NaDavid Swanson, Gumiguru 5, 2020
Excerpted kubva Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure
Hitler aive achigadzirira hondo kare asati atanga. Hitler akagadzirisa zvakare Rhineland, akabatanidza Austria, uye akatyisidzira Czechoslovakia. Vakuru vepamusoro mumauto eGerman uye "ungwaru" vakaronga kubvuta masimba. Asi Hitler akawana mukurumbira nhanho dzese dzaakatora, uye kushomeka kwemhando ipi neipi yekupokana kubva kuBritain kana France kwakashamisa nekuodza moyo avo vekuronga. Hurumende yeBritain yaiziva nezvekurangana uye yaiziva marongero ehondo, asi vakasarudza kusatsigira vanopokana vezvematongerwo enyika veNazi, kwete kutsigira vanorangana, kwete kupinda muhondo, kwete kutyisidzira kupinda muhondo, kwete kuvharira Germany, kusaita chakakomba nezvekurega kupa ruoko nekupa Germany, kwete kutsigira Kellogg-Briand Pact kuburikidza nedare redzimhosva senge izvo zvaizoitika mushure mehondo muNuremberg asi zvaigona kunge zvakaitika pamberi pehondo (zvirinani nevapomeri. musipo) pamusoro pekurwiswa kweItari kuEthiopia kana kurwiswa kweGerman neCzechoslovakia, kusada kuti United States ibatanidze League of Nations, kwete kudaira kuti League of Nations iite, kwete kuparadzira ruzhinji rweGerman mukutsigira kusagadzikana, kwete kubuda avo vanotyisidzirwa nekuurayiwa kwevanhu, kusatsvaga musangano werunyararo wepasirese kana kuumbwa kweUnited Nations, uye kusaterera kune zvaitaurwa neSoviet Union.
Soviet Union yairatidzira chibvumirano chakanangana neGerman, chibvumirano neEngland neFrance kuti vaite pamwechete kana vakarwa. England neFrance havana kana kufarira zvishoma. Soviet Union yakaedza nzira iyi kwemakore uye yakatobatana neLeague of Nations. Kunyangwe Poland yaive isingafarire. Soviet Union ndiyo yega nyika yakaronga kuenda kunorwira Czechoslovakia kana Germany ikarwisa, asi Poland - iyo yaifanirwa kunge ichiziva kuti yaitevera mumutsara wekurwiswa neNazi - yakaramba nzira yeSoviet kusvika Czechoslovakia. Poland, yakazopambwa zvakare neSoviet Union, inogona kunge yaitya kuti mauto eSoviet aisazopfuura nepakati asi kuti vagaremo. Kunyangwe Winston Churchill achiita kunge anga ave kuda hondo neGerman, Neville Chamberlain haana kungoramba kubatana neSoviet Union kana kutora danho chero ripi zvaro rine chisimba kana risingaite zvechisimba panzvimbo yeCzechoslovakia, asi akatoda kuti Czechoslovakia isaramba, Czechoslovakian pfuma muEngland pamusoro pevaNazi. Chamberlain anoita kunge anga ari kudivi revaNazi kupfuura izvo zvingadai zvakave zvine musoro mukukonzera runyararo, chikonzero icho bhizinesi raaiwanzoitira akamiririra harina kugovana zvachose. Kune rake divi, Churchill aiyemura fascism zvekuti vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanomufungira kuti akazo funga zvekumisikidza Nazi-anonzwira tsitsi Duke we Windsor semutongi we fascist muEngland, asi Churchill yakanyanya kuda kwemakumi emakore inoita kunge yehondo murunyararo.
