Iyo Inoera Oiri Inodonha muPearl Harbor

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 30, 2022

Stephen Dedalus akatenda girazi rakatsemuka remuranda rakagadzira chiratidzo chakanaka cheIreland. Kana iwe waifanira kutumidza chiratidzo cheUnited States, chingave chii? Chifananidzo cheRusununguko? Varume vakapfeka zvipfeko zvemukati pamichinjikwa pamberi peMcDonald's? Ini ndinofunga zvingave izvi: mafuta ari kubuda kubva muchikepe chehondo muPearl Harbor. Ngarava iyi, The Arizona, imwe yezviviri zvichiri kubuda mafuta muPearl Harbor, inosiiwa ipapo separaganda yehondo, sehumbowo hwekuti mutengesi wepamusoro wezvombo pasi rose, muvaki wepamusoro, mupedzi wepamusoro wemauto, uye wepamusoro anodziya munhu asina mhosva. Uye mafuta anobvumirwa kuramba achidonha nekuda kwechikonzero chimwe chete. Humbowo hwehuipi hwevavengi veUS, kunyangwe vavengi vakaramba vachichinja. Vanhu vanodonhedza misodzi uye vanonzwa mireza ichisimudzwa mudumbu mavo panzvimbo yakanaka yemafuta, vachibvumidzwa kuenderera mberi vachisvibisa Pacific Ocean sehumbowo hwekuti isu tinotora zvakakomba sei uye zvine hungwaru propaganda yedu yehondo. Hondo iyoyo nzira huru umo isu tinoparadza kugara kwepasi kunogona kana kusarasika kune vanofambira kunzvimbo. Heino webhusaiti yekushanya pa nzira yekushanyira mafuta anoyera anodonha:

“Zviri nyore imwe yenzvimbo dzinoyera kwazvo muUS. . . . Funga nezvazvo seizvi: uri kuona mafuta anogona kunge akazadzwa zuva risati rarwiswa uye pane chimwe chinhu chiri surreal nezve chiitiko ichocho. Zvakaomawo kusanzwa chiratidzo chemisodzi yakasviba inopenya kana wakamira chinyararire pachirangaridzo - zvinoita sekunge ngarava ichiri kuchema kubva mukurwiswa. "

"Vanhu vanotaura nezvekunaka kwazvakaita kuona mafuta achipenya pamusoro pemvura uye kuti anovayeuchidza sei nezvehupenyu hwakarasika," inodaro imwe webhusaiti.

“Vanhu vanoidana kuti 'misodzi mitema yemu Arizona.' Iwe unogona kuona mafuta achikwira kumusoro, achiita miraraungu pamvura. Unogona kunyange kunhuwa zvinhu. Pachiyero chazvino, mafuta acharamba achiyerera kunze Arizona kwemamwe makore 500, kana ngarava ikasaparara zvachose zvisati zvaitika.” -mumwe mushumo.

Kana uchigara pedyo nePearl Harbor, kune inonaka yeUS Navy jet mafuta mumvura yako yekunwa. Izvo hazvibvi kune zvikepe zvehondo, asi iyo (uye dzimwe njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza panzvimbo imwecheteyo) inoita zano rekuti zvichida mvura inosvibisa inoonekwa semagumo anodiwa mukati mawo nemauto eUS, kana kuti hutano hwevanhu hahuna kufarira.

Vamwe vevanhu vakafanana vanga vachiyambira nezve kutyisidzira kwemafuta ejeti kwenguva yakareba vanga vachiyambirawo nezve kutyisidzira kukuru kwekuuraya kunounzwa nenyaya dzinotaurirwana nevanhu paPearl Harbor Day uye kana vachishanyira shrine yevatema. misodzi yekutsaurira hondo.

Kana uchigara pedyo neterevhizheni kana komputa, chero paPasi, uri panjodzi.

Rimwe remazuva matsvene egore riri kukurumidza kusvika. Wagadzirira here 7 Zvita? Ucharangarira here revo yechokwadi yeZuva rePearl Harbor?

Hurumende yeUnited States yakaronga, yakagadzirira, uye yakamutsa hondo neJapan kwemakore, uye yakanga iri muhondo nenzira dzakawanda, yakamirira Japan kuti ipfure pfuti yekutanga, apo Japan yakarwisa Philippines nePearl Harbor. Chii chinorasika mumibvunzo yeani chaizvo aiziva kuti chii mumazuva asati arwiswa, uye kusanganiswa kwekusagona uye kutsoropodza zvakavabvumira kuti zviitike, inyaya yekuti matanho makuru akanga atorwa kuhondo asi hapana akanga atorwa kurunyararo. . Uye matanho ari nyore ekuita rugare aibvira.

