NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 26, 2022
Christopher Coker's Sei Hondo inokwana murudzi naMargaret MacMillan's Hondo: Kurwisana Kwakatiumba Sei, Ian Morris's Hondo: Chii Chakanakira?, uye Neil deGrasse Tyson's Accessory to War. Ivo vanoita nharo dzakasiyana kwazvo dzehondo, asi vakafanana nehupenzi hwese zvekuti zvinoita sechiito cherupo rwakanyanya kunyange kukudza mazwi avo se "nharo." Bhuku raCoker, senge MacMillan's asi zvishoma, rinopa mapeji akawanda akawanda kune tangents uye zvisina basa.
ndine kupokana kuuya kwandichange ndichikakavara kuti hondo haimbofa yakapembedzwa. Kukakavadzana kwakadaro kazhinji uye zvine musoro kunotanga kupfuura pfungwa yokuti hondo haigoni kudzivirirwa. Ndinotarisira kuti mupikisi wangu aite nharo, kwete kuti vanhu vakatongerwa hondo sekunge nzara, nyota, kurara, nezvimwewo, asi kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anogoneka umo kurwa hondo kungave sarudzo yehutsika kuti hurumende iite.
Chokwadi "hondo haidzivisiki" uye "hondo inoruramiswa" kazhinji inovhiringika. Kana hondo isingadzivisiki waigona kushandisa izvozvo kupembedza kugadzirira hondo kuti uzvikunde pane kuti uzvirase. Kana hondo yairuramiswa neimwe nzira inogara kwenguva refu, waigona kushandisa izvozvo kupikisa kusadzivisika kwayo. Bhuku raCoker rinotaura mumapeji aro ekutanga kuti hondo haidzivisiki, kuti kugumisa hondo "kunyengera kukuru," kuti "[w]e haazombopukunyuki kuhondo," asi achibatanidza izvi pamwe chete nemashoko ekuti hondo ine musoro uye inobatsira. Nechokunoperera bhuku racho, pashure pokunge abvuma kakawanda kuti hondo inotyisa sei, anonyora kuti “Tichazomboona kupera kwehondo here? Pamwe, rimwe zuva . . . .” Bhuku rakadaro rakafanirwa nokurambwa here, kana kuti kunyunyuta nokuda kwenguva yakapambadzwa kwaizova kwakakodzera zvikuru?
Coker, kuburikidza nekufamba kwebhuku, anodzokorora iyi dingindira. Pane imwe nguva anoburitsa zvakataurwa naStephen Pinker kwenguva refu nezvehondo yepamberi, obva ataura zvimwe zvezvinhu zvisingaenderane nezvakataurwa naPinker, uye anopedzisa achiti, "Pakupedzisira, asiri nyanzvi kuenda nedumbu rake. Uye ndinosarudza . . . . ” Asi panguva iyoyo, nei munhu achifanira kuva nehanya nezvaanosarudza?
Hapana chikonzero chekuti chero munhu "aende nedumbu rake," sezvandichaedza kutsanangura. Ini ndinongoda kujekesa kutanga, nekuti mabhuku aya haadaro, kuti pane misiyano pakati pekutaura kuti hondo haidzivisiki uye vachiti hondo yakatinakira. Zvimwe zvinogona kuva zvechokwadi pasina imwe. Ose ari maviri anogona kuva echokwadi. Kana, sezvazvinoitika chaizvo, ese ari maviri anogona kunge ari enhema.
Pfungwa yokuti hondo haidzivisiki inopesana nezvinetso zvakawanda. Imwe ndeyekuti vanhu vanoita sarudzo, uye tsika dzetsika dzinogadzirwa nesarudzo idzodzo. Dambudziko rimwe iroro rakakwana kumisa hondo yese-i-isingadzivisike chitima, asi kune mamwe. Chimwe ndechekuti hakuna hondo chaiyo yega yega yatisingakwanise kurondedzera sarudzo dzakaitwa uye kuti sarudzo dzakasiyana dzingave dzakaitwa sei. Rimwe dambudziko nderekuti nzanga dzese dzakagara dzichisarudza kuita pasina hondo kwenguva huru yenguva. Chechitatu ndechokuti vanhu vakawanda, kunyange pasi pehurumende dzinorwa hondo, vanorarama upenyu hwavo hwose vasina chokuita nehondo, uye kuti vaya vane chokuita nazvo vanowanzotambura. Munzanga yakambonzwa nezvehondo, unogona kuita kuti vamwe vanhu vade kutora chikamu, kunyange zvazvo vasingawanzoiti vakawanda vachaita zvose zvavanogona kuti vazvidzivirire, kunyanya ruzhinji ruchatora chikamu kana vakamanikidzwa. Hapana nyika paPasi ine chipatara chevanotambura nehondo, kana chirongwa chekumanikidza vanhu kudya, kurara, kunwa, kuita rudo, kuita shamwari, kuita hunyanzvi, kuimba, kana kukakavara, nemarwadzo ejeri kana rufu. Mabhuku mazhinji anokakavara pamusoro pokusadzivirika kwechimwe chinhu haapedzisi nokuti “Tichazomboona mugumo wacho here? Pamwe, rimwe zuva . . . .”
