Kufunga kuti hondo haigoni kudzivisa; ihwo humwe uprofita hunogutsa. Kufunga kuti kuguma kwehondo kunogona kuzarura mukova wekuvaka basa kune chaiyo yorugare.
Kune humwe humwe Hunyararo Munyika kune Hondo
Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri raive nguva yehondo huru, asi marudzi mazhinji haana kurwisa mamwe marudzi nguva zhinji. IUnited States yakarwa neGermany kwemakore matanhatu, asi yakanga iri murugare nenyika yacho makumi mapfumbamwe nemana. Hondo neJapan yakagara makore mana; nyika mbiri dzaive norugare rwe makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu.1 IUnited States haina kurwisa Canada kubvira 1815 uye haina kumbobvira yakarwa neSweden kana India. Guatemala haisati yarwa neFrance. Chokwadi ndechekuti vazhinji venyika vanorarama vasina hondo nguva yakawanda. Ichokwadi, kubva ku1993, chiitiko chehondo yepakatikati chave ichiri kupera.2 Panguva imwecheteyo, tinobvuma kuchinja kwemauto sezvakambotaurwa kare. Izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumatambudziko evarwi. Kutaura zvazviri, kunonzi kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vepanyika kwave kuri kuwedzerwa kushandiswa sechikonzero chekupindira kwehondo (semuenzaniso, kuparadzwa kwe2011 kwehurumende yeLibhiya).
Takachinja maitiro makuru munguva yakapfuura
Shanduko hombe isingafungidzirwe yakaitika munhoroondo yenyika kazhinji zvisati zvaitika. Sangano rekare rehuranda rakanyanya kubviswa mukati memakore asingasviki zana. Kunyangwe zvakakosha mhando nyowani dzehuranda dzingawanikwa dzakahwanda mumakona akasiyana epasi, hazvisi pamutemo uye pasi rose zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvine mhosva. Kumadokero, chimiro chevakadzi chakavandudza zvakanyanya mumakore zana apfuura. Muma1950s nema1960 pamusoro penyika zana dzakazvisunungura kubva mukutonga kwekoloni kwainge kwatora mazana emakore. Muna 1964 kusarura kwemutemo kwakapidigurwa muUS Muna 1993, nyika dzeEuropean dzakasika European Union mushure mekurwisana kweanopfuura makore chiuru. Zvakaoma senge dambudziko reGreek riri kuramba riripo kana chikwereti cheBrexit cha2016 - Britain ichibva muEuropean Union - inogadziriswa nenzira dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwo enyika, kwete nehondo. Dzimwe shanduko dzave dzisingatarisirwe zvachose uye dzakangoerekana dzave kushamisika kunyanzvi, kusanganisira kupunzika kwe1989 kwehudzvanyiriri hweEastern Europe, hwakateverwa muna 1991 nekudonha kweSoviet Union. Muna 1994 takaona kupera kwehutongerwe enyika muSouth Africa. 2011 yakaona "Arab Chitubu" kumukira kwerusununguko kubata vazhinji nyanzvi nekushamisika.
Tiri Kurarama Munyika Inokurumidza Kuchinja
Dhigiriro uye nguva yekushandura mumakore zana nemakumi matatu ekupedzisira zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Mumwe munhu akaberekerwa mu1884, angangodaro sekurukuru vevanhu vari kurarama iye zvino, akaberekwa asati aenda motokari, magetsi emagetsi, redhiyo, ndege, terevhizheni, zvombo zvenyukireya, internet, mafoni, uye drones, nezvimwewo. planet then. Vakaberekwa vasati vaudzwa hondo yose. Uye tiri kutarisana nekushanduka kukuru pane munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Tiri kusvika kuhuwandu hwezvipfumbamwe zvipfumbamwe ne2050, kudikanwa kwekurega kupisa fossil fuels, uye kukurumidza kufambisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro okunze kuchasimudzira maruva uye mafashamo eguta riri mumhenderekedzo dzemaguta uye nzvimbo dzakadzika umo mamiriyoni ari kurarama, achitarisa kufamba kwekukura iyo isina kumboonekwa kubvira pakuwa kweMambo hweRoma. Maitiro ezvekurima achachinja, zvisikwa zvichasimbiswa, moto wemoto uchave wakawanda uye uchapararira, uye dutu richava rakanyanya. Zvirwere zvirwere zvichachinja. Kushaiwa kwemvura kunokonzera kukakavara. Hatigoni kuwedzera kuwedzera hondo kune muenzaniso wekushungurudzika. Uyezve, kuitira kuti tigadzirise uye tishandise kune zvakakanganisika zvinokonzerwa nekushandurwa uku tichadikanwa kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda, uye izvi zvinogona kungobva kumabhadharo ehondo enyika, ayo nhasi ari madhora mabhiriyoni maviri pagore.
