano naBertha von Suttner. Mucherechedzo mukuru uye wakapindwa zvakanaka une musoro unoti Bertha von Suttner nevamwe Vakadzi Mukutsvaga Runyararo wakarongwa muna 1993 neLeague of Nations and Historical Collections Unit yeLibhurari yeUnited Nations muGeneva, vachibatsirana nePermanent. Mission yeAustria kuUnited Nations. Chiratidziro chakavhurwa musi wa9 Chikumi, 150th yegore rekuzvarwa kwavon Suttner uye yakagara kwemwedzi mitatu. Yakabva yaratidzwa seshoo inofambira mumaguta gumi nemaviri eGermany neAustria muna 1994 na1995. Kuratidzwa kwacho kuGeneva kwakaperekedzwa nechiverengero chakati chehurukuro dzavose nemisangano pamwe chete nehurukuro yokusiyirana yepasi rose. Bhuku rine mifananidzo, rine zvinyorwa zvinokosha, rakabudiswawo.19 Mugore rimwe chetero (1993), kuratidzwa kwaBertha von Suttner mugirazi remupepanhau remazuva ano (Bertha von Suttner im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Presse) kwakaitwa muState Library. muBerlin (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin/Preußischer Kulturbesitz). Chiratidziro chakakwanisa kushandisa zvakanaka muunganidzwa wakawanda wenhau dzeGerman nemagazini muLibhurari yeHurumende uye zvakapa, muzviitiko zvekuratidzira 17, mucherechedzo wakazara wehupenyu nebasa remuratidziri werunyararo.
Anoyeukwa zvakare muzita rezvikoro zvakati wandei, kunyanya muGermany, uye dzimwe nguva vakashandisa rimwe kana rimwe zuva rekurangarira von Suttner, kana kuti chikoro, kutarisa nezvehupenyu hwake uye kushanda kuburikidza nemapurojekiti, zvinyorwa, uye kuratidzwa. .20 Muenzaniso panyaya iyi ndeweBertha-von-Suttner-Oberschule (Gymnasium) muBerlin-Reinickendorf yakaburitsa Bertha von Suttner akakosha uye akakosha. Festschrift zum 150. Geburtstag am 9. Juni 1993 nezvinyorwa, mameseji uye kwaziso kubva kune vakasiyana-siyana vanopa (kusanganisira Meya weVienna, Mutungamiriri weNorwegian Nobel Institute, uye Chancellor weGerman) pamwe chete neazvino uye vaimbova vadzidzi vechikoro, uye vabereki vavo. Mapeji ayo mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu mucherechedzo unopenya wekukosha kwavon Suttner muhondo yakaoma yerunyararo rwepasi rose, uye umboo hwakapfuma hwekurudziro inoenderera yaanomiririra kuzvizvarwa zvanhasi.250 Makore gumi apfuura, muna Chikumi 21, chikoro chimwe chete chakapemberera kusvitsa kwacho makore makumi manomwe neshanu nekuronga shoo pamusoro pemutsigiri wacho, nerubatsiro rweraibhurari yeUN nedura renhoroondo muGeneva. makore zana ekuburitswa kweDie Waffen nieder!. Kukosha kwaro mukutanga bato rorugare romukupera kwezana remakore rechi1983 uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechi75 muAustria neGermany kwakanyatsopfupikiswa munyaya yakabudiswa muna 22 muFrankfurt Zeitung (inokorwa mashoko mubhurocha rinozivisa kongiresi): ‘Apo mumazuva iwayo mumwe akabvunza. shamwari yorugare nei akanga asarudza kuva nhengo yesangano rorugare, mhinduro yacho inenge nguva dzose yakanga iri: “Ndakanyengetedzwa nebhuku raFrau von Suttner”'. Mumwe mupiro wegore rekupedzisira wakabuda mugwaro rinotungamira rekutsvagisa rugare rwenyanzvi, Rugare & Shanduko, rakaburitswa muUSA, iro raive nechikamu chakakosha chine zvinyorwa pamusoro paBertha von Suttner, kusanganisira yekutanga ongororo yakadzama yeiyo yekutanga firimu re1989 vhezheni yake. Anti-war novel, uye yava kunzi ndiyo yekutanga pacifist film.19