Iyo Asia pivot yenguva yaObama-Trump-Biden yaive nemuenzaniso mumakore anotungamira kuWWII, apo United States neJapan zvakavaka kuvepo kwadzo kwemauto muPacific. United States yaibatsira China muhondo yekurwisa Japan uye ichivharira Japan kuti ibvise zviwanikwa zvakakosha Japan isati yarwisa mauto eUS nenzvimbo dzehumambo. Mauto eUnited States haasunungure Japan mutoro wemauto ayo, kana zvinopesana, asi ngano yemunhu asina mhosva akarohwa zvinokatyamadza kunze kweblue haisi yechokwadi kupfuura ngano dzehondo kuponesa vaJudha.

Pamberi pePearl Harbor, US yakagadzira dhizaini, uye yakaona hukuru hwekuramba, uye yakavharira vadziviriri mumajeri mavakabva vatanga mhirizhonga yekuvabvisa - kusimudzira vatungamiriri, masangano, uye matekiniki anozove Civil Rights Movement, sangano rakazvarwa pamberi pePearl Harbor.

Kana ini ndichikumbira vanhu kuti vareverere WWII, vanogara vachiti "Hitler," asi kana hondo yeEurope yaive yakatenderwa zviri nyore, nei United States isinga fanire kunge yapinda nayo kare? Nei ruzhinji rweUS rwaive rwakanyanya kupokana neUS kupinda muhondo kusvika mushure meDecember 7, 1941? Sei hondo neGermany iyo inofanirwa kunge yakapinda inofanira kuratidzirwa sehondo yekudzivirira kuburikidza nemafungiro akavhiringidzika ayo Japan yakadzinga pfuti yekutanga, nekudaro (neimwe nzira) ichiita (ngano) crusade yekugumisa Holocaust muEurope mubvunzo wekuzvidzivirira? Germany yakazivisa hondo kuUnited States, ichitarisira kuti Japan yaizobatsira Germany mukurwisana neSoviet Union. Asi Germany haina kurwisa United States.

Winston Churchill aida kuti United States ipinde WWII, sekuda kwaaiita kuti United States ipinde muHondo Yenyika II. The Lusitania yakarwiswa neGermany pasina yambiro, panguva yeWWI, tinoudzwa mumabhuku eUS, kunyangwe Germany yakaburitsa yambiro muNew York mapepanhau nemapepanhau akatenderedza United States. Yambiro idzi dzakadhindwa padivi pezviziviso zvekufamba nechikepe pa Lusitania uye zvakasainwa nemumiriri weGermany.[I] Mapepanhau akanyora nyaya pamusoro penyevero. Kambani yeCunard yakabvunzwa nezve yambiro. Aimbova mukuru weboka Lusitania akanga atosiya - zvichinzi nekuda kwekunetseka kwekufamba nechikepe kuburikidza neiyo Germany yakazivisa pachena nzvimbo yehondo. Zvichakadaro Winston Churchill akanyorera Purezidhendi weBritain’s Board of Trade, kuti: “Zvinokosha zvikuru kukwezva ngarava dzisina kwadzinorerekera kumhenderekedzo dzedu tichitarisira zvikurukuru kubatanidza United States neGermany.”[Ii] Yakanga iri pasi pemurairo wake kuti dziviriro yemauto eBritish yakajairika haina kupihwa kune Lusitania, pasinei nokuti Cunard akanga ataura kuti yakanga iri kutarisira kudzivirirwa ikoko. Kuti iyo Lusitania yakanga yakatakura zvombo nemauto kubatsira maBritish muhondo yekurwisana neGermany zvakasimbiswa neGermany nevamwe vaiona, uye chaiva chokwadi. Kunyura Lusitania chaive chiitiko chinotyisa chekuuraya vanhu vazhinji, asi kwaisave kushamisa kurwiswa nehuipi pamusoro pekunaka kwakachena.