Chinzvimbo chevazhinji vehurumende yeBritain kubva muna1919 kusvika pakukwira kwaHitler nekupfuura kwaive kutsigira kwakaringana kwekusimudzirwa kwehurumende yekuGerman. Chero chipi zvacho chaigona kuitwa kuchengetedza makomunisti uye vekuruboshwe kunze kwesimba kuGerman chakatsigirwa. Aimbova Mutungamiriri weBritain uye Mutungamiriri weRiberal Party David Lloyd George musi waSeptember 22, 1933, akati: “Ndinoziva kuti kwave kune hutsinye hunotyisa kuGerman uye isu tese tinozvidza nekuzvishora. Asi nyika inopfuura nepakati pechimurenga inogara iine mhosva kune zviitiko zvinotyisa nekuda kwekutongwa kweruramisiro kubatwa pano neapo nemupanduki akatsamwa. ” Kana masimba eAllied akakunda Nazism, Lloyd George akayambira, "communism yakanyanyisa" yaizotora nzvimbo yayo. "Chokwadi hazvingavi chinangwa chedu," akadaro.[I]
Saka, ndiro raive dambudziko neNazism: maapuro mashoma mashoma! Mumwe anofanirwa kuve anonzwisisa panguva dzechimurenga. Uye, kunze kweizvozvo, maBritish vaive vaneta nehondo mushure meWWI. Asi chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti ipapo pakupera kweWWI, apo pasina munhu angave anga akaneta nehondo nekuda kweWWI, shanduko yakaitika - imwe ine mugove wayo wemapuro akaipa angave akaregererwa zvikuru: chimurenga muRussia. Pakaitika chimurenga cheRussia, United States, Britain, France, nevabatsiri vakatumira mari yekutanga muna1917, uyezve mauto muna1918, kuRussia kunotsigira vanopandukira divi rehondo. Kuburikidza na1920 idzi nyika dzinonzwisisa uye dzinoda runyararo dzakarwa muRussia mukuyedza kuyedza kubvisa hurumende yechimurenga yeRussia. Nepo hondo iyi isingaitise mumabhuku eUS, maRussia vanowanzoirangarira sekutanga kweanopfuura zana ramakore ekupikisa uye ruvengo runosimbirira kubva kuUnited States neWestern Europe, mubatanidzwa panguva yeWWII zvisinei.
Muna 1932, Cardinal Pacelli, uyo muna 1939 aizove Pope Pius XII, akanyorera tsamba Zentrum kana Center Party, yechitatu yakakura bato rezvematongerwo enyika kuGerman. Cardinal ainetsekana nekukwira kwecommunism kuGerman, uye akayambira Center Party kuti ibatsire kuita Hitler chancellor. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi Zentrum akatsigira Hitler.[Ii]
Mutungamiri Herbert Hoover, avo vakarasikirwa nemabatiro eRussia kuRussia shanduko, vaitenda kuti Soviet Union yaida kupwanywa.[Iii]
Duke weWindsor, aive Mambo weEngland muna 1936 kudzamara aramba kuroora Wallis Simpson wekuBaltimore akamboroora, akanwa tii naHitler paHitler kuBavarian mountain retreat muna 1937. Duke naDuchess vakatenderera mafekitori eGerman ayo aigadzira zvombo mu kugadzirira WWII, uye "kuongororwa" mauto eNazi. Vakadya naGoebbels, Göring, Speer, uye Gurukota rezvekunze Joachim von Ribbentrop. Muna 1966, Mutongi akarangarira kuti, “[Hitler] akandiita kuti ndione kuti Red Russia ndiyo yega muvengi, uye kuti Great Britain neEurope yose vaive nechido chekukurudzira Germany kuti ifambe ichirwisa mabvazuva uye kupwanya komunisiti kamwe chete. . . . . Ndakafunga kuti isu pachedu taizokwanisa kuona apo maNazi neReds vairwisana. ”[Iv]
"Kufadza" iko kushoropodzwa kwakakodzera kwevanhu vanofadzwa nekuva vateereri kuuraya kwakawanda?[V]
Pane chakavanzika chidiki chakavanzika muWWII, hondo yakasviba zvekuti haufunge kuti inogona kunge iine chakavanzika chidiki, asi ndeichi: muvengi wepamusoro weWest pamberi, panguva, uye mushure mehondo yaive mhirizhonga yeRussia yemakominisiti. . Izvo Chamberlain aive mushure meMunich raisava runyararo chete pakati peGerman neEngland, asiwo hondo pakati peGerman neSoviet Union. Icho chaive chinangwa chakareba, chinangwa chinogoneka, uye chinangwa icho chakazopedzisira chaitika VaSoviet vakaedza kuita chibvumirano neBritain neFrance asi vakatendeuka. Stalin aida mauto eSoviet muPoland, ayo Britain neFrance (nePoland) zvaisazobvuma. Saka, Soviet Union yakasaina chibvumirano chisiri chekumanikidza neGerman, kwete mubatanidzwa wekupinda muhondo neGerman, asi chibvumirano chekusarwisane, uye chibvumirano chekukamura Eastern Europe. Asi, chokwadika, Germany haina kureva izvozvo. Hitler aingoda kusara ega kuti arwise Poland. Uye saka aive. Zvichakadaro, maSoviet akatsvaga kugadzira buffer uye kuwedzera yavo humambo nekurwisa nyika dzeBaltic, Finland, nePoland.