Hazvidi hazvo kutaura kuti mumisangano yese yekurangarira nekupemberera, masimposia, zvinyorwa, zviratidziro, uye zvinotaridza kukosha kwaBertha von Suttner, munguva yake, nekuenderera mberi kweshoko rake kune yedu, zvakasimbiswa zvakare uye. zvakare. Hapana akafanoona zvakajeka sezvaakaita, njodzi yaizowira Europe nepasirese kana masimba makuru akave asina hanya kuti atange imwe hondo. Hapana akayambira achisimbirira uye nechido sezvaakaita nezvenjodzi dziri mberi kana nyika dzikasafuratira hurongwa hwehondo. Nekudaro, paive nemusiyano mumwe: shamwari yake yechiPolish-Russian Jan Bloch, waakatanga kusangana naye panguva ye1899 Hague Peace Musangano uye ane hukuru uye hwechiporofita 6-vhoriyamu kudzidza paHondo yeRamangwana / Ramangwana reHondo rakaratidzira chimiro che. hondo huru yeramangwana. Kufanana nehutsinye, akafa Hondo Huru isati yatanga, uye yaakaita zvese zvaanogona kudzivirira. Pakati pezvaakagadzira zvakanyanya kuve nekugadzwa kweInternational Museum yeHondo uye Runyararo muLucerne, Switzerland, yekutanga-yakare museum yerunyararo. Yakavhurwa munaJune 1902, pasina muvambi wayo akanga afira muWarsaw pakutanga kwegore rimwe chetero. Ribhoni rakachekwa nemadoyens maviri esangano repasi rose rerunyararo (raimiririrwa nenhamba huru): von Suttner naFrédéric Passy. Muhurukuro ine musoro unoti 'Die Bloch'sche Theorie', akataura kuti nemuseum 'zera redu rakapihwa chimwe chinhu chitsva uye chisati chamboitika: chimiro kuburikidza nechivakwa chepfungwa nyowani uye isati yamboitika'. Iri raive zano rakagadzirwa naBloch mukudzidza kwake kukuru, kureva. kuti hondo yakanga isingachagoni kurangarirwa sechishandiso chine mufungo chounyanzvi hwehurumende nemhaka yokuparadza kukuru kwaizounza hondo huru yomunguva yemberi uye uko kwaizoguma nokuparara kwebudiriro yeEurope. Von Suttner akacherechedza nemazvo, 'Kuburikidza nemuseum dzidziso iyi pasina mubvunzo ichapinda mumadenderedzwa akakura kupfuura angasvikwa nebhuku, uye zvakare ichava nyore kubata'.24 Mushure mekubatsira mukuvhurwa kwemuseum yekutanga yerunyararo pasi rose isingakwanise kudzivirira Hondo Yenyika I, uye ikava nyajambwa wayo, ichivhara mikova yayo muna 1919 - museum yerunyararo yakatsaurirwa kundangariro yaBertha von Suttner, uye yakaitwa kudzidzisa ruzhinji nezve kudiwa, nekukurumidza sezvaamboita, 'kuradzika pasi. zvombo uye kupedza hondo tichifarira nzira ine musoro uye ine hunhu yekugadzirisa kusawirirana murunyararo, chinhu chinodiwa muzera redu. Chirevo chaakaisa pamberi peBloch museum chinoshanda nesimba rakaenzana kune yakarongwa museum: ichaunza kudiwa uye mukana wekubvisa zvombo uye kubviswa kwehondo kuruzhinji rwakakura (kupfuura musangano werunyararo), uye panguva imwe chete. nguva ichaigonesa kunzwisisa, kugamuchira, uye kuita maererano, iro shoko rinokosha zvikurusa.
