NaDavid Bond, The Guardian, March 25, 2021
Oneaya anogara nekusingaperi, makemikari ane chepfu asingazivikanwe anozivikanwa nemunhu - Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), inova PFAS "isingagumi chemakemikari" - iri kupiswa muchivande padhuze nenharaunda dzakatambura muUnited States. Ivo vanhu vari kuseri kweichi chihwande? Haisi mumwe kunze kwemauto eUS.
As data nyowani rakaburitswa neBennington College svondo rino zvinyorwa, mauto eUS akarayira kupiswa pachivande kwemamiriyoni makumi maviri emapaundi eAFF neAFFF pakati pe20-2016. Izvo zviripo kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti hapana humbowo hwekuti kupisa chaiko kunoparadza aya ekugadzira makemikari. Muchokwadi, pane chikonzero chakanaka chekutenda kuti kupisa AFFF kunongoburitsa idzi chepfu mumhepo nekuenda kunharaunda dziri pedyo, mapurazi, uye nzira dzemvura. Pentagon iri kunyatsoitisa chiedzo chine chepfu uye yakanyoresa hutano hwemamirioni eAmerica sevasingazivi bvunzo.
AFFF yakaumbwa uye ikakurumbira nemauto eU.S. Yakaunzwa panguva yeHondo yeVietnam kurwisa mafuta epetroleum pazvikepe zvengarava nemitsetse yemhepo, AFFF yaive mwana wechipfuwo weinjiniya yemakemikari akagadzira chinobatanidza chemolekyuli chakasimba kudarika chero chinhu chinozivikanwa muzvisikwa. Kamwe yagadzirwa, ichi kabhoni-fluorine chisungo haigone kuparara. Kuramba kuita huni, iyi herculean bond inokunda uye inodzikamisa nyangwe infendiary infernos.
Vanenge kubva panguva yavakatanga kushandisa AFFF, mauto akaunganidzwa humbowo hunoshungurudza nezve kushingirira kwezvakatipoteredza kwema synthetic kaboni-fluorine macomputer, avo kubatana kwezvinhu zvipenyu, uye zvazvinoita pahutano hwevanhu. Sezvo Mauto eU.S. akave mutengi muhombe weAFFF pasi rese, mibvunzo inonetsa pamusoro pezvinoitika mushure mekunge moto watsvairwa padivi. Mauto eUS kumba nekune dzimwe nyika akakurudzira kupfira pfambi kweAFFF muzvigaro zvenguva apo vanodzima moto vakaudzwa kuti ndizvo yakachengeteka sesipo.
Synthetic kabhoni-fluorine kemesitiri, ikozvino yakatemerwa seyese- uye poly- fluorine makomputa (PFAS), iri kuuya kuzotarisisa nhasi sekukonzeresa dambudziko risati ramboitika. Mushure mekanguva kapfupi kekushandisa, PFAS makomputa anouya kuzotambudza hupenyu nekufamba-famba, torpid chepfu, uye nekusafa kusingafadzi. Sezvatinoziva ikozvino, kuratidzwa kune mashoma maratidziro eaya "zvachose makemikari”Yakabatana zvine mutsindo nenhamba ye kanzuru, kusagadzikana kwekukura, kusagadzikana kwema immune, uye kushaya mbereko. Kujekesa kwave kwakabatanawo ne kuwedzera hutachiona hweCovid-19 uye simba rekudzivirira mushonga.
From Portsmouth, New Hampshire to Colorado Springs, Colorado, makore gumi apfuura aona nharaunda padyo nemauto emauto achimuka kuhope dzePFAS kusvibiswa mumvura yavo, ivhu ravo neropa ravo. "Mepu dzenzvimbo dzePFAS kusvibiswa muUnited States, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinoratidzika semunhu anonyanya kubatsira kune ino yakaipa runyorwa," Dave Andrews weEnvironmental Working Group (EWG) akandiudza.