Kune zvakare dambudziko rekuti zvinhu zvakasiyana sei izvo zvinonzi hondo nhasi, makore mazana maviri apfuura, makore zviuru zviviri apfuura, munyika dzine mauto makuru, uye munharaunda dzinoshandisa mapfumo. Mhosva yakasimba inogona kuitwa yekuti mutyairi we drone uye anokanda mapfumo haasi kuita basa rimwechete, uye kuti Coker paanonyora kuti "Hondo yaisazogoneka kana tisina kuda kuzvipira kune mumwe nemumwe," angave asiri kureva. kudonhedza vatyairi vendege, mapurezidhendi, vanyori vehondo, vapfuri vezvombo, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vakuru vezvenhau, vaverengi venhau, kana nyanzvi, vanoita sevari kuita kuti hondo ibvire vari voga pasina kuzvipira kwakati.
Pfungwa yekuti hondo inobatsira inopesana nezvinetso zvayo, kusanganisira kuti hondo ndiyo honzeri huru yerufu nekukuvara uye kushungurudzika uye kutambura uye kushaya pekugara, muparadzi anotungamira wehupfumi nemidziyo, mutyairi wekutanga wematambudziko evapoteri, chikonzero chikuru kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye chepfu yemhepo, mvura, uye ivhu, muchinjisi wepamusoro wezviwanikwa kure nezvido zvevanhu nezvezvakatipoteredza, chikonzero chenjodzi yeapocalypse yenyukireya, kururamiswa kwekuvanzika kwehurumende, hwaro hwepamusoro hwekuparara kwerusununguko rwevanhu, chinhu chinoramba chichikonzera ruvengo uye mhirizhonga yerusarura, chigumbuso mukutanga mutemo wemutemo kana kushandira pamwe kwepasi rose pamatambudziko epasirese asingasarudzike ayo nyika dzepasirese dzinotadza kugadzirisa, sekudonha kwemamiriro ekunze uye denda rezvirwere, uye zvakadaro. yakabvuma njodzi kuti vatsigiri vehondo chero ipi zvayo vanogona kuverengerwa kuti vaite sekuti ndiyo "yekupedzisira sarudzo."
Musiyano wandiri kuita pakati pekutaura kwenhema kuti hondo haidzivisiki uye nhema dzekuti hondo inobatsira haipo mubhuku raCoker rakasvibiswa, kwete nekuda kwekuti rakasvibiswa, risina kurongeka, uye rinowanzoita tangents dzisina basa, asi zvakare nokuti inotsvaga ita nharo yemanyepo yaDarwin yekuti hondo ibatsiro rekushanduka-shanduka, uye kuti bhenefiti iyi neimwe nzira inoita kuti hondo isadzivisike (kunze kwekuti haidaro nekuti “zvichida rimwe zuva . . . “).
Coker haanyanyi kuita nharo sekutsvedza mufungidziro sezvaanoita muddles pamwe chete. Iye anonongedzera mukupfuura ku“chikonzero nei majaya achikweverwa kuhondo pakutanga” kunyange zvazvo majaya mazhinjisa nenzira yakajeka asina, uye munzanga dzisina hondo, hapana kana jaya rimwe rakakweverwa kwairi. "Hondo yakatanga mazana ezviuru zvemakore," anodaro, asi izvi zvinobva zvabva padumbu rake, kumwe kufungidzira Homo erectus, uye hwerengedzo huru yebhuku racho razero mashoko omuzasi. "Immanuel Kant akabvuma kuti isu tine mhirizhonga nemasikirwo," Coker anotiudza, pasina kana zano rekuti tinogona kukurira pfungwa dzezana ramakore regumi nesere dze "zvakasikwa."
Kutaura zvazviri Coker anosvetuka kubva ipapo kuti aendese mweya waDr. Pangloss kuti atizivise kuti hondo inotungamirira mukuberekesana, zvichiita kuti kuwedzera kweIQ level, kuitira kuti, "Pane chikonzero chakakwana chekuti nei tichiita mune zvinowanzoonekwa. kuita hunhu husina mufungo hwakadaro.” Hondo inogona kuve inosuruvarisa asi kwete inosiririsa sekutadza kwaVoltaire kunamatira kune izvi! Usafunge kuti uku kupenga chaiko. Ngatimboongororai pfungwa iyi yemaitiro ane musoro asingambotaurwi kana, sekuziva kwedu, kunyange kufunga. Hondo dzinowanzoshambadzirwa sehondo dzehondo dzokurwa nevatengi vezvombo vokune dzimwe nyika dzakava dzakaipa uye neimwe nzira dzoudzvinyiriri, kwete senzira yokuberekesa nayo vanhu vokune dzimwe nyika vakaipa. Uye, kwete, Coker haasi kutaura nezvehondo dzekare. “Vanhu vane chisimba chisinganzvengeki,” anozivisa kudaro. Anoreva zvino. Uye nokusingaperi. (Asi pamwe kwete rimwe zuva.)