Pakati pemwoyo weBertha von Suttner Peace Museum pachava neshoko rimwechete rakatanga sangano rose rerunyararo, uye ndiyo yaivewo kuzevezera kwake kwekupedzisira pamubhedha wake werufu: 'Isa Mawoko Ako!' Iri ragara riri uye rinofanirwa kunge riri iro meseji yepakati ripi neripi sangano rerunyararo rakakodzera zita. Hazvishamisi kuti aya anga ariwo maonero evose vakanyanya kufunga vakazvibatikana nemubvunzo wehondo uye kubviswa kwayo munzanga yevanhu. Semuyenzaniso, muchinyorwa chake Kunoenda Kusingaperi Rugare, chakaburitswa muna 1795, Immanuel Kant akatsanangura muchikamu chechitatu chezvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga kuti 'Mauto akamira achabviswa nekufamba kwenguva'. Makore zana gare gare, pfungwa imwe chete yakataurwawo nemusayendisiti ane mukurumbira uye muzvinabhizimusi ane mhino yakaoma: Alfred Nobel. Muwiro netestamende yake yokupedzisira, yakaitwa muna 1895, akataura marudzi matatu enhamburiko dzinofanira kukudzwa nomubairo worugare waakagadza mukuda kwake. Kunze kwekusimudzira hukama pakati penyika, uye kuita kongiresi dzerunyararo, mubairo unofanirwa kukudza kuedza 'kubvisa kana kuderedza mauto akamira'. (Izvi hazvishamise kupihwa kubatana pakati peNobel na von Suttner).
Vakasiyana saivo, nevanyori vavo, vari, Kant's slim philosophical traise uye von Suttner's voluminous novel, ndeeiyo diki sarudzo yemabhuku asingafi pamusoro perunyararo muGerman - uye nenyaya iyoyo, chero - mutauro. Rinovhero rake rakabuda muzvinyorwa zvisingaverengeki uye zvakadhindwa zvakare, uye shanduro dzakawanda, kunyanya munguva inosvika 1914. Kukosha kwaro uye mukurumbira, pamwe neshoko raro, zvinoita kuti bhuku racho rive chinhu chakakosha chekuratidzwa mumuseum. Manzwisisiro echidzidzo charo, uye kushorwa kwakaitwa bhuku racho, kwakanga kwakajeka kubva pakutanga. Magazini yese yakatumirwa nemunyori haina kuramba here chikumbiro chake chekuti bhuku rigadziriswe (risati radhindwa sebhuku)? Mubudisi wenguva dzose wemabhuku ake, Pierson's muDresden, haana here kukumbira kuti abvise uye achinje akawanda asati aburitswa? Paakaramba zvachose kuva nemafungiro akadaro, aingoita kuti zvaaida zvingochinja chete: zita racho, iro rainzi rinogumbura uye rinonyandura. Kuna Pierson, bhuku racho rairatidzika kuva rine ngozi. Kuita kwake kwakanga kwakaoma zvakare uye kusabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira: 'Aiwa! Musoro wacho unombundira mumashoko matatu chinangwa chose chebhuku. Zvezita, zvakare, hapana syllable inofanira kuchinjwa'. Angadai akakandira manyoro mumoto pane kubvuma zvaanoda, akadaro mundangariro dzake. Pierson akademba kechipiri uye kushamisika kwake nemunyori wake akaona bhuku richiva rekutengesa nekukurumidza. Kudhindwa kwekutanga kwemakopi 1,000 XNUMX kwakakurumidza kuteverwa nekudhindwazve.