Kurota kwekuMadokero kwekudzikisa pasi macommunist eRussia, uye kushandisa hupenyu hweGerman kuzviita, kwakaratidzika kuve kuswedera padhuze. Kubva munaGunyana wa1939 kusvika Chivabvu wa1940, France neEngland vaive vachirwira zviri pamutemo neGerman, asi vasinganyatso kurwa hondo zhinji. Nguva yacho inozivikanwa kune vezvakaitika kare se "Hondo Yenhema." Muchokwadi, Britain neFrance vaive vakamirira Germany kuti irwise Soviet Union, izvo zvaakaita, asi mushure mekurwisa Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, France, neEngland. Germany yakarwa WWII pamativi maviri, kumadokero nekumabvazuva, asi kazhinji kumabvazuva. Vamwe makumi masere muzana evakakuvara veGerman vaive kumberi kwekumabvazuva. MaRussia akarasikirwa, sekureva kweRussia, 80 mamirioni ehupenyu.[vi] Dambudziko rekominisiti, zvisinei, rakapona.
Germany payakapinda muSoviet Union muna 1941, Senator weU.S. Robert Taft akataura maonero aivapo mune zvematongerwo enyika uye nevanhuwo zvavo nevakuru vemauto eU.S. paakataura kuti Joseph Stalin ndiye "mutongi ane utsinye pasi rose," ndokuti “Kukunda kwecommunism. . . ingava nengozi zvakanyanya kukunda kukunda kwefascism. ”[vii]
Senator Harry S Truman vakatora izvo zvinogona kunzi maonero akaenzana, kunyangwe zvisina kuenzana pakati pehupenyu nerufu: "Kana tichiona kuti Germany iri kukunda tinofanira kubatsira Russia uye kana Russia iri kukunda tinofanira kubatsira Germany, uye nenzira iyoyo regai vanouraya vakawanda sezvinobvira, kunyange ini ndisingadi kuona Hitler achikunda mumamiriro api naapi ezvinhu.[viii]
Zvinoenderana nemaonero aTruman, Germany payakakurumidza kuenda kuSoviet Union, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akakurudzira kutumira rubatsiro kuSoviet Union, nechikumbiro icho chakapihwa kutukwa kwakashata kubva kune avo vaive kurudyi mune zvematongerwo enyika eUS, uye kuramba kubva mukati mehurumende yeUS.[ix] United States yakavimbisa rubatsiro kuvaSoviet, asi zvikamu zvitatu-zvezvo - zvirinani panguva ino - hazvina kusvika.[x] MaSoviet anga achikanganisa mauto emaNazi kupfuura mamwe marudzi ese akasanganiswa, asi ainetseka mukuedza. Panzvimbo yerubatsiro rwakavimbiswa, Soviet Union yakakumbira mvumo yekuchengeta, mushure mehondo, matunhu aakange atora muEastern Europe. Britain yakurudzira United States kuti ibvumire, asi United States, panguva ino yakaramba.[xi]
Pachinzvimbo cherubatsiro rwakavimbiswa kana kubvumidzwa kwenzvimbo, Stalin akaita chikumbiro chechitatu chemaBritish munaGunyana 1941. Chaive ichi: rwisana hondo yakashata! Stalin aida kuti pamberi pechipiri pavhurwe vaNazi kumadokero, nechisimba cheBritain cheFrance, kana mamwe mauto eBritish akatumwa kunobatsira kumabvazuva. VaSoviet vakarambidzwa chero rubatsiro rwakadai, uye vakadudzira kuramba uku sechishuwo chekuvaona vasisina simba. Uye vakaneta. asi vakakunda. Mukudonha kwa1941 uye munguva yechando yakatevera, Mauto eSoviet akachinja nzira kurwisa maNazi kunze kweMoscow. Kukundwa kweGerman kwakatanga United States isati yatombopinda muhondo, uye pamberi pekupinda nechisimba kweFrance.[xii]