MA1930

MunaGunyana wa1932, Colonel Jack Jouett, mutyairi wendege wemuUS, akatanga kudzidzisa makumi masere emakadhiti pachikoro chitsva chekubhururuka nendege muChina.[Iii] Nechekare, hondo yakanga iri mumhepo. Pana January 17, 1934, Eleanor Roosevelt akaita hurukuro: “Munhu upi noupi anofunga, anofanira kufunga nezvehondo inotevera sokuzviuraya. Takapusa zvakadii kuti tidzidze nhoroondo uye kurarama kuburikidza nezvatinorarama nazvo, uye nekusada kubvumira zvikonzero zvimwe chetezvo kutipinza muchinhu chimwe chete zvakare. "[Iv] Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt pavakashanyira Pearl Harbor musi waChikunguru 28, 1934, General Kunishiga Tanaka akanyora Japan Advertiser, vachishora kuvakwa kwezvikepe zveAmerica uye kugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvigaro muAlaska neAleutian Islands: “Kusazvibata kwakadaro kunoita kuti tinyumwire zvikuru. Zvinoita kuti tifunge kukanganisa kukuru kuri kukurudzirwa nemaune muPacific. Izvi zvinondirwadza zvikuru.”[V]

Muna October 1934, George Seldes akanyora mu Magazini yeHarper: "Icho chinhu chinonyadzisa kuti nyika dzisingagadzirire hondo asi dzehondo." Seldes akabvunza mukuru mukuru weNavy League kuti:
"Iwe unogamuchira mararamiro emvura ayo unogadzirira kurwisana nemauto chaiwo here?"
Murume wacho akapindura "Hongu."
"Iwe unofunga nezvekurwa nemauto eBritain?"
"Zvechokwadi, kwete."
"Unofungidzira hondo neJapan?"
"Ehe."[vi]

Muna 1935 Smedley Butler, makore maviri mushure mekunge akanganisa kupandukira kwaRoosevelt, uye makore mana mushure mekunge amiswa mudare redzimhosva achirondedzera chiitiko apo Benito Mussolini akamhanyira musikana nemotokari yake.[vii], yakabudiswa nekubudirira kukuru bhuku pfupi rinonzi Hondo Ndeye Raketi.[viii] Akanyora kuti:

"Purogiramu imwe neimwe yeCongress mubvunzo wekuwedzera kwemari yevashandi inouya. Vatongi-chair-chair admirals havadanidzi kuti 'Tinoda zvakawanda zvezvombo zvehondo zvehondo kune nyika ino kana rudzi irworwo.' Oo, kwete. Chokutanga pane zvose, vanoita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti America inotyisirwa nesimba guru remvura. Panenge zuva ripi neripi, madiresi aya achakuudza, zvikepe zvikuru zvekuda kuti vavengi zvicharova nokukurumidza nekuparadza vanhu vedu 125,000,000. Saizvozvo. Zvadaro vanotanga kuchema nokuda kwemavhiri makuru. Yechii? Kurwisa muvengi? Oo, kwete. Oo, kwete. Nechinangwa chekudzivirira chete. Zvadaro, zvichiitika, vanozivisa kutungamirira muPacific. For defense. Uh, huh.

“Pacific igungwa guru guru. Tine mhenderekedzo yegungwa yakakura muPacific. Ko mafambisirwo achabva kumahombekombe, mazana maviri kana matatu mamaira? O, kwete. Mafambisirwo achange ari zviuru zviviri, hongu, zvichida mamaira makumi matatu nemazana mashanu, kubva kumahombekombe. MaJapan, vanhu vanodada, chokwadi vachafara zvisingaite kuona ngarava dzeUnited States dziri padyo nemahombekombe eNippon. Kunyange sezvingave zvichifadza vagari veCalifornia dai vaizoona zvisina kujeka, nemumhute yemangwanani, ngarava dzeJapan dzichitamba mumitambo yehondo kubva kuLos Angeles. "

Muna Kurume 1935, Roosevelt akapa Wake Island kuUS Navy uye akapa Pan Am Airways mvumo yekuvaka nzira dzekumhanya paWake Island, Midway Island, uye Guam. Vakuru vemauto eJapan vakazivisa kuti vakanga vavhiringidzwa uye vaiona idzi nhandare dzendege sengozi. Ndizvo zvakaitawo varwiri vorugare muUnited States. Pakazosvika mwedzi wakatevera, Roosevelt akanga aronga mitambo yehondo nekufambisa pedyo neAleutian Islands neMidway Island. Pakasvika mwedzi wakatevera, varatidziri vorugare vakanga vachifora muNew York vachikurudzira ushamwari neJapan. Norman Thomas akanyora muna 1935, kuti: “Murume wokuMars akaona kutambura kwakaita vanhu muhondo yokupedzisira uye kuti vari kugadzirira zvakasimba sei nokuda kwehondo inotevera, yavanoziva kuti ichava yakaipa zvikuru, aizosvika pamhedziso yokuti akanga achitarira kuvavengi. wekupotera kwevapengo.”