Zvisinei, makumi mana emakore gare gare bhuku racho rakanga rakavharirwa kumoto uyo maNazi aida kubvisa chero mabhuku aionekwa seanopesana neGermany, kusanganisira mabhuku ose nemagazini aishora hondo nebasa rehondo. Kupiswa kwebhuku raMay 1933 kungangove chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekushaikwa nhasi kwekutanga editions yenovhero. Parizvino, makopi maviri chete ekutanga edition abuda pachena. Zvimwe chetezvo pakushaikwa kwemagazini yake, yezita rimwe chetero, iyo yekutanga yakabuda muna Ndira 1892. Yakamira kudhindwa pakupera kwa1899 apo yakatsiviwa neDie Friedens-Warte.25 Muna 1935, zita rake rakabuda mu'Rondedzero Yezvinyorwa Zvinokuvadza uye Zvisingadikanwi', maererano nemaraibhurari evoruzhinji muGermany yose aifanira kubvisa masheya awo. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, nhoroondo yake yemavhoriyamu maviri ekurwira kudzivirira njodzi yaiuya yehondo huru, yakabudiswa mushure mekufa neshamwari yake uye mushandi pamwe naye Alfred H. Fried muZurich muna 1917, pakutanga haina kukwanisa kuparadzirwa munzvimbo dze. the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.26 Kuongororwa, kudzvinyirirwa, uye kupiswa kwezvinyorwa zvepacifist chinhu chenguva dzose, kusanganisira ikozvino. Zvinoshamisa here kuti sangano rerunyararo rinoona zvakaoma kudzinga mauto, uye sangano rine huvepo hwarinoenderera mberi - hondo? Mumumyuziyamu yakarongwa, dingindira iri rinofanirwa kunge riri nyaya yechiratidzo chinonakidza chinonyora nyaya mukati memakore mazana mashanu apfuura, kutanga nekuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zvaErasmus zvinopesana nehondo uye nezverunyararo. Somuenzaniso, makopi echinyorwa chechiFrench chechimwe chezvinyorwa zvorugare zvapakuvamba zvikurusa zvenguva yazvino uno, Chichemo chake Chorugare, chakadhindwa muLyon muna 500 kana kuti 1531, akapiswa, sezvakaita mushanduri. Kwemazana emakore kwaifungidzirwa kuti hapana makopi akanga asara asi makore 1532 gare gare makopi maviri akaoneka, achiaita pakati pezvinyorwa zvisingawanzoitiki mumabhuku orugare.
Ndizvo zvakaitawo makopi ekutanga echinyakare chemazuva ano kubva kumabhuku mamwe chete iwayo: Die Waffen nieder! Chokwadi, muchiratidzo chine musoro unoti Bertha von Suttner uye kutanga kwesangano rerunyararo reAustria, rakarongwa ne Historical Museum yeguta reVienna neAustrian Peace Society, yakaitwa muna 1950 muhoro yeguta idzva, hapana kopi ye yekutanga yaigona kuratidzwa nekuti hapana yakanga yawanikwa. Kopi yairatidzwa, yakakweretwa kubva ku Historical Museum, yakatsikiswa muna 1892 uye yechishanu yechishanu yakadhindwa. pakarepo bhuku rakanga raoneka. Iri kopi rakanyanya kufarira sezvo muridzi waro - uye muverengi - anga asiri mumwe kunze kwaAlfred Nobel. Sezvineiwo, raibhurari yake mumusha wake weSweden kuBjörkborn pedyo neKarskoga nhasi uno