Kupinda ikoko kwaive kwenguva refu, yakareba pakuuya. MunaMay wa1942 Gurukota rezvekunze kweSoviet Vyacheslav Molotov akasangana naRoosevelt muWashington, uye vakazivisa hurongwa hwekuvhurwa kwekumberi kwekumadokero zhizha iri. Asi zvaisave zvakadaro. Churchill akakurudzira Roosevelt kuti apinde nechisimba kuchamhembe kwe Africa uye Middle East uko maNazi vaityisidzira zvido zveBritish nekoloni.
Zvinoshamisa, zvakadaro, muzhizha ra1942, kurwira kweSoviet kurwisa maNazi kwakatambirwa nhepfenyuro muUnited States, zvekuti huwandu hwakasimba hwakafarira kuvhurwa kweUS neBritain kechipiri pamberi ipapo. Mota dzeUS dzakatakura zvikwangwani zvaiverenga "Second Front Izvozvi." Asi hurumende dzeUS neBritain dzakatadza hanya nechishuwo. VaSoviet, panguva iyi, vakaramba vachimanikidza vaNazi kudzoka.[xiii]
Kana iwe ukadzidza nezve WWII kubva kuHollywood mafirimu uye yakakurumbira tsika yeUS, ungadai usina kuziva kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwekurwa nemaNazi hwakaitwa nevaSoviet, kuti kana hondo yaive neakunda muhombe yaive Soviet Union. Kana iwe haungazive kuti huwandu hukuru hwemaJuda hwakapona nekuti vakatamira kumabvazuva mukati meSoviet Union pamberi peWWII kana kutiza kumabvazuva mukati meSoviet Union maNazi paakapinda. Kuburikidza na1943, pamutengo mukuru kumativi ese, maRussia akasundira maGerman kudzokera kuGerman, vachiri vasina rubatsiro rwakakomba kubva kumadokero. MunaNovember wa1943, muTehran, Roosevelt naChurchill vakavimbisa Stalin kupinda muFrance muchirimo chakatevera, uye Stalin akavimbisa kurwisa Japan nekukurumidza apo Germany yakakundwa. Asi, pakazosvika June 6, 1944, mauto eAllied paakasvika kuNormandy. Panguva iyoyo, maSoviet aive atora nzvimbo zhinji dzeCentral Europe. United States neBritain vanga vachifara kuti maSoviet aite zvakanyanya kuuraya nekufa kwemakore, asi vaisada kuti maSoviet asvike muBerlin vachizivisa kukunda chete.
Idzo nyika nhatu dzakabvumirana kuti vese vanozvipira vanofanirwa kuita zvakakwana uye vanofanirwa kuitirwa vese vatatu pamwechete. Zvisinei, kuItaly, Greece, France, nekune dzimwe nzvimbo United States neBritain vakacheka Russia zvakanyanyisa, vakarambidza makomonisiti, vakavharira varwi vekunze kumaNazi, ndokumisazve hurumende dzakatemerwa idzo maItaly, semuenzaniso, dzakadana "fascism isina Mussolini. ”[xiv] Mushure mehondo, muma1950, United States, mu "Operation Gladio," yaizo "siya shure" vasori nemagandanga nevasori munyika dzakasiyana siyana dzeEurope kuti vadzivise pesvedzero ipi neipi yechiKomonisiti.
