IUS yeA (rms): Unyanzvi hweZvombo Zvinobata muNguva yaTrump

NaWilliam D. Hartung, Gumiguru 14, 2020

From TomDispatch.com

United States ine musiyano unokatyamadza wekuva wepasi kutungamirira mutengesi wezvombo. Inotonga kutengeserana kwepasirese mune yakasarudzika fashoni uye hapana kupi iko iko kutonga kwakazara kupfuura iko kusingagumi kwakaparadzwa nehondo Middle East. Ikoko, zvitende kana kwete, iyo US controls dzinenge hafu yemusika wezvombo. Kubva kuYemen kuenda kuLibya kuenda kuEjipitori, kutengesa nenyika ino nevabatsiri vayo kuri kuita basa rakakosha mukumutsa dzimwe mhirizhonga dzinoparadza pasi rose. Asi Donald Trump, kunyangwe asati adonhedzwa naCovid-19 uye akatumirwa kuWalter Reed Medical Center, aigona kunge asina hanya zvishoma, chero bedzi aifunga kutengeswa kwakadai mumidziyo yerufu nekuparadza kwaizobatsira tarisiro yake yezvematongerwo enyika.

Tarisa, semuenzaniso, pane ichangopfuura "normalization"Hwehukama pakati peUnited Arab Emirates (UAE) neIsrael akabatsira kubroker, izvo zvakagadzira danho rehumwe huturu hwekutengesa zvombo kuAmerica. Kuti anzwe Trump nevatsigiri vake vachizviudza, iye zvakafanira mubayiro weNobel Werunyararo pachibvumirano, dubbed “Zvibvumirano zvaAbrahama.” Muchokwadi, achiishandisa, aive neshungu yekuzvishambadza sa "Donald Trump, murunyararo" pamberi pesarudzo dzaNovember. Izvi, nditende, zvaive zvisina musoro pachiso chazvo. Kusvikira denda rakatsvaira zvese zviri muWhite House kure, raingova rimwe zuva muTrump World uyezve mumwe muenzaniso wepenisheni wemutungamiri wenyika wekushandisa mutemo wekunze neyemauto kuti awane pfuma yezvematongerwo enyika.

Dai narcissist-in-chief anga akatendeseka pane shanduko, angadai akatumidza avo Abraham Anobvumirana kuti "Arms Sales Accords" Iyo UAE yaive, muchidimbu, yakakurudzirwa kutora chikamu mutariro ye kugamuchira Lockheed Martin's F-35 yekurwa nendege uye epamberi akashonga drones semubairo. Kune rake divi, mushure mekugunun'una, Mutungamiriri weIsrael, Benjamin Netanyahu akafunga kubatanidza iyo UAE uye kutsvaga imwe nyowani $ 8 bhiriyoni mapakeji emaoko kubva kuTrump manejimendi, kusanganisira rimwe boka reLokheed Martin's F-35s (pamusoro peavo vatove pahurongwa), zvikepe zveBoeing zvinorwisa maherikoputa, nezvimwe zvakawanda. Kana chibvumirano ichocho chikapfuura, pasina mubvunzo chaizosanganisira kuwedzera kweIsrael kupfuura huwandu hwekuzvipira kwemauto kubva kuUnited States, yakatemerwa kuzere $ 3.8 bhiriyoni pagore kwemakumi gumi anotevera.

Mabasa, Mabasa, Mabasa

Iyi yakanga isiri nguva yekutanga Mutungamiri VaTrump kuyedza kuwedzera mukutengesa zvombo kuMiddle East kusimbisa chinzvimbo chake chezvematongerwo enyika kumba uye chinzvimbo chake semunyengeri wenyika ino nekugona. Kuita kwakadai kwakatanga muna Chivabvu 2017, panguva yake wekutanga mukuru rwendo rwekumhiri kwemakungwa kuenda kuSaudi Arabia. Saudis ndakakwazisa iye iye zvino neefo-inowedzera fanfare, achiisa zvikwangwani zvine kumeso kwake munzira dzinotungamira kuguta ravo guru, Riyadh; kuratidza mufananidzo hofori wechiso kumwechete kuhotera kwaaigara; uye vachimuisa iye nemenduru mumutambo wepasirari pane imwe yemadzimambo akawanda. Kune rake divi, Trump akauya akatakura zvombo muchimiro chekufungidzira $ 110 bhiriyoni pfuti yezvombo. Usambofa wakazvifunga kuti saizi yechibvumirano yaive akawedzeredzwa zvakanyanya. Yakabvumira mutungamiri wenyika kuti runyararo kuti kutengesa kwake kuita ikoko kwaizoreva "mabasa, mabasa, mabasa" muUnited States. Kana aifanirwa kushanda neimwe yehurumende dzinodzvinyirira pasi rose kuunza iwo mabasa kumba, ndiani aifunga? Kwete iye uye zvirokwazvo kwete mukuwasha wake Jared Kushner uyo aizovandudza a hukama hwakakosha pamwe nehutsinye Saudi Crown Prince uye mugari wenhaka anoonekwa pachigaro, Mohammed bin Salman.