inongova nevhoriyamu yechipiri (imwe raibhurari chete inozivikanwa kuva ine kopi yeshanduro yekutanga iHofbibliothek iri muDonaueschingen, kumaodzanyemba kweGermany). munyori wayo pabasa rake semutungamiri wesangano repasi rose rerunyararo kusvika parufu rwake, makore makumi maviri neshanu gare gare. Kumuverengi wayo ane mukurumbira wechiSwedish, anogona kunge akadyara utachiona hwepfungwa iyo makore mashoma gare gare yaizowana kuratidzwa mukuda kwake, kureva. kusikwa kwemubairo wepagore werunyararo. Sezvo von Suttner aisakwanisa kufunga kubudirira kwebhuku rake uye mashandurirwo aaizoita hupenyu hwake, Nobel haaigona kufanoona kuti mubairo werunyararo waizova mubairo wepamusoro-soro unozivikanwa pasi rose. Vakahwina mubairo werunyararo weNobel vanoumba 'kirabhu' yakasarudzwa uye inoyemurwa zvikuru iyo kuvepo kwayo pamusangano kana tsigiro yemushandirapamwe, inokweretesa rutsigiro rwakakura - kusimbisa zvese zviri pamutemo uye kuoneka kwechikonzero chine chekuita. Rumbidzo iyo bhuku rakagamuchirwa kwete chete kubva kuna Nobel naLeo Tolstoi, asi vamwe vazhinji vane mukurumbira panguva iyoyo, uye mabatiro ekubudirira kwaro pamunyori pachake, zvinopa chikonzero chakakwana chekuisa Die Waffen nieder! pakati pe museum. Sekutaura kwakaita Cora Weiss, bhuku iri 'zvechokwadi ndiro chete rinonyanya kutengeswa nezvezvombo munhoroondo.'5
Pfungwa yeBertha von Suttner museum haisi itsva; kutaura zvazviri, yakatanga kutaurwa pakarepo mushure mekufa kwake nemushandi wake wepedyo (uye muiti wechido chake), Alfred H. Fried. Akanga abatanidzwa zvikuru mukuronga nokurongwa kwe21st World Peace Congress, yakarongwa kuti iitike mukumuremekedza, muVienna muna September 1914. Pashure porufu rwake muna June, purogiramu yekongiresi yakanga ine chinyorwa chine musoro unoti The Suttner Museum, uye akashuma kuti: 'Chinangwa chiripo chekuchengetedza imba yeimba yakaparara Baroness Bertha von Suttner muZedlitzgasse no. 7 zvakare kana kongiresi yapera, uye kuvhurira vatori vechikamu vakanyoresa panguva yekongiresi. Mushure mezvo, chidzidzo chake chinofanira kuchengetwa sezvachakaita paakafa, uye pasi-pasi inofanira kupiwa kuSuttner-museum.30 Zvisinei, hapana chakabuda pane izvi (kana chemusangano, nokuda kwehondo) uye ibwe rechirangaridzo chete ndiro rinowanikwa pakero. Munguva pfupi yapfuura - nekuda kwekuedza kwaErnst Pecha neAustrian Peace Society Bertha von Suttner (Österreichische Friedensgesellschaft Bertha von Suttner) - dombo rechipiri rakanamirwa mushure memakore zana emubairo weNobel werunyararo. Nhoroondo yechirangaridzo chavon Suttner - ingave museum kana chiyeuchidzo, kana mugwagwa kana yeruzhinji kutumidza zita - yakareba, uye mhedzisiro yacho kusvika nhasi inoodza mwoyo (kunyangwe mufananidzo wake waonekwa pachitambi cheAustria uye mari yebhangi, uye nhasi Mari yeEuro, sezvataurwa pamusoro).