Somugumisiro, mafungiro anowanzoitika pamusoro penguva yemberi haachazobati. Kuchinja kukuru kwakanyanya mumagariro edu ehupfumi nehupfumi huri kutanga kuitika, kana kusarudzwa, nemamiriro ezvinhu atakasika, kana nemasimba asina simba redu. Iyi nguva yekusava nechokwadi kwakakura kune zvakakosha zvekutumwa, hurongwa nekushanda kwemauto ehondo. Zvisinei, zvakajeka ndezvokuti kugadzirisa zvehondo hakugone kushanda zvakanaka munguva yemberi. Hondo sezvatinoziva kuti haina kusimba.
Zvinotambudza zveMatongerwe enyika ndezvakaoma
Utungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika, hurongwa hwekare hwekushamwaridzana hune hurumende nzira dzekuita bhizinesi, kugadzirisa mitemo, uye kutungamira hupenyu hwedu, hunoratidza kuva hutsinye. Zviratidzo zvekutanga zvehutongi zvakaonekwa muNeolithic Era, iyo yakatangira kubva munharaunda ye10,200 BCE kusvika pakati pe4,500 ne2,000 BCE, apo hama dzedu dzepakutanga dzichivimba nehurongwa hwebasa rakaparadzaniswa apo varume vakadzingwa nevakadzi vaungana kuti vaone kuti kupfuurira kwemhando dzedu. Varume vane simba rakasimba uye biologically vakagadzirirwa kushandisa utsinye nekudzvinyirirwa kuti vashandise kuda kwavo, isu tinodzidziswa, nevakadzi vachikwanisa kushandisa "tsika uye shamwari" hurongwa hwekubatana pamwe nevamwe.
Zviratidzo zvehutungamiri hwevanhu zvinosanganisira kuvimba nehutungamiri (simba kubva kumusoro kumusoro nemumwe, kana kuti vashoma vashoma, vari kutonga), kurega (zvakajeka muganhu pakati pe "insiders" uye "kunze"), kuvimba nehurumende ("nzira yangu kana mugwagwa" seine mantra yakawanda), uye kukwikwidza (kuedza kuwana kana kukunda chimwe chinhu kuburikidza nevamwe vanochida zvakare). Iyi hurongwa inoropafadza hondo, inokurudzira zvombo kuungana, inoita vavengi, uye inobatanidza zvibvumirano kuchengetedza nzvimbo quo.
Vakadzi nevana vanofungidzirwa, kakawanda, sevasikana vanozviisa pasi pakuda (s) kwevakuru, vakagwinya, varume vane simba. Utungamiri wehurumende inzira yekuve munyika kuti zviyeuchidzo zvingave pamusoro pekodzero, zvichiita mukupamba zvombo uye kugoverwa nevepamusoro mabhizimusi. Kukosha kunowanzoenzaniswa nezvinhu zvipi, nzvimbo, uye vashumiri zvakagadziriswa panzvimbo yehutano hwehukama hwevanhu huri kukura. Zvinyorwa zvechizvarwa chechizvarwa uye hutungamiri hwevarume uye kutonga kwezvinhu zvedu zvepanyama, mapurisa edu ezvematongerwo enyika, masangano edu ezvemari, masangano edu echitendero, uye kushamwaridzana kwemhuri yedu ndeyezvigaro uye zvakagara zviri mumakore akanyorwa. Tinotungamirirwa kuti tive nokutenda kuti hupenyu hwevanhu hunokonzera kukwikwidzana, uye kukwikwidza ndiko kunokonzera hupfumi, saka hutungamiri hunofanira kunge huri hwakanakisisa mune zvehupfumi. Munyika yose yakanyorwa nhoroondo vakadzi vakadziviswa zvikuru kubva mumabasa ekutungamira, pasinei nokuti vanokanganisa hafu yevanhu vanofanira kuchengeta mitemo iyo vatungamiri vanorayira.