Musi waChivabvu 18, 1935, zviuru gumi zvakafora zvichikwira Fifth Avenue muNew York nezvikwangwani nezviratidzo zvaipikisa kuvakwa kwehondo neJapan. Zviitiko zvakafanana zvakadzokororwa kakawanda munguva iyi.[ix] Vanhu vakaita nyaya yerunyararo, nepo hurumende yakashongedzerwa hondo, yakavaka mabhesi ehondo, yakadzidzira hondo muPacific, uye kudzidzira kudzimwa kwemagetsi nekuvanda pakurwisa kwendege kugadzirira vanhu hondo. Mauto eUS Navy akagadzira hurongwa hwayo hwehondo kuJapan. Iyo Kurume 8, 1939, vhezheni yezvirongwa izvi yakatsanangura "hondo inogumbura yenguva refu" yaizoparadza mauto nekukanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi hweJapan.

Mauto eUS akatoronga kurwisa kweJapan kuHawaii, iyo yaaifunga kuti ingangotanga nekukunda chitsuwa cheNi'ihau, kubva kwaizosimuka nendege kunorwisa zvimwe zvitsuwa. US Army Air Corp. Lt. Col. Gerald Brant akaenda kumhuri yekwaRobinson, iyo yaive yaNi'ihau uye nanhasi. Akavakumbira kuti varime miforo pachitsuwa ichi mugridhi, kuti zvisabatsire ndege. Pakati pa1933 na1937, varume vatatu veNi'ihau vakacheka miforo nemagejo aidhonzwa nemanyurusi kana kuti bhiza. Sezvazvakazoitika, maJapan akanga asina hurongwa hwekushandisa Ni'ihau, asi apo ndege yeJapan yakanga ichangobva kurwiswa paPearl Harbor yaifanira kumhara nechimbichimbi, yakamhara paNi'ihau pasinei nezvose zvakaedza kuitwa. mahesera namabhiza.

Musi waChikunguru 21, 1936, mapepanhau ese muTokyo aive nemusoro wakafanana: hurumende yeUS yaikweretesa China miriyoni yeyuan yekutenga nayo zvombo zveUS.[x] Musi waNyamavhuvhu 5, 1937, hurumende yeJapan yakazivisa kuti zvakakanganisika kuti 182 US airmen, imwe neimwe ichiperekedzwa nemakanika maviri, vaizobhururuka nendege muChina.[xi]

Vamwe vakuru veUS neJapan, pamwe nevazhinji vanoita zverunyararo, vakashandira runyararo uye hushamwari mukati memakore aya, vachisundidzira kumashure kuhondo. Mimwe mienzaniso ndeiyi pane iyi link.

1940

Muna Mbudzi 1940, Roosevelt akakwereta China zana remamiriyoni emadhora kuhondo neJapan, uye mushure mekutaurirana neBritish, Munyori weUS Treasury Henry Morgenthau akaita zvirongwa zvekutumira mabhomba eChinese nevashandi vekuUS kuti vashandise mukubhomba Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan. Musi waZvita 21, 1940, Gurukota rezvemari reChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, mutyairi wemauto eUS aishandira maChinese uye anga achivakurudzira kushandisa vatyairi vekuAmerica kubhomba Tokyo kubvira 1937, vakasangana muimba yekudyira yeMorgenthau. kuronga kubhomba moto kweJapan. Morgenthau akati anogona kuita kuti varume vasunungurwe pabasa muUS Army Air Corps kana maChina aizovabhadhara chiuru chemadhora pamwedzi. Nenguva isipi akabvuma.[xii]

Muna 1939-1940, US Navy yakavaka mabhesi matsva ePacific muMidway, Johnston, Palmyra, Wake, Guam, Samoa, uye Hawaii.[xiii]

Muna September, 1940, Japan, Germany, uye Italy dzakasaina chibvumirano chokubatsirana muhondo. Izvi zvaireva kuti vaive United States kuhondo nemumwe wavo, ingangove hondo nevatatu vese.