Panhambo yokuberekwa kwake makore 70, muna June 1913, Fried akanyora chinyorwa chinofadza mukupemberera. Akataura kuti Czech City Council yePrague, zvichitevera kuvhota kwakabatana, yakamutumira chikwangwani chinomiririra rukudzo nekukodzera kweRoyal City yePrague, ine chinyorwa chinodziya. Akarumbidza Kanzuru nekukudza mumwe mukadzi uyo, kunyange zvazvo akaberekerwa muguta, aiva wokuGermany. Sezvineiwo, akaenderera mberi achiti, hurumende yeguta reGermany reVienna haina kumbomunetsa kana kumutumira kwaziso.31 Mutsamba yaakanyora kwaari ari ega, akanyora nehasha achiti: 'Nhasi, wakakurumbira nokuti nyika yako ... , uye nokuti guta ramunogara, uye ramunoitira nyasha [uye rinokudza vashori vevaSemite nemamwe makororo] harikukudzii. Asi iva nechokwadi: rimwe zuva zvakare Vienna ichava neBertha-von-Suttner- Street, chiyeuchidzo chayo cheSuttner'.32 Munyori wehupenyu hwake anowedzera kuti kusvika ikozvino (1986) Fried akaonekwa kuti haana kururama. Zvechokwadi hazvinzwisisike - uye hazviregererwi - kuti hapana mugwagwa muVienna unonzi Bertha von Suttner. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kana migwagwa ichipihwa mazita evakadzi vekune dzimwe nyika vakahwina mubairo weNobel vakadai saMarie Curie, Selma Lagerlöf, naSigrid Undset.33 Kana usiri mugwagwa, une dzimba dzine zita rake - Bertha von Suttner Hof kuFavoritengasse 38- 40. Pamusuwo pane zvakare chivezwa chakatsaurirwa kuna Die Waffen nieder! Iri bhuku raSiegfried Charoux, rakavhurwa muna 1959, rinoratidzira chirikadzi iri kutiza hondo, ine vana vaviri parutivi payo.34
Mumakore ekutanga, pfungwa dzakanangidzirwa pakuvakwa kwechirangaridzo muGotha, umo madota ake angaiswa. Zvirongwa zvakaitwa uye zvakabvumirwa, uye mari yakaunganidzwa, asi hondo uye kutevera kukwira kwemitengo zvakavaparadza.35 Nyaya refu uye inosuruvarisa yechiyeuchidzo kana kuti chirangaridzo chakanyorwa zvizere muchikamu chakatsaurirwa kunyaya yacho mushoo yakaitwa muCity Hall muVienna. muna 1950.36 Kugadzwa kweBertha von Suttner Peace Museum pakati peVienna, pamakore zana ekufa kwake, pakupedzisira, kuchava chiyeuchidzo chakakodzera uye chipenyu kumukadzi uyu akasarudzika uye (mumashoko aAlfred Nobel) murwi werunyararo. .
ZVINOKOSHA ZVINOKOSHA
1 Cf. Suttner, Bertha von: The Evolution of the Peace Movement. Muna Haberman, Frederick W. (ed.): Nobel Lectures- Peace, Vol. 1, 1901- 1925. Amsterdam 1972, mapeji 84-90.
2 Abrams, Irwin / London, Scott (eds.): Nobel Lectures Peace, 2001-2005. Singapore 2009, mapeji 125-154.
3 Suttner, Bertha von: Rüstung und Überrüstung. Berlin 1909. 4 Suttner, Bertha von: Die Barbarisierung der Luft. Berlin: Die Friedens-Warte, Internationale Verständigung, Heft 6, 1912, mapeji 32.
5 Mutsamba Bertha von Suttner yakatumirwa kuNobel Committee muna 1901 kuti idome mumiriri wake wemubairo wekutanga werunyararo, akataura naPratt, mushure mekudomwa kwake kwePassy. Tsamba yacho, in English translation,
yakabudiswa naAnne C. Kjelling muna Bertha von Suttner seNobel Peace Prize Nominator muvhoriyamu: Internationaler Bertha-von-Suttner-Verein (ed.): Friede-Fortschritt-Frauen. Friedensnobelpreisträgerin Bertha von Suttner kana Schloss Harmannsdorf. Wien 2007, mapeji 37-44.
6 Cf. iro vhoriyamu inoshamisa, ine mapeji anopfuura chiuru, ane musoro 1,000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe rakaburitswa neSangano '1000 Vakadzi veNobel Peace Prize 1000'. Zurich 2005.