Mushure memazana emakore asingawanzove nekutenda kwekutenda kuti varume vari mafungiro evanhu, muviri uye hukama hwemagariro hwakakosha kune vakadzi, nguva itsva iripo. Icho chinhu chedu chekuita basa kuti tifambise kuchinja kwakakodzera kunokwana zvakakwana kuti tidzivirire mhuka dzedu uye kupa nyika yakasimba kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera.
Nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga kushanduka kure nehutungamiri hwehurumende ndeyekuchechechedza dzidzo yehutano nekugamuchirwa kwekuvandudza maitiro ekuberekera vana, kushandisa sarudzo panzvimbo yekutungamirirwa kwehurumende mukukura kwemhuri dzedu. Dzidzo yepakutanga pamitambo isina kufanana yekukurukurirana uye kubvumirana kwekuita zvisarudzo zvingabatsira kugadzirira vechidiki vedu mabasa avo sevangagadzirisa hurumende. Kubudirira mumiromo iyi kwave kuchiratidzwa kare munyika dzakawanda dzakatevedzera nheyo dzenhepfenyuro wepfungwa dzepfungwa Marshall Rosenberg mukuitungamira kwemitemo yavo yenyika pamwe nedzimwe nyika.
Dzidzo kunharaunda dzose inofanira kukurudzira kufunga kwakasimba uye kuzarura pfungwa pane kungodzidzisa vadzidzi kuti vagamuchire chinzvimbo cheo chinokundikana kuwedzera hupenyu hwehupenyu hwevanhu uye kuwedzera hutano hwehutano hwevanhu. Nyika dzakawanda dzinopa dzidzo yekusununguka nokuti vagari vayo vanoonekwa sevanhu pfuma panzvimbo pekudzivirirwa kwemaitiro emagetsi. Kuisa mari muhupenyu hwose huchasimudza zvikepe zvose.
Tinofanira kutsvaga zvakadzama maitiro akasiyana-siyana atakadzidza uye kutora matanho asina kumboitika nehuwandu husina kunaka. Gender-bending fashion mimwe mitambo inofanidza bhinary sex categories yekare. Kana nguva yekujekesa yaswedera, tinofanira kunge takagadzirira kuchinja mafungiro edu. Mamwe maziviki ehutano hwepabonde ari kubuda, uye iyo ndiyo danho rakanaka.
Tinofanira kubvisa pfungwa yakare-kare yokuti genitalia inobatsira chero munhu kukosha kwevanhu. Kubudirira kukuru kwakagadzirwa mukuputsa zvipingamupinyi zvepabonde mumabasa, kuwana mari, zvigaro zvokuvaraidza, uye mikana yekudzidzisa, asi zvakawanda zvinofanira kuitika tisati tava kutaura kuti varume nevakadzi vari kuenzana.
Tatoona kutarisa kushanduka kwehupenyu hwemhuri: kune ikozvino dzakawanda kupfuura dzakaroorwa muU.SA, uye pavhareji, vakadzi vari kuroora mushure mehupenyu. Vakadzi havasi ivo vanoda kuda kuziva sechinhu chinoparidzirwa kune murume ane simba muupenyu hwavo, vachitsvaga mazita avo.
Microloans iri kupa simba vakadzi munyika dzine nhoroondo dze misogyny. Kudzidzisa vasikana kunobatanidzwa nekuderedza kuberekwa kwekuberekwa nekusimudza mararamiro ehupenyu. Kuvhara kwechikadzi kwechikadzi kunenge kuchikurukurwa uye kunopikiswa munzvimbo dzenyika umo kutonga kwevarume kwave kuri nguva yakazara yekushanda nzira. Izvo zvave zvataurwawo, mukutevera muenzaniso wakachangobva kugadzwa neHarare Prime Minister weCanada, Justin Trudeau, mukusarudza kwake kutonga nehutano hwakanaka-hutano, kuti tinofanira kufungidzira kuronga kutonga, munyika yose, muhurumende dzose, humwe humwe hutano kwete chete nokuda kwemahofisi ose akasarudzwa asi vose vashandi vehurumende pamwe chete.
Kufambira mberi kwekodzero dzevakadzi kwakanyanya; kuzadzikisa kukwana kwakakwana nevanhurume kuchapa hutano hwakanaka, hunofadza, uye humwe hutano hwakasimba.