VaTrump vakapeta pasi pabasa rebasa mumusangano waMarch 2018 White House naBin Salman Mutungamiri akauya akashongedzerwa nechirongwa chemakamera: a mepu yeUS inoratidza nyika kuti (akapika) yaizobatsira zvakanyanya kubva mukutengesa zvombo zveSaudi, kusanganisira - haungazoshamiswa kudzidza - dzakakosha sarudzo dzinodzora nyika dzePennsylvania, Ohio, neWisconsin.

Uye hazvizokushamisa iwe kuti mabasa aTrump anoti kubva kune avo vatengesi vemaSaudi vanopotsa hunyengeri. Mukukodzera kwembiri, iye akatosimbirira kuti ari kugadzira akawanda se hafu yemamiriyoni mabasa akabatanidzwa nekutengesa zvombo kune iyo inodzvinyirira hurumende. Nhamba chaiyo ndeye zvishoma kupfuura chegumi icho chiyero - uye kure zvishoma kudarika chegumi chegumi muzana chebasa reUS. Asi nei uchirega chokwadi chichipinda munzira yenyaya yakanaka?

Maoko eAmerica Kutonga

VaDonald Trump vari kure nemutungamiri wekutanga kusundidzira makumi emabhiriyoni emadhora emaoko kuMiddle East. Obama manejimendi, semuenzaniso, akaita zvinyorwa $ 115 bhiriyoni mumaoko anopa kuSaudi Arabia mukati memakore masere ari muhofisi, kusanganisira ndege dzehondo, kurwisa maherikoputa, mota dzehondo, ngarava dzemauto, masystem ekudzivirira, mabhomba, pfuti, uye zvombo.

Izvo zvekutengesa zvakasimbisa Washington's nzvimbo sevashandi vekutanga vemaSaudis. Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvemauto emhepo zvine Boeing F-15 ndege, iyo hombe matangi ayo iGeneral Dynamics M-1s, uye mizhinji yayo mamakisi emhepo-kune-pasi anobva kunaRaytheon naLokheed Martin. Uye mufunge, izvo zvombo hazvisi kungogara mumatura kana kuratidzwa mumapati emauto. Ivo vanga vari pakati pevaurayi vakuru mukupindira kwakaipisisa kweSaudi muYemen uko kwakakonzera njodzi yakaipa kwazvo pasi rose.

A itsva ripoti kubva kuArms uye Security Chirongwa paCentre for International Policy (iyo yandakanyora) inosimbisa kuti zvinoshamisa sei iyo US inotonga pamusika wezvombo zveMiddle East. Sekureva kwedata kubva ku database yekuchinjisa maoko yakanyorwa neStockholm International Peace Research Institute, munguva kubva 2015 kusvika 2019 United States yakapa 48% yezvombo zvikuru zvinotumirwa kuMiddle East neNorth Africa, kana (sezvo dunhu rakakura iri dzimwe nguva inozivikanwa nechidimbu) MENA. Idzo nhamba dzinosiya kuendesa kubva kunotevera hukuru vanopa muvhu. Vanomiririra kanenge katatu maoko akaendeswa neRussia kuMENA, kakapetwa kashanu zvakaburitswa neFrance, kakapetwa kagumi zvakatengeswa neUnited Kingdom, uye ka10 mupiro weChina.

Mune mamwe mazwi, isu takasangana neyekutanga zvombo zvinowedzera muMiddle East neNorth Africa uye ndezvedu.