7 Cf. Internationaler Bertha-von-Suttner-Verein (ed.): Friede- Fortschritt-Frauen. Friedensnobelpreisträgerin Bertha
von Suttner kanaf Schloss Harmannsdorf. Wien 2007. The Eggenburg/Harmannsdorf international symposium, naBertha von Suttner, vakawaniswa zvizere muvhoriyamu yakanakisa uye inoyemurika yehurumende yakadhindwa neBundeskanzleamt kupemberera makore akawanda muAustria muna 2005, kutanga uye pamusoro pemakore makumi mashanu ekuberekwa. kusaina chibvumirano chehurumende, kudzorera uchangamire hwakazara. Indjein, Teresa (ed.): Österreich 50: Das Lesebuch zum Jubiläumsjahr mit Pro- grammübersicht. St. Pölten & Salzburg 2005, pp. 2004-129, 133. Pachiitiko cheEggenburg/Harmannsdorf symposium, muunganidzwa wezvinyorwa pamusoro uye nezvaBertha von Suttner, muCzech neGerman, wakabudiswa: Hodurova, Jana / Haubelt, Josef (eds.): Bertha Suttnerova - laureatka Nobelovy ceny miru 165. Prague 1905.
8 Pick, Hella: Bertha von Suttner – kuraramira runyararo. Vienna 2005.
9 Ona mupiro wake une musoro unoti Der Friedenspalast, pp. 49-51 muhuwandu hwemashoko ekukorokotedza uye zvinyorwa zvakatumwa neveDutch Peace Society Vrede door Recht uye zvakatsikiswa panguva yekutsaurirwa kweRunyararo Palace: Le Palais de la. Paix. Memoire. The Hague 1913.
10 Cf. Ted Lollis: Runyararo Monuments. Mu: The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace, ed. Nigel Mudiki. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010, Vol. 3, mapeji 416-421, uye kunyanya mawebhusaiti akawanda aakagadzira: www.maripo.com.
11 Kooijmans, Pieter: Bertha von Suttner nekuvandudzwa kwemutemo wekubvisa zvombo nekudzora zvombo. Mu: Taura nezveSimposium pachiitiko che100th yegore reNobel Peace Prize award kuna Bertha von Suttner, yakarongwa neEmbassies yeAustria, Norway neSweden mukubatana neCarnegie Foundation muRunyararo Palace musi wa18 Kubvumbi 2005. Hague 2005, mapeji 16-20.
12 Bertha von Suttner. Brussels 2006.
13 Ibid., p. 11.
14 Ibid., p. 13.
15 Cf. Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung (Hg.): Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung: 2001 bis 2006 [uye] 100 Jahre Friedensnobelpreis: Bertha von Suttner. Osnabrück: Forum DSF No. 3, 2006.
16 Cohen, Laurie R.:“Gerade weil Sie eine Frau sind …“ Erkundungen über Bertha von Suttner, die unbekannte Friedensnobelpreistraegerin. Vienna 2005.
17 Enichlmair, Maria: Abenteurerin Bertha von Suttner: Die unbekannten Georgien-Jahre 1876 bis 1885. Maria Enzersdorf 2005.
18 Ibid., p. 145.
19 Ruser, Ursula-Maria (ed.): Die Waffen nieder! Bas les arms - Isa pasi maoko ako. Bertha von Suttner nevamwe Vakadzi Mukutsvaga Runyararo. Geneva 1993.
20 Maererano nerimwe bhuku rehurumende rokuAustria rakabudiswa neBundeskanzleramt, zvikoro zvitatu muAustria zvinodanwa zita raBertha von Suttner, uye 14 muGermany. Cf. Wohnout, Helmut (ed.): Österreich 2005. Ein Gedankenjahr. Vienna 2004, mapeji 31-32.
21 Zimmermann, Lutz (ed.): Bertha von Suttner. Festschrift zum 150. Geburtstag am 9 Juni 1993. Berlin 1993.
22 Cf. Jaumann, Holger / Eitel, Robert: Ausstellungskatalog, Bertha von Suttner. 75 Jahre Bertha-von-Suttner-Schule. Berlin muna 1983.
23 Cf. Rugare & Shanduko, Vol. 16, No. 1, January 1995, mapeji 64-112; ona, pamapeji 97-112, Kelly, Andrew: Firimu rinonzi Antiwar Propaganda: Isa Maoko Ako (1914); onawo The first pacifist film of the war: Ned med Vaabnene/ Isa Pasi Maoko Ako, chitsauko 1 muCinema yemunyori mumwechete uye Hondo Huru. London 1997, pp. 4-14 nechinyorwa chake The United States and the Anti-War Cinema of the First World War: Nyaya yaNed med Vaabnene/Lay Down Your Arms (1914), p. 53-60 In Krieg und Literatur /War and Literature, Vol. 6, Nha. 11/12, 1994.