Tsitsi uye kubatanidzwa chikamu chehupenyu hwevanhu
Hondo yeHondo inobva pakudavira kwenhema kuti kukwikwidzana uye chisimba ndeye chikonzero chekushanduka-shanduka, kusanzwisiswa kwevanhu vakawanda veDarwin muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe iyo inofanirwa chimiro se "tsvuku muzino uye kuveza" uye sangano revanhu semakwikwi, zero -mumutambo apo "kubudirira" kwakaenda kune ane utsinye uye ane chisimba. Asi kufambira mberi pakutsvakurudza kwetsika uye shanduko yekushanduka-shanduka kunoratidza kuti hatisi kuparadzwa kurwisana nemajene edu, kugoverana uye kunzwira ngoni kunewo kushanda kwakasimba kwekushanduka-shanduka. Muna 1986 muSecville Statement pamusoro pechisimba (iyo yakaramba pfungwa yekusarura kwevanhu vasina mhosva uye isingadziviriki sechinhu chikuru chevanhu) yakasunungurwa. Kubvira panguva iyo pane kuve nekuvandudzwa mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi yekusimudzira iyo inonyatsosimbisa Seville Statement.3 Vanhu vane simba rakasimba rekunzwira tsitsi uye kubatanidzwa izvo zvidzidzo zvemauto zvinoedza kuita kuti zvisiyane nekubudirira zvakakwana, sezvo dzakawanda zviitiko zvekugadzirisa matambudziko epfungwa uye kuzviuraya pakati pemasoja anodzoka anopupurira.
Kunyange zvazvo ichokwadi kuti vanhu vane simba rekurwisana pamwe nekubatana, hondo yemazuva ano haiiti kubva pane hutsinye hwevanhu. Iyo nzira yakarongeka uye yakarongeka yehutsika dzakadzidza dzinoda kuti hurumende dzigadzire mberi kwayo nguva uye kusimbisa sangano rose kuitira kuti riite. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti kubatirana nekunzwira tsitsi zvakanyanya chikamu chemamiriro evanhu semhirizhonga. Isu tine unyanzvi hwekukwanisa uye kusarudza kusarudza, asi paunenge uchiita sarudzo iyi kune mumwe munhu, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinokosha, inofanirawo kutungamirira kune kuchinja mune zvigaro zvevanhu.
Hondo haifaniri kuenda kumashure kumashure munguva. Yaiva nekutanga. Isu hatina wired for war. Tinodzidza.
Brian Ferguson (Purofesa weAnthropology)
Kukosha Kwemasangano eHondo uye Rugare
Hazvina kukwana kuti vanhu venyika vade rugare. Vanhu vazhinji vanoita, asi vanotsigira hondo apo nyika yavo inotaura kana rudzi ruchirikumbira. Kunyangwe kudarika mitemo inopesana nehondo, yakadai sekusika kweChinano cheMarudzi mu1920 kana mukurumbira weKellogg-Briand Pact ye1928 iyo yakarambidza hondo uye yakasayirwa nemarudzi makuru enyika uye isina kumborambwa zvachose, haina kuita basa.4 Zvose izvi zvinoshamisika zvakasikwa zvakasikwa mukati meHondo yeHondo yakasimba uye ivo pachavo yaisagona kudzivirira dzimwe hondo. Kugadzira Chikwata uye kuparadza hondo kwaidiwa asi kwete kukwana. Chinokwana ndechokuumba sarudzo yakasimba yehutano, hwemutemo uye hwezvematongerwe enyika huchazadzikisa nekuchengetedza kuguma kwehondo. Hondo Yenyika inoumbwa nezvivako zvakapeteredzwa izvo zvinoita kuti hondo ishandise. Nokudaro imwe nzira yakasiyana-siyana yenyika yakachengetedzwa yekugadzirisa iyo inofanira kushandiswa nenzira imwechete yakanyonganiswa. Nenzira yakanaka, urongwa hwakadaro hwakanga huchiri kubudirira kwemakore anopfuura zana.
Panenge pasina munhu anoda hondo. Anenge munhu wose anotsigira. Sei?