Iko kukurudzira kwemaoko eU.S. munzvimbo ino yakazara nemakakatanwa kunoenzaniswazve nechinhu chinotyisa: Washington ndiye mutengesi wepamusoro kune gumi nevatanhatu venyika 13 ikoko, kusanganisira Morocco (19% yezvombo zvinopinzwa kunze), Israel (91%), Saudi Arabia (78%), Jorodhani (74%), Lebanon (73%), Kuwait (73%), iyo UAE (70%), uye Qatar (68%). Kana iyo hutongi hwaTrump ikaenderera mberi nehurongwa hwayo hwekupokana hwekutengesa F-50s uye drones dzakashongedzerwa kuUAE nema broker ane hukama nemadhora mabhiriyoni masere anobata neIsrael, mugove wayo wekupinza zvombo kune nyika mbiri idzi unenge uri mukuru mumakore anotevera. .

Migumisiro Inoparadza

Hapana mumwe wevatambi vakakosha muhondo dzanhasi dzinoparadza mu Middle East vanogadzira zvombo zvavo, zvinoreva kuti kutengeswa kubva kuUS nevamwe vatengesi ndiyo chaiyo mafuta anotsigira kukakavara uku. Vamiriri vemaoko vanochinjisa kunharaunda yeMENA vanowanzovarondedzera sesimba re "kugadzikana," nzira yekusimbisa mubatanidzwa, kupokana neIran, kana zvakanyanya chishandiso chekugadzira chiyero chesimba chinoita kuti kuita zvechiuto kuve kushoma.

Mumakakatanwa anoverengeka akakosha mudunhu, ichi hachisi chinhu chinongova fungidziro irinyore kune vanotengesa zvombo (uye hurumende yeUS), sezvo kuyerera kwezvombo zvemberi zvakangowedzera mhirizhonga, kukonzeresa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye kwakakonzera vanhu vasingaverengeke kufa nekukuvara, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwakawanda. Uye ramba uchifunga kuti, nepo zvisiri zvega zvine chekuita, Washington ndiyo honzeri huru kana zvasvika pazvombo izvo zviri kukonzera huwandu hwenyika dzehondo dzine chisimba.

MuYemen, kupindira kwakatungamirwa neSaudi / UAE kwakatanga munaKurume 2015, parizvino, zvakaguma kufa kwezviuru zvevagari vemo kuburikidza nekurova kwemhepo, kwakaisa mamirioni panjodzi yenzara, uye kwakabatsira kugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu ekupererwa nekorera yakaipisisa mundangariro. Hondo iyoyo yakatodhura kudarika 100,000 upenyu uye US neUnited Kingdom ndivo vange vari vekutanga kupa ndege dzehondo, mabhomba, kurwisa maherikoputa, zvombo, uye mota dzehondo dzakashandiswa ipapo, kuwedzerwa kwakakosha mumakumi emabhiriyoni emadhora.

Pave paine kusvetuka kwakapinza mukuburitswa kwemaoko kuendesa kuSaudi Arabia kubvira pakatangwa hondo iyoyo. Zvinoshamisa zvakakwana, maoko akazara akatumirwa kuhumambo zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri pakati pegore ra2010-2014 nemakore kubva mugore ra2015 kusvika 2019. Pamwe chete, iyo US (74%) neUK (13%) yakaverenga 87% yezvombo zvese zvinotumirwa ku Saudi Arabia mune iyo makore mashanu emakore nguva furemu.

MuEjipitori, ndege dzehondo dzinopihwa neUS, matangi, uye maherikoputa ekurwisa ave raishandiswa mune izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuve basa rekurwisa mugwenga reSinai, iro, muchokwadi, rinongova hondo yakanyanya kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo venharaunda. Pakati pegore ra2015 na2019, Washington maoko ekupa kuEgypt akazara $ 2.3 bhiriyoni, nemabhiriyoni akawanda muzvibvumirano zvakaitwa kare asi zvakaunzwa mumakore iwayo. Uye muna Chivabvu 2020, Pentagon's Defense Security Cooperation Agency zvakaziviswa kuti yaive ichipa pasuru yeApache yekurwisa maherikoputa kuenda kuEgypt anosvika madhora anosvika mamirioni 2.3.