24 Cf. Bertha von Suttner & Frédéric Passy, Johann von Bloch und sein Werk. Gedenkblatt zur Einweihung des Internation- alen Kriegs- und Friedensmuseums muLuzern. Luzern 1902, p. 5; onawo Van den Dungen, Peter: The International Museum of War and Peace at Lucerne, pp. 185-202 mu Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte, Vol. 31, Nhamba 2, 1981.
25 Cf. Ruser, Konrad: An Academic Library and the Books of Bertha von Suttner, pp. 14-15 mu 1993 Geneva showo catalog yataurwa pamusoro; Weidermann, Volker: Das Buch der Verbrannten Bücher. Cologne 2008, p. 186.
26 Cf. Freigabe des Suttner-Werkes in Österreich-Ungarn. Muna: Die Friedens-Warte, Vol. 19, No. 8, August/September 1917, map. 255. Der Kampf um die Vermeidung des Weltkriegs rakabudiswa muZurich muna Zvita 1916.
27 Cf. Kaut, Hubert (ed.): Bertha von Suttner. Katalog der Sonderausstellung im Historischen Museum der Stadt Wien. Wien 1950, p. 24.
28 Ona Erlandsson, Ake: Alfred Nobels bibliotek. En bibli- ografi. Stockholm 2002. Kavha yevhoriyamu yechipiri yeDie Waffen nieder!, ine 'Ex Libris A. Nobel', yakadhindwa patsva semufananidzo pap. 29. Raibhurari yaNobel ine mamwe mabhuku gumi akanyorwa naBertha von Suttner, hafu yawo ine kuzvipira (p. 326).
29 Weiss, Cora: Bertha aripi Iye zvino Zvatinomuda? MuInternational Peace Bureau & International Fellowship of Reconciliation, ed.: Hupenyu hwaBertha von Suttner uye Nhaka Yake yeVakadzi Vanoita Runyararo Nhasi. Geneva & Alkmaar 2005, mapeji 3-7, p. 5.
30 Cf. Yakakangwa, Alfred H.: Das Suttner Museum. Muna: Die Friedens-Warte, Vol. 16, June 1914, map. 279; Musée Suttner. Mu: Le Mouvement Pacifiste, 15 Chikunguru 1914, p. 306.
31 Cf. Yakakangwa, Alfred H.: Der 70. Geburtstag der Baronin Sut- tner. Muna: Die Friedens-Warte, Vol. 15, 1913, mapeji 269-270.
32 Letter of 9th June 1913, yakatorwa mu: Hamann, Brigitte: Bertha von Suttner: Ein Leben für den Frieden. Munich 1986, mapeji 501-502.
33 Cf. Hamann, Sibylle: Spurensuche: Frauen auf der Spur
– auf den Strassenschildern Wiens, pp. 15-33. MuGeber, Eva / Rotter, Sonja / Schneider, Marietta (eds.): Die Frauen Wiens. Vienna 1992. Ndizvo zvazvakaitawo kuti Bertha von Suttner anoratidza zvakatanhamara pabutiro rebhuku.
34 Kuti uwane tsananguro pfupi, nemufananidzo, ona Settele, Matthias: Wiener Denkmäler. Vienna, 4th ed., nd, mapeji 172-173. Onawo Unger, Petra: Wiener Frauenspaziergänge: Wo sich Frauen muWien am besten finden. Vienna 2006, mapeji 68-69.
35 Cf. Playne, Caroline E.: Bertha von Suttner uye Kurwira Kudzivirira Hondo Yenyika. London 1936, p. 238.
36 cf. Bertha von Suttner. Katalog der Sonderausstellung, mapeji 52-54.