Muongororo yaro yekutanga yezvigaro zvemauto muna Zvita 2016, Mauto Echisimba akaonekwa 393 nzvimbo yeAFFF kusvibiswa muUnited States, kusanganisira 126 nzvimbo uko PFAS makomputa akapinda muruzhinji mvura yekumwa. (Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rine zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zviripo pachikamu chidiki chemasaiti aya.) Muna 2019, DOD yakabvuma kuti nhamba idzi dzaive "pasi-kuverengwa. ” Mepu inozivikanwa yeEnvironmental Working Group yemapfupa ePFAS inoisa huwandu hwenzvimbo dzemauto dzakasviba pa 704, nhamba inoramba ichikwira.
Sezvo zvinoita chisungo. Nepo vamwe vehurumende vachikwikwidza kumisidzana nezvigadzirwa zveAFFF, zvigunwe zvemauto eU.S. zvakazara munzvimbo yemhosva. Kana vezvematongerwo enyika vezvematongerwo enyika pavakatungamira kuburitsa wongororo yakazara yehutachiona chemakemikari eAFFF muna 2018, vakuru veDOD vakadaidza sainzi iyi "husiku hwehukama neruzhinji”Ndokuedza dzvanyirira zvakawanikwa.
Kunze kwekutuka maemail emukati, mauto achiri kutora yakawanda yeAFFF. Sezvo EPA uye inotaura kwakakomberedza US inotanga kuratidza AFFF chinhu chine njodzi, matura ehondo eAFFF ari kutanga kuwedzera kune chinzvimbo chemuchadenga pane bharanzi rechiuto. Zvichida vachifunga iyo Trump Administration yakaratidza mukana wakakodzera, Pentagon yakafunga kupisa dambudziko ravo reAFFF mu2016.
Kunyangwe nekushomeka kunoshamisa kwemoto weAFFF, kupisa moto chinyararire yakava nzira yakasarudzika yemauto kubata AFFF. "Taiziva kuti uku kwaizove kuita kunodhura, nekuti zvaireva kuti tinenge tichipisa chimwe chinhu chakagadzirwa kudzima moto., "Steve Schneider, mukuru weHazardous Disposal yebazi rekushandisa reDOD, akadaro muna 2017 basa richienderera mberi.
Imwe chete tsanangudzo yakamira munzira yechirongwa ichi chikuru: hapana humbowo hwekuti kupisa kunoparadza kemikari ine chepfu yeAFFF.
Ichiona iyo "yakasimba murazvo inhibition mhedzisiro" yeakabhoni-fluorine chisungo, 2020 EPA mushumo yakagumisa, "Hazvinyatsonzwisisike mashandiro anoita kupisa-kupisa kupisa kuri mukuparadza zvachose PFAS. "
Mugore ra2019 tekinoroji yevanopisa, EPA yakanyora kuti kubata kwedu kwe "kupisa kupisa”YePFAS ishoma, yakatetepedzwa zvishoma, uye parizvino haigone. Kanzuru ine simba yezvakatipoteredza yakaramba kutsigira AFFF gore rapera, ichiona kupisa kuchiri "nzvimbo inoshingaira yekutsvaga. "
Kana kuzengurira kwakadaro kwaingogumira kumasangano ezvakatipoteredza. Kunyangwe payanga ichitumira marori etangi eAFFF kune vanopisira mu2017, mauto pachawo akati "iyo yepamusoro-tembiricha kemisitiri yePFOS […] haina kuratidzwa"(PFOS ndicho chinhu chikuru chePFAS muAFFF), uye"akawanda angangodaro zvigadzirwa zvinobva zvave zvakare zvisina kugadzikana nharaunda. "
Asi izvo hazvina kumisa Pentagon kubva kuenda kumberi uye chinyararire kupisa kemikari zvakadaro. Mauto zvaaitumira AFFF kune vanopisira nyika, EPA, vatongi venyika, nevasayendisiti veyunivhesiti vese vakayambira kuti kuisa AFFF kumatembiricha akanyanya kunogona kusangana. varoyi vakabika zvine fluorinated muchetura, kuti huripo hutsi hwehunyanzvi hungave kukwana kukwana kuongorora huturu hunoburitsa ndoda kuzvibata, uye izvo makemikari ane ngozi anogona kunaya munharaunda dzakapoteredza. Ichitaura chikwereti chayo pachezvayo pahutano hweidzi nharaunda, Pentagon yakarova mutambo.