Musi wa7 Gumiguru, 1940, mutungamiriri weUS Hofisi yeNaval Intelligence Far East Asia Chikamu Arthur McCollum akanyora memo.[xiv] Ainetseka pamusoro pezvingangoitika mune ramangwana Axis kutyisidzira kuBritish zvikepe, kuBritish Empire, uye nekugona kweAllies kuvharira Europe. Akafungidzira nezve theoretical ramangwana Axis kurwisa kuUnited States. Aifunga kuti chiito chakasimba chinogona kutungamirira ku "kuparara kwekutanga kweJapan." Akakurudzira hondo neJapan:

“Apo . . . pane zvishoma zvingaitwe neUnited States kuti nekukasika kudzoreredza mamiriro ezvinhu muEurope, United States inokwanisa kudzima chiito chehasha cheJapan, uye nekuzviita pasina kudzikisa rubatsiro rweUS kuGreat Britain.

“. . . MuPacific United States ine nzvimbo yakasimba yekudzivirira uye mauto emugungwa nemauto emuchadenga pari zvino munyanza iyoyo inokwanisa kuita zvechinhambwe chirefu. Pane zvimwe zvimwe zvinhu izvo panguva ino zviri mukuda kwedu zvakasimba, zvinoti:

1. Philippine Islands ichiri kubatwa neUnited States.
2. Hushamwari uye pamwe hurumende yakabatana mukutonga kweDutch East Indies.
3. MaBritish achiri kubata Hong Kong neSingapore uye anotifarira.
4. Mauto akakosha eChinese achiri mumunda muChina achirwisa Japan.
5. Boka diki reUS Naval Force rinokwanisa kutyisidzira zvakakomba nzira dzekuJapan dzekumaodzanyemba dzatova munzvimbo yemitambo.
6. Mauto akawanda emugungwa echiDutch arikuMabvazuva angave akakosha kana akabatana neUS

“Kufunga nezvezviri pamusoro apa kunoita kuti pave nemhedziso yokuti kukurumidza kurwisa Japan neUnited States kuchaita kuti Japan isakwanise kubatsira Germany neItaly mukurwisa kwavo England uye kuti Japan pachayo yaizotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo. mauto ake emugungwa anogona kumanikidzwa kurwa nemaitiro asina kunaka kana kugamuchira kukurumidza kuparara kwenyika kuburikidza nechisimba chekuvhara. Kuziviswa kwehondo nekukurumidza mushure mekupinda muhurongwa hwakakodzera neEngland neHolland, kwaizonyanya kushanda mukuunza kuparara kweJapan kwekutanga nekudaro kubvisa muvengi wedu murunyararo Germany neItaly isati yatirova zvine mutsindo. Uyezve, kubviswa kweJapan kunofanira kusimbisa chimiro cheBritain kurwisa Germany neItaly uye, nekuwedzera, kuita kwakadai kuchawedzera chivimbo nerutsigiro rwemarudzi ese anowanzoita hushamwari kwatiri.

“Hazvidavirwi kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika aripo iye zvino hurumende yeUnited States inokwanisa kuzivisa hondo neJapan pasina kukakavara; uye hazvitombogoneki kuti kuita kwakasimba kwatiri kungatungamira maJapan kugadzirisa maitiro avo. Saka, nzira inotevera yekuita inokurudzirwa:

1. Ita hurongwa neBritain hwekushandisa mabhesi eBritish muPacific, kunyanya Singapore.
2. Ita hurongwa neHolland kuitira kushandiswa kwezvivakwa zvepasi uye kutora zvekushandisa muDutch East Indies.
3. Ipa rubatsiro rwese rwunobvira kuhurumende yeChina yeChiang-Kai-Shek.
4. Tumira chikamu chevarefu vezvikepe zvinorema kuOrient, Philippines, kana Singapore.
5. Tumira zvikamu zviviri zvezvikepe zvepasi pemvura kuMabvazuva.
6. Chengetedza simba guru rezvikepe zveUS ikozvino muPacific munharaunda yeHawaiian Islands.
7. Rambaidzira kuti maDutch arambe kupa zvinodiwa neJapan zvezvibvumirano zvisina kufanira zvehupfumi, kunyanya mafuta.
8. Kurambidza zvachose kutengeserana kweUS neJapan, mukubatana nechirango chakafanana chakaiswa neBritish Empire.