Pakutanga zvakarongerwa zuva rekutanga remusangano waRoosevelt naChurchill naStalin muYalta, iyo US neBritish vakabhomba guta reDresden, vachiparadza zvivakwa zvaro nemifananidzo yaro nevanhu vayo, sezviri senzira yekutyisidzira Russia.[xv] United States yakazogadzira nekushandisa pamaguta eJapan mabhomba enyukireya, danho rinotungamirwa, muchidimbu, nechishuwo chekuona Japan ichizvipira kuUnited States chete, isina Soviet Union, uye nechishuwo chekutyisidzira Soviet Union.[xvi]
Pakarepo pakuzvipira kweGerman, Winston Churchill akaronga kushandisa mauto eNazi pamwe nemauto akabatana kurwisa Soviet Union, nyika yaive ichangoita rakakura basa rekukunda maNazi.[xvii] Ichi chaive chisiri che-che-cuff chikumbiro. IUS neBritish vakatsvaga uye vakawana kuzvipira kwakaperera kuGerman, vakachengeta mauto eGerman akapakata zvombo uye vakagadzirira, uye vakaudza vakuru veGerman nezvezvidzidzo zvavakadzidza mukukundikana kwavo nevaRussia. Kurwisa maRussia munguva pfupi yapfuura kwaive maonero akasimudzirwa naGeneral George Patton, uye nekutsiva kwaHitler Admiral Karl Donitz, tisingatauri Allen Dulles neOSS. Dulles akaita runyararo rwakaparadzana neGerman muItari kuti achekere maRussia, ndokutanga kuparadza democracy muEurope nekukurumidza nekupa simba vaimbova maNazi kuGerman, pamwe nekuvapinza mumauto eUS kuti vatarise kuhondo neRussia.[xviii]
Masoja eU.S. neSoviet paakatanga kusangana kuGerman, vanga vasina kuudzwa kuti vanga vachirwisana. Asi mupfungwa dzaWinston Churchill vaive. Asingakwanise kutanga hondo inopisa, iye naTruman nevamwe vakatanga imwe inotonhora. United States yakashanda kuve nechokwadi chekuti makambani eWest Germany aivaka nekukurumidza asi asingabhadhare muripo wehondo wakakweretwa kuSoviet Union. Kunyange maSoviet vaida kubva munyika dzakaita seFinland, kuda kwavo kwekumanikidza pakati peRussia neEurope kwakaomarara sezvo Hondo Yemashoko ichikura uye ikazobatanidza oxmoronic "diplomacy". Hondo Yemashoko yakanga iri nhamo inosiririsa, asi inogona kunge yakanyanya kuipa. Kunyangwe yaive yega muridzi wezvombo zvenyukireya, hurumende yeUS, ichitungamirwa naTruman, yakagadzira hurongwa hwehondo yechisimba yenyukireya kuSoviet Union, ndokutanga kugadzira-kuwanda nekuunganidza zvombo zvenyukireya nemaB-29s kuti vazvipe. Mabhomba enyukireya aidiwa mazana matatu asati agadzirira, vesaenzi veUS vakaviga muchivande kuSoviet Union - danho rinogona kunge rakazadzisa izvo zvakanzi nemasayendisiti, kutsiviwa kwevanhu vakawanda nekumira.[xix] Masayendisiti nhasi vanoziva zvakawanda zvakawanda pamusoro pemhedzisiro inogona kudonhedzwa mazana matatu emabhomba enyukireya, ayo anosanganisira nyika yenyukireya nguva yechando uye nzara huru yevanhu.