Maererano ne tsvakurudzo inotungamirirwa neHuman Rights Watch, zviuru zvevanhu zvakasungwa mudunhu reSinai mumakore matanhatu apfuura, mazana akanyangarika, uye makumi ezviuru akadzingwa nechisimba mudzimba dzavo. Vakashongedzerwa meno, mauto eIjipita akaitawo "kusungwa kwakarongeka uye kwakapararira - kusanganisira kwevana - kumanikidzwa kunyangarika, kutambudzwa, kuuraya zvisiri pamutemo, kuranga pamwe chete, uye kumanikidzwa kudzingwa." Kune zvakare humbowo hunoratidza kuti mauto eEjipitori akapinda mukuramwa kwemhepo nepasi pasi zvakauraya vanhu vazhinji.

Mumakakatanwa akati wandei - mienzaniso yekuti zvombo zvekuchinjisa zvakadaro zvinogona sei kuita zvinokatyamadza uye zvisingatarisirwi - maoko eUS akapedzisira ave mumaoko emativi ese. Mauto eTurkey paakapinda kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweSyria muna Gumiguru 2019, semuenzaniso, vakatarisana nemasoja eKurdish anotungamirwa neSyria aive agamuchira mamwe $ 2.5 bhiriyoni mumaoko uye nekudzidziswa iyo US yakanga yapa mauto eSyria anopikisa mumakore mashanu apfuura. Zvichakadaro, iyo yese yeTurkey Inventory yendege dzehondo dzinosanganisira US-yakapihwa F-16s uye inopfuura hafu yemotokari dzayo dzehondo dzakabva kuAmerica.

MuIraq, apo mauto eIslamic State, kana ISIS, akapfuura nechikamu chakakosha chenyika iyoyo kubva kuchamhembe mu2014, ivo captured US light zvombo uye mota dzehondo dzinosvika mabhiriyoni emadhora kubva kumauto eIraq ekuchengetedza nyika ino yakanga iine zvombo uye kudzidziswa. Saizvozvowo, mumakore achangopfuura, maoko eU.S. akatamiswa kubva kumauto eIraq kuenda kumauto anotsigirwa neIran anoshanda pamwe navo mukurwisa ISIS.

Zvichakadaro, muYemen, nepo iyo US yakanangana nemazvo mubatanidzwa weSaudi / UAE, zvombo zvaro zvine, pedzisira ichishandiswa nemativi ese mukukonana, kusanganisira vapikisi vavo vechiHouthi, mauto ane hukasha, uye mapoka akabatanidzwa neAl-Qaeda muArabia Peninsula. Uku kuenzana-mukana wekupararira kwezvombo zveAmerica zvaitika nekuda kwekuchinjiswa kwemaoko neaimbove nhengo dzeUS-yakapihwa Yemeni mauto uye na Mauto eUAE ayo akashanda nemapoka akati wandei kumaodzanyemba kwenyika.

Ndiani Anobatsirwa?

Makambani mana chete - Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, uye General Dynamics - vaive vanobatanidzwa mune huwandu hukuru hwemaoko eU.S. anobata neSaudi Arabia pakati pa2009 na2019.Chokwadi, kana imwe chete kana dzinopfuura dzemakambani aya dzakatamba mabasa akakosha mu27 zvinopihwa zvinodarika madhora zana nemakumi masere nemashanu emadhora (kubva pamakumi mashanu neshanu anopihwa anosvika madhora bhiriyoni zana nemakumi masere nesere) . Mune mamwe mazwi, mune zvemari mazwi, anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emaoko eU.S. anopiwa kuSaudi Arabia aibatanidza imwe yevagadziri vezvombo vana vepamusoro.

Mumushandirapamwe wayo wehutsinye webhomba muYemen, maSaudis vane akaurayiwa zviuru zvevanhuwo zvavo vane zvombo zvinopihwa neUS. Mumakore kubva pakagadzwa Hondo yayo, kurova kwemhepo kusingasarudze nemubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neSaudi wakarova misika, zvipatara, nharaunda dzevanhu, nzvimbo dzekurapa mvura, kunyangwe bhazi rechikoro rakazadzwa nevana. Mabhomba akagadzirwa neAmerica ave achishandiswa kakawanda muzviitiko zvakadaro, kusanganisira kurwiswa kwemuchato, uko vanhu makumi maviri nevaviri, vana pakati pavo, vaive akaurayiwa neBGU-12 Paveway II bhomba rinotungamirwa rakagadzirwa naRaytheon.