Kungofanana nezvimwe zvakawanda muTrump Administration, kumhanyisa kushaya hanya kwekupisa AFFF kwakapetwa kunenge kusingaonekwe neruzhinji. Iyo kushinga kutaurwa kwaSharon Lerner paKubvisa uye Mutongo wePasi Mutongi unopokana neDOD yakavhura hwindo mune ino nyonganiso muna 2019. Sezvo ruzivo rwakazara kumashure munharaunda dziri padyo nevanopisa, kurudziro yemweya yakabatsira kusundira pfungwa yekutsvaira kwebasa rese kuwedzera mukuonekwa kusingafadzi Ohio uye New York.
Mwaka wechando uno, ndakabatana naye vagari mapoka uye vatsigiri venyika kuumbiridza uye kutsikisa data rese rinowanikwa pane kupisa kweAFFF. Sezvo ini nevadzidzi vangu takaungana pamwechete takapararira kutumira, tichitsvaga ruzivo nezve zvivakwa zvemoto uye nharaunda dziri pedyo, ndokutanga kutora musoro wedu kutenderedza huturu hweAFFF iri kupisa, chiitiko chemauto ichi chakawana tsananguro nyowani: kuregeredza kukuru.
Hakusi kungopisa chete AFFF isina kurayirwa zvakanyanya, asi iwo matanhatu anopisa marara anopisa kondirakiti vane chibvumirano chekuita kudaro vanogara vachityora mutemo wezvakatipoteredza. Kubva 2017, maviri evanopisa kontrakita vanga vasingateedzere mimwe mitemo yezvakatipoteredza 100% yenguva sekureva kweEPA (Yakachena Harbors incinerator mu Nebraska, Yakachena Harbors Aragonite mukati Utah), maviri aive ekutevedzera 75% yenguva (Norlite incinerator mukati New York, Heritage WTI unopisa mukati Ohio), Uye vaviri vakasara vaive kunze kwekutevedzera 50% yenguva (Reynolds Metals incinerator in Arkansas, Yakachena Harbors incinerator mukati Arkansas). EPA yakaburitsa matanho anokwana makumi matanhatu neshanu ekumiririra vanopisa vatanhatu mumakore mashanu apfuura chete.
Kwete kuti vemauto vaitarisira zvakanakisa. Kunyangwe zvayakachengetera mamirioni emadhora kune ine njodzi indasitiri yemarara kuti ipise AFFF, mauto haana kudoma paramita yekutsva kana kudzora kwekubuda. Mauto akabvisawo zvakajairika zvinyorwa zvemarara ane ngozi, achiona muchibvumirano chekuti zvinopisachido kwete inofanirwa kupihwa Zvitupa zvekurasa / Kuparadza. ” Kana zvasvika pakupisa AFFF, Pentagon yaisada kuziva kuti chii chaiitika pane izvi zvinopisa.
Kusanganisa mashoddy kupisa mashandiro nehusingatsvi nemoto, iyi yemamirioni-emadhora dhiri haina kunyanyisa kupedza dambudziko remauto reAFFF sekugozvigovera.
Iyo WTI Heritage Incinerator, iyo yakapisa anokwana kuita 5m mapaundi eAFFF, iri munzvimbo inoshanda yeblack munharaunda muEast Liverpool, Ohio. Pakavakwa muna1993, vagari vakaudzwa iyi mammoth kupisa kunogona kubatsira kudzamisa kubuda kwemabasa efekitori. Panzvimbo pekubhadhara muEast Liverpool kwakawana kumwe kusvibiswa kwakaipisisa muUS. Idzo dzimba dzine mwero uye chikoro chepedyo chepuraimari chave pamba pa zvinotyisa zvinoitika ye dioxin, furans, inorema simbi, uye ikozvino PFAS. Vagari vanozvidaidza kuti chii: rusaruraganda.