Kent Shifferd (Munyori, Munyori Wezvakaitika Kare)
Maitiro eChina Work
Zvirongwa zvibvumirano zvehukama umo chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinokurudzira dzimwe nzvimbo kuburikidza nemhinduro. Pano A kwete kungofunga pfungwa B chete, asi B inodzosera kumashure A, uye nezvimwewo kusvikira mapeji pawebhu akasiyana zvachose. Semuenzaniso, muHondo System, sangano remasoja richaita kuti dzidzo dzigadzirise hurongwa hwe Reserve Reserve's Training Corps (ROTC) muzvikoro zvepamusoro, uye zvidzidzo zvepamusoro-soro yepachikoro dzichaunza hondo sekuda nyika, isingadzivisiki uye inogadziriswa, apo machechi anonyengetera nokuti masangano nevechifundisi vanoshanda mumabhizimisi ezvimbwa izvo Congress inobhadhara mari kuitira kuti iite mabasa ayo achawana Congress inosarudzwa zvakare.5 Vakapedza basa rezvematongerwo enyika vanoita mapurisa vachafambisa makambani ekugadzira zvombo uye kuwana zvibvumirano kubva kune imwe yekare, iyo Pentagon. Chiitiko chekupedzisira ndicho chinonyadzisa chinonzi "guta rinopinda musuo".6 Sangano rinoumbwa nekutenderedzwa kwezvitendero, tsika, teknolojia, uye pamusoro pezvose, masangano anosimbirana. Nepo zvirongwa zvinowanzosimbiswa kwenguva yakareba, kana kukanganiswa kwakakwana kunowedzera, sarudzo inogona kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo uye inogona kuchinja nokukurumidza.
Isu tinorarama muhondo-runyararo kuenderera, kuchinjika kumashure nekudzoka pakati peChete Hondo, Hondo Isina Kugadzikana, Runyararo Runyararo, uye Runyararo Runyararo. Hondo Yakagadzikana ndizvo zvatakaona muEurope kwemazana emakore uye ikozvino taona kuMiddle East kubvira 1947. Runyararo Runyararo ndizvo zvatakaona muScandinavia kwemazana emakore (kunze kwekutora chikamu kweScandinavia muhondo dzeUS / NATO). Ruvengo rweUS neCanada rwakaona hondo shanu muzana ramakore rechi17 nerechigumi nemana dzakapera nekukasira muna18. Hondo Yakagadzikana yakachinja nekukurumidza kuita Runyararo Rwakadzikama. Idzi chikamu chinoshanduka shanduko dzepasirese dzepasi asi dzakaganhurirwa kumatunhu chaiwo. Chii World Beyond War inotsvaga kuisa shanduko yechikamu kune nyika yese, kuitamisa kubva kuStable War kuenda kuStable Peace, mukati nepakati penyika.
Sangano rerunyararo repasirese mamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu anochengetedza runyararo. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemasangano, marongero, maitiro, hunhu, kugona, uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvinogona kuburitsa uyu mhedzisiro. … Sisitimu yakadaro inofanira kushanduka ichibva mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo.
Robert A. Irwin (Purofesa weSocial)
Imwe nzira inoshandiswa ichangove ichikudziridza
Uchapupu hwekuchera matongo uye anthropology iye zvino hunoratidza kuti hondo yakave yakagadzirwa nevanhu pamusoro peZ10,000 makore akapfuura nekusimudzirwa kwehurumende, hutanda uye hukuru hwevanhu. Takadzidza kuita hondo. Asi kwemazana emakore zviuru zvemakore zvisati zvaitika, vanhu vairarama pasina chisimba chikuru. Hondo Yenyika yave yakatonga dzimwe sangano kubva kuvanhu kubvira 4,000 BC Asi kutanga muna 1816 nekusikwa kwekutanga kwehurumende-nheyo dzinoshandiswa kupedzisa hondo, rambo rwekuvandudza hurumende rwakaitika. Hatisi kutanga kubva pakutanga. Kunyange zvazvo zana ramakore makumi maviri rakange riri rakasvibiswa pane zvinyorwa, richashamisa vanhu vazhinji kuti raivewo nguva yekufambira mberi kukuru mukuvandudzika kwezvivako, mararamiro, uye maitiro ayo, pamwe nekufambira mberi kwekusimudzirwa nevasina simba revanhu, vanova Alternative Global Security System. Izvi ndezviitiko zvekuvandudza zvisati zvamboitika muzviuru zvemakore umo Hondo Yenyika ndiyo ndiyo nzira chete yekugadzirisa kukakavara. Nhasi makwikwi emakwikwi anowanikwa-embryonic, zvichida, asi kukura. Runyararo rwechokwadi.
Chinhu chero chipi zvacho chiripo chinogona.