Iyo General Dynamics 2,000-pondo bhomba ine Boeing JDAM nhungamiro system yakashandiswa munaKurume 2016 sitiraiki pamusika wakauraya vanhu 97, kusanganisira makumi maviri nevana. A Lockheed Martin laser-inotungamirwa bhomba yaive kushandiswa mukurwisa kwaNyamavhuvhu 2018 bhazi rechikoro rakauraya vanhu makumi mashanu nevashanu, kusanganisira vana makumi mana. A Gunyana 51 ripoti neboka reYemeni Mwatana yeKodzero Dzevanhu yakacherekedza ratidziro dzendege gumi nenomwe pavanhuwo zvavo umo zvombo zvakapihwa neUS zvakanyatso shandiswa, zvichiratidza kuti kuparadzwa kwebhazi iri "kwanga kusiri chiitiko chega, asi ichangoburwa mune dzakateerana dzinotyisa [Saudi- leded) mubatanidzwa wekurwisa pamwe nezvombo zveUS.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kutengesa kwezvombo zvakadaro hakuna kuitika pasina kuramba. Muna 2019, dzimba mbiri dzeCongress votora pasi bhomba rinotengeswa kuSaudi Arabia nekuda kwehasha dzayo muYemen, kungoita kuti kuedza kwavo kukanganisirwe zvemutungamiriri wenyika kurambidza. Mune dzimwe nguva, sezvakakodzera hutongi hwaTrump's modus operandi, izvo zvekutengesa zvine chekuita nekushora kwezvematongerwo enyika. Tora, semuenzaniso, Chivabvu 2019 chirevo ye "emergency" yaishandiswa kupfuudza kuburikidza ne $ 8.1 bhiriyoni bata nemaSaudis, iyo UAE, neJoridhani kune mabhomba anotungamirwa nemimwe michina iyo yaingodarika zvakajairika DRM yekutarisira nzira zvizere.

Pakurairwa neCongress, Hofisi yeHurumende Hofisi yaInspector General yakazovhura kuferefeta mumamiriro akapoterera chirevo ichi, muchidimbu nekuti zvaive kusundwa naaimbove Raytheon lobbyist anoshanda muHurumende Hofisi Yemutemo Counsell. Nekudaro, inisipekita mukuru anotungamira kuferefeta, Stephen Linick, aive munguva pfupi akadzingwa neMunyori weHurumende Mike Pompeo nekutya kuti kuferefetwa kwake kuchafumura kutadza kwekutonga uye, mushure mekunge aenda, zvakawanikwa zvekupedzisira zvakaratidza zvakanyanya - kushamisika! - chena, kusununguka hutungamiri. Zvakadaro, chirevo chakacherekedza kuti hutongi hwaTrump hwaive vakakundikana kutora hanya zvakakwana kuti vadzivise kukuvara kwevagari nezvombo zveUS zvinopihwa maSaudis.

Kunyangwe vamwe vatungamiriri veTrump manejimendi vakanetseka nezvezvibvumirano zveSaudi. Iyo New York Times ane Zvinonzi kuti vanoverengeka veVashandi veDhipatimendi reHurumende vaishushikana nezve kana rimwe zuva vaizopihwa mutoro wekubatsira nekudzora mhosva dzehondo muYemen.

Ko America Inoramba Iri Mutengesi Wepasi Pose Wezvombo?

Kana Donald Trump akasarudzwazve, usatarisira kuti kutengesa kweUS ku Middle East - kana kwavo kuuraya - kudzikira chero nguva munguva pfupi. Kuchikwereti chake, Joe Biden akavimbisa semutungamiriri wenyika kupedza mauto eU.S. uye rutsigiro rwehondo yeSaudi muYemen. Kune dunhu rese, zvisinei, usakatyamadzwa kana, kunyangwe muhutungamiriri hweBiden, zvombo zvakadaro zvichiramba zvichipinda uye zvichiramba zviri bhizinesi senguva dzose kune vatengesi vakuru vezvombo venyika ino kukuvadza vanhu veMiddle East. . Kunze kwekunge iwe uri Raytheon kana Lockheed Martin, kutengesa maoko inzvimbo imwe chete iyo pasina munhu anofanira kuda kuchengetedza America "yakakura."

William D. Hartung ndiye director weArms and Security Programme paCentre for International Policy uye munyori wemubatanidzwa we "Iyo Mideast Arms Bazaar: Vanopa Zvombo Zvepamusoro kuMiddle East neNorth Africa 2015 kusvika 2019. "