"Hatina kuwana mhinduro," Alonzo Spencer andiudza. Vagari vakatanga kubvunza iyo WTI Heritage Incinerator nezve AFFF gore rapfuura. Achitsanangura kuwedzera kwemitero yekenza munharaunda yake uye kunetseka nezve "padyo nenzvimbo iyi kuzvikoro," Spencer haanzwisise kuti nei mauto neanopisa vachiedza kupisa AFFF, uye nei vachihwandisa nezvazvo. "Vanongoita sevasina chikonzero chekutaura chokwadi nezvezvavari kuita kunharaunda ino," akadaro.
Tucked in a scrappy working-class neighborhood in Cohoes, NY, iyo Norlite Hazardous Waste Incinerator yakapisa angangoita 2.47m mapaundi eAFFF uye 5.3 mamirioni emapaundi eAFFF yemvura yakasviba, pamwe kutyora mvumo yavo yekushanda. Mumumvuri weutsi hwekupfungaira pane iyo Saratoga Sites Veruzhinji Dzimba, squat yezvitina yakaoma uko mweya unowanzo gadzira nzvimbo yekutamba. Mumakore mana apfuura, vagari vakandiudza nezve kupenda kubvarura kubva mumota dzavo uye kumuka humwe husiku kuti ndione kurwadziwa mumaziso avo. Norlite, ivo vakati, "vakasvimha misodzi" ivo mudzimba dzavo. Izvo zvinogona kugadzirwa zvekuisa AFFF kumaturu akakwirira zvakanyanya anosanganisira izvo zvenguva yehondo zvigadzirwa zve misodzi misodzi.
Nzvimbo senge East Liverpool neCooes ndidzo nzvimbo dzeAFFF dzatinogona kuteedzera. Mamwe mapaundi 5.5m eAFFF, makumi mana muzana ezviuru zvevarwi, zvakatumirwa ku "peturu-kusanganisa" zvivakwa uko zvakasanganiswa mumafuta ekushandisa mumaindasitiri. Hazvizivikanwe kwakaendeswa mafuta eAFFF akatevera, kunyangwe chibvumirano cheDOD chinoti kupisa kungave iko kwekupedzisira. Kana iwe uchigara muUnited States, zvinokwanisika kuti ingangodaro yakapiswa munharaunda yako. Uye, nekuti AFFF i "isingagumi chemikemikari" isingaputsike, iko kusvibiswa kungangotambudza nharaunda kwezvizvarwa.
Kunyangwe zvakawanda zvichiri kusingaonekwe neruzhinji, pane chikonzero chakanaka chekufunga kuti mauto anoramba achipisa AFFF. Yatova nguva yapfuura yekumisikidza zvinorambidzwa zvemunyika pamabatiro eAFFF uye kutanga kuferefetwa kwakasimba kunharaunda dzakapiswa AFFF.
Iro chairo zita reDhipatimendi reDziviriro rinotaura kune iro basa remauto kudzivirira, kwete kukuvadza, vanhu varo vega. Nenyaya dzese, Pentagon iri kuisa panjodzi hupenyu hwevanhu vasingaverengeke kuburikidza nekubata kwayo kushaya hanya kweAFFF. Nharaunda dzinoona iyi njodzi yenzvimbo yekutanga-ruoko inoda kururamisira uye kuzvidavirira. Hurumende yavo ichavanzwa rinhi?
- David Bond ndiye Anobatanidza Director, Center yeKufambira Mberi kweRuzhinji Kuita (CAPA) kuBennington College. Iye anotungamira "Kunzwisisa PFOA”Chirongwa uye ari kunyora bhuku pa Kushatiswa kwePFAS.
