Neta C. Crawford, June 12, 2019
From The Conversation
Masayendisiti uye vadziviriri vezvokuchengetedza vakanyevera kwemakore anodarika gumi kuti kupisa kwepasi kune izvo zvingave zvigadziro zvehurumende zvine chokuita nazvo.
Vanoronga kuti i migumisiro yekudziya kwepasi pose - kukwira makungwa, dutu rine simba, nzara uye kuderedzwa kwemawaniro matsva - zvinogona kuita nzvimbo dzenyika dzisingagadzikane zvematongerwe enyika uye dzinokurumidza kuchinja kwevanhu vakawanda uye nhamo dzevapoteri.
Vamwe vanotya izvozvo hondo dzinogona kutevera.
Asi ne vashoma kunze, mauto eUnited States ekukosha kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze haana kugamuchira zvishoma. Kunyange zvazvo Dhipatimendi Rezvokudzivirira rakaderedza zvakanyanya zvigadzirwa zvayo zvemafuta kubvira kare ye2000s, inoramba iine nyika ari oga mushambadzi mukuru wemafuta - uye somugumisiro, chimwe chepamusoro-soro chemafuta emitters emhepo.
A wide carbon footprint
ndine akadzidza hondo uye rugare kwemakumi mana emakore. Asi ini ndoga ndakatarisa kuwanda kwemauto eUnited States anopisa gesi apo ini ndakatanga kuwirirana-dzidziso yemamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye ndakatarisa pamhinduro yePentagon pakupisa kwepasi. Asi, Dhipatimendi reHurumende ndiyo hurumende huru yehurumende yeUnited States inoshandisa mafuta, kuenzanisa pakati pe77% uye 80% yezvose federal government energy use kubvira 2001.
mune ichangobva kusunungurwa kudzidza rakabudiswa neChris University Mariro yeHondo Project, Ndakaverenga mauto eU.S. greenhouse yakabudiswa mumatoni e carbon dioxide akaenzana ne1975 kusvika 2017.
Nhasi China ndiyo guru guru repasi rose rinokonzera emitter, inoteverwa neUnited States. Muna 2017 iyo Pentagon yakasvibira gasi inokonzerwa yakazara pamusoro pe 59 mamirioni ematric carbon dioxide yakaenzana. Kana iri nyika, ingadai yakave iyo nyika 55th yakakura yekupisa gesi emitter, ine emissions yakakura kudarika Portugal, Sweden kana Denmark.
Nzvimbo huru pane dzose dzehondo dzinopisa gasi zvinokonzerwa nezvivako uye mafuta. Dhipatimendi Rezvokuchengetedza rinochengetedza zvivako zve 560,000 mumapato anenge gumi nemazana emakumi mana emapurisa emakungwa uye kune dzimwe nyika, iyo inofanirwa pamusoro pe500% yemhepo inopisa inokonzerwa negasi.
Zvose zvinouya kubva kubasa. Mugore rezvemakore 2016, somuenzaniso, Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi raidya pamusoro 86 mamiriyoni yefurairi yezvinangwa zvekushanda.
Sei mauto ehondo achishandisa mafuta akawanda kudaro?
Zvombo zvehondo uye zvishandiso zvinoshandisa mafuta akawanda zvokuti iyo inokodzera yezvokuchengetedza varwi inowanzoita magironi nemairi.
Ndege inonyanya nyota. Semuenzaniso, B-2 inopisa mabomu, iyo inobata zvinopfuura 25,600 gallons yejet fuel, inopisa mabhandi 4.28 per kilomita uye inodarika zvinopfuura 250 mamita emagetsi ekushisa pane 6,000 nautical mile range. Iko KC-135R aerial refueling tanker inodya zvinokwana mabhiriyoni 4.9 nemaira.
Rimwe basa rinotora mafuta akawanda. MunaJanuary 2017, maviri B-2B mabhomba uye 15 aircraft refueling tankers akafamba kupfuura 12,000 mamaira kubva Whiteman Air Force Base kusvika bhomba ISIS inowanikwa muLibhiya, kuuraya pamusoro pe80 inofungidzirwa ISIS mauto. Kwete kuverenga kubudiswa kwevatengesi, B-2s yakabudiswa pamusoro pe1,000 mamita matric emagetsi anopisa.
Kuenzanisa kusvibiswa kweuto
Kuverenga Dhipatimendi Rezvokudzivirira kwemafuro ekupisa gasi hakusi nyore. The Defense Logistics Agency inotengesa mafuta kutenga, asi Pentagon hazvirevi kutaura nguva dzose DOD inoshandiswa mafuta kudhindwa kuCongress mune zvingabhadharwa gore negore.