Kenneth Boulding (Peace Educator)
Pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe chido cherugare rwepasi rose chaikurumidza kukura. Somugumisiro, mu1899, kwekutanga kokutanga munhoroondo, sangano rakasikwa kuti rigadzirise kukakavadzana kwenyika yose. Iyo inowanzozivikanwa seNyika YeNyika, Dare Repamusorosoro reHurumende riripo kuti rirambe kupesana kwepakati pevamwe. Dzimwe hurumende dzakatevera nokukurumidza kusanganisira kuedza kwekutanga muparamende yenyika kusangana nekupikisana kwepakati, iyo League of Nations. Muna 1945 UN yakatangwa, uye muna 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights yakasayirwa. Mune 1960s zvibvumirano zviviri zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakasayinwa - Bumbiro reChitatu reBatanidzwa reChitatu mu1963 uye Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty yakazarurirwa kusayina mu1968 uye yakatanga kushanda mu1970. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, iyo Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty mu1996, mvumo yenyika (Antipersonnel Landmines Convention) mu1997, uye mu 2014 Arms Trade Treaty yakagamuchirwa. Sangano rehurumende rakabvunzurudzwa kuburikidza nevasati vambobudirira vagari venyika-dhipatimendi mune izvo zvinonzi "Ottawa Process" apo ma NGOs pamwe nehurumende vakataurirana uye vakaronga chibvumirano chevamwe kuti vasayine uye vabvumire. Komiti yeNobel yakagamuchira kushandiswa kweInternational Campaign kuDzimwe Nyika (ICBL) se "muenzaniso unogutsa wemutemo unoshanda wehutano" ndokupa Nobel Peace Prize kuI ICBL uye mutungamiri wayo Jody Williams.7
I International Criminal Court yakagadzwa mu1998. Mitemo inorwisana nekushandiswa kwemwana masoja yakabvumirana mumakumi emakore apfuura.
Nonviolence: The Foundation of Peace
Sezvo izvi zvaive zvichikura, Mahatma Gandhi uyezve Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. nevamwe vakagadzira nzira ine simba yekurwisa mhirizhonga, nzira yekusaita zvechisimba, iyo zvino yaedzwa ikawanikwa ichibudirira mumakakatanwa mazhinji mutsika dzakasiyana pasi rese. Kurwira kusiri kwehondo kunoshandura hukama hwemasimba pakati pevadzvanyiriri nevadzvinyiriri. Inodzosera hukama hunoratidzika kunge husina kuenzana, semuenzaniso mune vevashandi ve "mere" vevashandi vengarava neRed Army muPoland muma1980 (iyo Solidarity Movement inotungamirwa naLech Walesa yakapedza hutongi hweudzvanyiriri; Walesa akapedzisira ave mutungamiriri wemahara uye demokarasi Poland), uye mune dzimwe nguva dzakawanda. Kunyangwe pakatarisana neicho chinonzi chimwe chehutongi hweudzvanyiriri nehuipi munhoroondo - hutongi hweGerman hweNazi - kusagadzikana kwakaratidza kubudirira pamatanho akasiyana. Semuenzaniso, muna 1943 vakadzi vechiKristu vechiGerman vakatanga kuratidzira kusiri kwechisimba kudzamara vangangoita 1,800 XNUMX vakasungwa varume vevaJudha vakasunungurwa. Mushandirapamwe uyu ikozvino unozivikanwa seRossenstrasse Protest. Padanho rakakura, maDanes akatanga mushandirapamwe wemakore mashanu wekuramba kusaita zvechisimba kuramba kubatsira muchina wehondo yeNazi uchishandisa nzira dzisiri dzechisimba uye nekuponesa maDanish maJuda kubva pakuendeswa kumisasa yevasungwa.8
Kusvibiswa kunoratidza hukama hwechokwadi hwechokwadi, iyo iyo hurumende dzose dzinozorora pamvumo yekutungamirirwa uye kubvumirana kunogona nguva dzose kubviswa. Sezvatichaona, kupfuurira kusaruramisira nekushandura kunoshandura hutano hwemagariro evanhu mumamiriro ekurwisana uye nokudaro kukanganisa kuda komudzvinyiriri. Iyo inoshandura hurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzisingabatsiri uye dzinoita kuti vanhu vasakanganisika. Kune zviitiko zvakawanda zvemazuva ano zvekubudirira kushandiswa kwekusagadzikana. Gene Sharp anonyora kuti:
Nhoroondo yakakura iripo yevanhu avo, vachiramba kuvimbiswa kuti izvo zvinoratidzika kuti 'masimba ezvo' aive asina simba rose, aishorwa uye aipikisa vatongi vane simba, vatorwa vokune dzimwe nyika, vatongi vekumba, madzvinyiriri, maitiro emitambo uye masters emari. Kusiyana nemafungiro evamwe, idzi nzira dzokurwa nadzo nekupikisa, kusabatsirana uye kupindira kwekupindira kwakave nekuita basa guru rezvakaitika munharaunda dzose dzenyika. . . .9
Erica Chenoweth naMaria Stephan vakaratidzira kuti kubva ku1900 kusvika ku2006, kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana kwakapetwa kechipiri sekubudirira kwezvombo uye kwakaguma mune hurumende dzakawanda dzakagadzikana dzisina mikana yekudzokera kumhirizhonga yehurumende uye yepasi rose. Muchidimbu, kusava nechisimba kunoshanda zvakanaka kupfuura hondo.10 Chenoweth akatumidzwa zita rimwe re 100 Top Global Thinkers neZimbabwe Foreign in 2013 "nekuratidza Gandhi zvakanaka." Mark Engler uye Paul Engler's 2016 bhuku Iri Ikumanikidzwa: Kusatendeka kweUpanduki Kunoumba Makumi Makumi Aviri Nekutanga tsanangudzo dzinoitwa nemaitiro ekutsanangurira, kubudisa huzhinji hwehusimba uye kushaya simba kwevashandi vekushingaira kuita shanduko huru muUnited States uye kumativi ose enyika kubvira kare zvisati zvaitika zana remakumi maviri nemakore rokutanga. Iri bhuku rinoita kuti nyaya iyo inokanganisa kufambisa kwemasimba inokonzera kuchinja kwakanaka kwehutano hwevanhu kupfuura iyo inowanikwa mutemo "endgame" inotevera.
Nonviolence ndiyo nzira inoshanda. Kusvibiswa kusagadzikana, pamwe nemasangano akasimbiswa ehugare, ikozvino inotibvumira kuti tizopukunyuka kubva muvhare resimbi yehondo iyo yatakazvibatanidza isu zvuru zvitanhatu zvemakore apfuura.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvetsika zvakakonzerawo kufamba kuri kukura kuenda kurunyararo kusanganisira simba rine simba rekodzero dzevakadzi (kusanganisira kudzidzisa vasikana), uye kuoneka kwemakumi ezviuru emapoka evagari vakazvipira kushandira rugare rwepasi rese, kusagadzirisa zvombo, kusimbisa kuita runyararo kwepasi rose uye kuchengetedza runyararo. masangano. Aya maNGOs ari kutyaira shanduko iyi kurunyararo. Pano tinogona kutaura mashoma chete seiyo Kubatana kweKuyananisa, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, American Friends Service Committee, United Nations Association, Veterans for Peace, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, Hague Appeal for Peace. , Runyararo uye Ruramisiro Zvidzidzo Association uye mazhinji, mazhinji akawanda akawanikwa zviri nyore nekutsvaga kweinternet. World Beyond War rondedzero pane yayo webhusaiti mazana emasangano uye zviuru zvevanhu vanobva kumativi ese epasi vakasainira chibvumirano chedu chekushanda kupedza hondo dzese.
Masangano maviri ehurumende neasina hurumende akatanga kushandiswa kwekuchengetedza rugare, kubatanidza neBlue Helmets yeUnited Nations uye mamiriyoni akawanda evanhu-based, asingashanduri shanduro dzakadai seNyviolent Peaceforce uye Peace Brigades International. Machechi akatanga kukudziridza rugare neruramisiro kumisangano. Panguva imwechete yaive nekupararira nokukurumidza kwekutsvakurudza kune zvinoita kuti pave nerunyararo nekupararira nokukurumidza kwehutano hwehutano pamatunhu ose. Zvimwe zviitiko zvinosanganisira kupararira kwezvitendero zvinotarisana nerunyararo, kusimbiswa kweWorld Wide Web, kusakwanika kweumambo hwepasi rose (hunodhurawo), kuguma kwehumwe huchangamire, kubvuma kukura kwekuramba kwehana nekuda kwehondo, nzira itsva dzekugadzirisa hondo , runyararo rwezvematongerwo enyika, kusimba kwepasi rose musangano (misangano inotarisana nerunyararo, kururamisira, zvakatipoteredza, uye kubudirira)11, kushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza (kusanganisira kuedza kugumisa kuvimba nemafuta nemafuta anokonzerwa nemafuta), uye kukurudzirwa kwechikonzero chekuvimbika kwenyika.1213 Aya ndiwo mashomanana ematauriro anooneka anoratidza kuronga-sarudzo, Alternative Global Security System iri munzira inoenda mberi.