Ruvengo, zvombo zvenyukireya, gadziriro dzehondo, mauto kuGerman, zvese zvichiripo, uye izvozvi nezvombo muEastern Europe kusvika pamuganhu weRussia. Hondo Yenyika II yaive simba rinoparadza zvisingaite, zvakadaro kunyangwe hazvo basa rakaitwa mairi neSoviet Union haina kukuvadza kana kusagadzikana kusingaperi kwemaonero anopesana neSoviet muWashington. Kupera kwekupedzisira kweSoviet Union uye kupera kwechikomunizimu kwakave nemhedzisiro isingakoshe pane kuvengana kwakadzika midzi uye kunobatsira kuRussia.
Excerpted kubva Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure.
Kosi-yevhiki svondo online kosi pamusoro penyaya iyi inotanga nhasi.
ZVINYORWA:
[I] FRASER, “Chinyorwa chakazara cheCommercial and Financial Chronicle: Gunyana 30, 1933, Vol. 137, Nha. 3562, ”https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/commercial-financial-chronicle-1339/september-30-1933-518572/fulltext
[Ii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 32.
[Iii] Charles Higham, Kutengesa Neiye Muvengi: Kufumurwa kweNazi -America Mari Zvirongwa 1933-1949 (Dell Kuburitsa Co, 1983) p. 152.
[Iv] Jacques R. Pauwels, Nhema yeHondo Yakanaka: America muChipiri Nyika Hondo (James Lorimer & Company Ltd. 2015, 2002) p. 45.
[V] The New York Times ine peji pamusoro peKutsvaga kwevaNazi nemuverengi zvirevo zvakaratidzwa zvachose pasi payo (hapana zvimwe zvakabvumidzwa) zvichiti chidzidzo ichi hachina kudzidzwa nekuti Vladimir Putin Akakwidzwa kuCrimea muna 2014. Nyaya yekuti vanhu veCrimea vakavhotera zvakanyanya kuti vadzokerezve kuRussia , muchidimbu nekuti ivo vaityisidzirwa nevaNazi-veNazi, hazvitaurwe kwese kupi: https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/30/sept-30-1938-hitler-granted-the-sudentenland-by-britain-france-and-italy
[vi] Wikipedia, "Hondo Yenyika II Vakakuvadzwa," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties
[vii] John Moser, Ashbrook, Ashland University, "Misimboti Pasina Chirongwa: Senator Robert A. Taft neAmerican Foreign Policy," Gunyana 1, 2001, https://ashbrook.org/publications/dialogue-moser/#12
[viii] Time Magazine, "National Affairs: Anniversary Remembrance," Muvhuro, Chikunguru 02, 1951, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,815031,00.html
[ix] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 96.
[x] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), mapeji 97, 102.
[xi] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 102.
[xii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 103.
[xiii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), mapeji 104-108.
[xiv] Gaetano Salvamini naGiorgio La Piana, La sorte dell'Italia (1945).
[xv] Brett Wilkins, Zvakajairika Kurota, "Zvikara neMabhomba: Kufungisisa paDresden, Kukadzi 1945," Kukadzi 10, 2020, https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/02/10/beasts-and-bombings-reflecting-dresden-february- 1945
[xvi] Ona Chitsauko 14 che Kusiya Hondo Yenyika II shure.
[xvii] Max Hastings, Daily Mail, "Operation isingafungidzike: How Churchill aida kutora mauto eNazi akakunda uye kudzinga Russia kubva kuEastern Europe," Nyamavhuvhu 26, 2009, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1209041/Operation-unthinkable-How- Churchill-yaida-kutora-yakundwa-maNazi-mauto-kutyaira-Russia-Eastern-Europe.html
[xviii] David Talbot, Dhiyabhorosi Chess Board: Allen Dulles, iyo CIA, uye iyo Rise of America Chakavanzika Hurumende, (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).
[xix] Dave Lindorff, "Rethinking Manhattan Project Spies uye neCold War, MAD - nemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ehondo yenyukireya - izvo zvavakaita zvakatipa," Nyamavhuvhu 75, 1, https://thiscantbehappening.net/rethinking-manhattan-project- tsori-uye-iyo-inotonhora-hondo-kupenga-uye-iyo-iyo-2020-makore-e-kwete-yenyukireya-hondo-iyo-yavo-yavo-yekuedza-vakapuwa-isu