Dhipatimendi reMagetsi rinobudisa zvinyorwa paDOD yekugadzira magetsi uye kushandiswa kwemafuta, kusanganisira motokari nemidziyo. Ndichishandisa doro rekushandisa, ndinofungidzira kuti kubva ku2001 kusvika ku2017, DOD, kusanganisira matavi ose ebasa, yakabudisa 1.2 mabhiriyoni ematric emagetsi ekupisa. Ndiyo iyo rough equivalent yekutyaira kwevatengesi vane mamiriyoni gumi nemana anopfuura gore.
Pamusoro pezvo zvose, ndakafungidzira kuti kusvibiswa kwehondo kunokonzerwa ne2001 ne2017, kusanganisira "mhirizhonga yepamhenderekedzo yepamhenderekedzo yepasi" muA Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq neSiria, yakagadzirirwa mamiriyoni gumi nemamiriyoni emamiriyoni eC400 yakaenzana - zvishoma zvakaenzana kusvika kumagetsi ekupfumisa emagetsi anosvika mamiriyoni e85 mugore rimwechete.
Ngozi dzechokwadi uye dzezvino?
I Pentagon's core mission ndeyekugadzirira kukanganisa kwevadzivisi vevanhu. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa nezvehutano hwehondo uye nehuwandu hwekugadzirira zvehondo kunofanirwa kuidzivirira, asi mumaonero angu, hapana vevadzivisi veUnited States - Russia, Iran, China neNorth Korea - vane chokwadi chokurwisa United States.
Uyewo hapana mauto makuru emasvingo ndiyo nzira chete yekuderedza zvinopisa vavengi ava pose. Simba rinodzora uye diplomacy inogona kuwedzera kukanganisa kukakavara uye kuderedza kutyisidzira. Economic sanctions inogona kuderedza simba rezvematongerwo enyika uye vasiri vatsigiri vese kuti vasavhundutsa kuchengetedza kweAmerica uye vashandi varo.
Kusiyana neizvi, kuchinja kwemugumo hakusi ngozi. Yakatanga, neicho chaiyo migumisiro kuUnited States. Kukundikana kuderedza kupisa gesi kunokonzera kuchaita kuti zviitiko zvinotyisa zvese zvinokonzerwa nezvisingaiti-zvichida kunyange "hondo dzekudenga" - zvinowanzoitika.
Mhosva yekutarisa mauto
Kwemakore gumi apera Dhipatimendi reDzivo rine yakaderedza mafuta ayo ekushandisa kuburikidza nezviito zvinosanganisira kushandisa simba rinogona kushandiswa, kugadzirisa zvivako uye kuderedza ndege dzinenge dzisina nguva mumigwagwa.
Izvo zvinokonzerwa neDOD zvegore negore zvakaderera kubva pachikwata che 85 mamiriyoni emamiriyoni emakironi dioxide akaenzana mu2004 kusvika ku 59 mamiriyoni ematani muna 2017. Icho chinangwa, sezvakaitwa ipapo-General James Mattis akazviisa, zvinofanira kuva "Yakasunungurwa kubva kumatsetse emafuta" kuburikidza nekuderedza kusagadzirirwa kwemauto pamafuta emafuta uye mafuta ayo vanotambura kukurwisa munzvimbo dzehondo.
Kubvira ku1979, United States yakanyanya kukoshesa kuchengetedzwa kwePersian Gulf. About chimwe chechina chemauto anoshandiswa kwekushandisa mafuta ndeyeSouth Central Command, iyo inosanganisira Persian Gulf region.
As National security scholars vati, nechishamiso kukura mumasimba matsva uye kuderedza US kuvimba kune dzimwe nyika mafuta, zvinokonzerwa neCongress uye mutungamiri wezvekufungisisa nezvemauto ehurumende yedu uye kuderedza huwandu hwesimba hondo dzinoshandiswa kudzivirira kupinda kuMiddle East mafuta.
Ndinobvumirana nevakuru vehondo nevekudzivirirwa kwenyika vanogadzirisa izvozvo Kuchinja kwemugumo kunofanirwa kuva pamberi nepakati muUnited States mhirizhonga yenyika. Kugadzira Pentagon greenhouse gas emissions kunobatsira ponesa upenyu muUnited States, uye inogona kuderedza dambudziko rekupesana kwemamiriro ekunze.
ndiye Mupurofesa weZvenyika yeZvenyika uye Sachigaro weDhipatimendi kuBoston University.