Coker anoratidza kuti hondo haidzivisiki zvakanyanya nekunongedza zvakawanda zvinoshamisa zvehungwaru hwedzimwe mhuka nekukanganisa kwevanhu, kunyangwe pasina kutsanangura kuti chimwe cheizvi chinoratidza chero chinhu. "Isuwo tinopesvedzerwa, handiti, nezvikuru-zvinokurudzira sezvekudya zvinokurumidza (kunyangwe zvisina kudya kunovaka pane vamwe) uye mamodeli anotengeswa mafoto (ayo kunyangwe achikwezva kazhinji ane hungwaru kushoma pane vamwe vanhu)." Chakavanzika chikuru pano, ndinofunga, ndechekuti ivo vasina hungwaru here pane mumwe munhu anotenda kuti mufananidzo wephotoshop une nhanho yehungwaru. Pfungwa yacho inoratidzika seyokuti ndeimwe nzira kuzvikudza kwemarudzi-centric kubvuma kune mutoro wedu (uye kukwanisa) kusarudza maitiro edu. Asi, chokwadi, kunogona kungova kusaziva kusaziva kusadaro.
Mamwe maonero akakosha kubva kuCoker andisiri kugadzira:
"[H] vanhu vari kuda kuurayana, pane imwe njodzi ivo pachavo." (peji 16) (kunze kwevazhinji vavo vasiri)
“[W] ar yave iri imwe yenzira dzinoshanda zvikuru dzekuvandudza ‘kusimba kwedu kweramangwana.’” (peji 19) (kunze kwokuti izvi hazvina maturo, zvisinganzwisisiki, zvisina maturo, kunyange kana nukes isingapedzi kutsanangura kukwana kwedu)
"Hondo inoramba ichizadzisa zvido zvedu zvemagariro uye zvepfungwa." (peji 19) (kunze kwekuti hapana kuwirirana pakati pehondo dzemarudzi uye mafaro emarudzi, zvakatosiyana)
"Hondo ndiyo inoita kuti tive vanhu." (peji 20) (kunze kwekuti vazhinji vedu vasina chekuita nehondo hatisi mvuu)
"kufara kwedu kwepasirese nehondo" (peji 22) (kupfuura kunakidzwa kwedu neCOVID?)
“Rugare runogona kuparara. Hondo inogona kuputika . . . .” (peji 26) (saka, nei tichimbotaura nezvevanhu? iri rinoita sebasa revanoongorora nezvemamiriro ekunze)
"Kungwara kwekugadzira kuchabvisa hondo mumaoko edu here?" (peji 27) (kana iwe uchaita kuti hondo ive isingadzivisiki kuburikidza nevanhu vasiri vanhu, sei uchiti hunhu hwevanhu muhunhu hwemukati hwevanhu ndihwo hunoita kuti hondo isadzivisike?)
“‘Kodzero’ yokuurawa nomumwe munhu chete, kunyange kana ari kukanda chombo chiri kure nezviuru zvemakiromita, ingava iyo inokosha zvikuru yekodzero dzevanhu dzatinoti isu pachedu.” (mapeji 38-39) (Handitombogoni)
Coker, kune chikwereti chake, anoedza mhinduro kuhondo-nde-yemunhu gangaidzo repabonde. Hondo yaimbonzi haidzivisiki, yakasikwa, uye murume. Iye zvino vakadzi vakawanda vanozviita. Kana vakadzi vaigona kuinhonga, sei varume nevakadzi vasingagoni kuiisa pasi? Asi Coker anongonongedza kumienzaniso mishoma yevamwe vakadzi vaipinda muhondo kare. Hapana mhinduro zvachose.
Coker anotiwo "hondo yanga iri pakati pehupenyu hwese hwatakagadzira kusvika zvino. Inowanikwa kune imwe neimwe tsika uye nguva dzose; kunopfuura zvose nguva nenzvimbo.” Asi chokwadi ichi hachisi chokwadi. Hakusati kwave nekufambira mberi kumwechete pasi rese kuburikidza nemhando dziri nani dzenzanga, sekufunga kwaCoker, asi sezvakakwenenzverwa mu Kwayedza Yezvese, pasinei nokuti unotaura nezvechii chimwe nechimwe mubhuku iroro. Uye vazhinji vanodzidza nezve anthropologist zvakanyorwa kusavapo kwehondo munzvimbo zhinji dzePasi kwenguva refu.
Izvo bhuku rakaita seCoker's rinogona kuita, zvisinei, rinotitsausa kubva pachokwadi chiri nyore chandinoda kufungidzira Jean-Paul Sartre achisimuka kubva pasi, musoro wake uchitenderera 360 madhigirii, uye achitipopotera: kunyange dai munhu wose agara aine hondo, taigona kusarudza kusadaro.