1. IAmerica ine zvigaro zve 174 muGermany uye 113 muJapan (2015). Iyi nheyo dzakawanda dzinofungidzirwa se "remnants" yeHondo Yenyika II, asi ndizvo izvo David Wine anoongorora mubhuku rake Base Nation, kuratidzira pasi rese yenheyo yeU.S. senzira yekusava nehondo yehondo.
2. Basa rakazara pamusoro pokuderera kwehondo: Goldstein, Joshua S. 2011. Kukunda Hondo paHondo: Kuparara kweArmed Conflict Munyika Yose.
3. Nyaya yeSevville pamusoro pechisimba yakagadzirwa neboka revatungamiri vezvemasayendisiti anotungamira kuti varambe "pfungwa yokuti urongwa hwechisimba hwevanhu hwakagadziriswa". Mashoko ose aya anogona kuverengwa pano: http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf
4, mu Apo Hondo Yenyika Yakabuda (2011), David Swanson anoratidza kuti vanhu pasi pose vakashanda sei kupedza hondo, kuparadza hondo nesungano inenge iri pamabhuku.
5. Maona http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps for Reserve Officers Training Corps
6. Pane tsvakurudzo yakawanda inowanika mune zvidzidzo uye zvinokudzwa zvekunyora journalism zvigaro zvinotungamirira kumusuo unosvika. Basa rakanakisisa redzidzo nderokuti: Pilisuk, Marc, uye Jennifer Achord Rountree. 2015. Urongwa Hakavanzwa hwechisimba: Ndezvipi Zvinobatsira Kubva Munyika Yose Chisimba neHondo
7. Ona zvakawanda pamusoro peI ICBL uye vagari vezvematongerwo enyika Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizens Diplomacy, uye Human Security (2008) naJody Williams, Stephen Goose, naMaria Wareham.
8. Nyaya iyi yakanyatsoratidzwa muGlobal Nonviolent Action Database (http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/danish-citizens-resist-nazis-1940-1945) uye documentary series Simba Rine Simba Rakawanda (www.aforcemorepowerful.org/).
9. Ona Gene Sharp's (1980) Kuita kubvisa kwehondo chinangwa chaicho
10. Chenoweth, Erica, naMaria Stephan. 2011. Chikonzero nei Kusagadzikana Kwevanhu Munyika Kunoshanda: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict.
11. Mumakore makumi maviri namashanu apfuura pane kuungana kwemasendi pasi rose rinotarisirwa kusika nyika ine rugare neruramisiro. Izvi zvinooneka zvepasi rose musangano, zvakatangwa neNyika Summit muRio de Janeiro muBrazil mu1992, yakateya nheyo dzezvino mazuva ose musangano wemakambani. Ichitarisa pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza uye kubudirira, yakabudisa kushandura kunoshamisa kune kubviswa kwezvinokonzera mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kusimbiswa kwesimba risina simba nekufambisa kwevanhu, kugadziriswa kwemvura, nekugutsikana patsva kwekushaya mvura. Mienzaniso ndeyi: Earth Summit Rio 1992 pane zvakasikwa uye kubudirira kunogara; Rio + 20 yakaunza zviuru zvevatori vehurumende kubva kune hurumende, hurumende, NGOs uye mamwe mapoka, kuronga kuti vanhu vanogona kuderedza sei urombo, kufambira mberi kwehutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kune imwe nyika yakawanda; Triennial World Water Forum semuongorori mukuru kune dzimwe nyika mumunda wemvura yekuzivisa pamusoro pemvura uye mhinduro (yakatanga 1997); Icho Chikumbiro Chiri Kuita Rugare Musangano we1999 semusangano mukuru wekudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda nemapoka ehurumende.
12. Aya maitiro anobudiswa zvakadzama mubhuku rekudzidza "Evolution yeGlobal Peace System" uye pfupiso yepfupi inopiwa neHondo Prevention Initiative pa http://warpreventioninitiative.org/?page_id=2674
13. Imwe tsvakurudzo yeC2016 yakawana kuti inenge hafu yevakabvunzurudzwa munyika ye14 yekucherechedza vakazviti ivo vagari venyika yose kupfuura vagari venyika yavo. Ona Global Citizenship A Kukurira Mafungiro Pamwe Citizens Of Emerging Economic: Global Poll at http://globescan.com/news-and-analysis/press-releases/press-releases-2016/103-press-releases-2016/383-global-citizenship-a-growing-sentiment-among-citizens-of-emerging-economies-global-poll.html