"Kana nenzira idzi Japan yaigona kutungamirwa kuita chiito chehondo pachena, zviri nani. Pazviitiko zvese tinofanira kunge takagadzirira kubvuma kutyisidzira kwehondo. "

Sekureva kwemunyori wenhoroondo dzemauto eUS Army Conrad Crane, "Kunyatsoverenga [kwememo iri pamusoro] kunoratidza kuti kurudziro dzayo dzaifanira kumisa uye kuve neJapan, uku ichigadzirira zvirinani United States kurwisana kweramangwana muPacific. Pane chirevo chisiri chechokwadi chekuti chiitiko chehondo cheJapan chaizoita kuti zvive nyore kuwana rutsigiro rweveruzhinji nezvezviitwa zvekupokana neJapan, asi chinangwa chegwaro racho chaive chisiri chekuona kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika. "[xv]

Kupokana kuri pakati pekududzirwa kwememo iyi nemamwe magwaro akafanana ndeenhema. Hapana anotenda kuti memo yataurwa pamusoro yaive yakanangana nekutaurirana runyararo kana kubvisa zvombo kana kudzika mutemo wezvemhirizhonga. Vamwe vanofunga kuti chinangwa chaiva chokuti hondo itange asi kukwanisa kuipomera Japan. Vamwe vanofunga kuti chinangwa chaive chekugadzirira kuti hondo itange, uye kutora matanho anogona kunyandura Japan kuti itange imwe, asi panzvimbo pacho - zvaisaita - kutyisidzira Japan kubva munzira dzayo dzechiuto. Iyi nhanho yekukakavadzana inoshandura hwindo reOverton kuita gomba rekiyi. Igakava rakadzoserwawo mukutarisisa kana imwe yemazano masere ari pamusoro - iyo yekuchengeta ngarava muHawaii - yaive chikamu chehurongwa husina kunaka hwekuita kuti ngarava dzakawanda dziparadzwe mukurwiswa kunoshamisa (kwete zano rakanyanya kubudirira. , sezvo zvikepe zviviri chete zvakaparadzwa zvachose).

Kwete chete iyo pfungwa imwe chete - iyo yakakosha ine kana isina chirongwa chakadaro - asi ese masere kurudziro akaitwa memo kana nhanho dzakafanana nadzo dzakateverwa. Matanho aya aive akanangana nemaune kana netsaona (musiyano wakanaka) kutanga hondo, uye vanoita kunge vakashanda. Kushanda pane zvakurudziro, zvakangoitika kana kuti kwete, zvakatanga muna Gumiguru 8, 1940, zuva rakatevera chairo mushure mekunyora memo. Pazuva iro, Dhipatimendi reUS State rakaudza vanhu vekuAmerica kuti vabve kuEast Asia. Zvakare pazuva iroro, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akaraira kuti zvikepe zvichengetwe muHawaii. Admiral James O. Richardson akanyora gare gare kuti akanga ashora zvakasimba chirevo chacho uye chinangwa chacho. “Nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare,” iye akanokora mashoko Roosevelt seakataura, “vaJapan vaizoita chiito chakananga mukurwisana neUnited States uye rudzi rwaizodisa kupinda muhondo.”[xvi]

PAKUTANGA 1941

Richardson akarerutsirwa basa rake musi waKukadzi 1, 1941, saka pamwe akanyepa nezvaRoosevelt seaimbova mushandi aishungurudzika. Kana kuti zvimwe kubuda mumabasa akadaro muPacific mumazuva iwayo kwakanga kuri kufamba kwakakurumbira kwaiitwa naavo vaigona kuona zvakanga zvichiuya. Admiral Chester Nimitz akaramba kuraira Pacific Fleet. Mwanakomana wake, Chester Nimitz Jr. gare gare akaudza History Channel kuti kufunga kwababa vake kwakanga kwave kwakafanana: “Ndinofunga kuti maJapan achatirwisa mukurwisa kusingakarirwi. Pachava nekumukira munyika kune vese vanotungamira mugungwa, uye ivo vachatsiviwa nevanhu vane zvigaro zvepamusoro pamahombekombe, uye ini ndinoda kuva kumahombekombe, kwete mugungwa, kana izvozvo zvikaitika. "[xvii]

Mukutanga kwa1941, vakuru vemauto eUS neBritish vakasangana kuti varonge zano ravo rekukunda Germany uyezve Japan, United States payaive muhondo. Muna Kubvumbi, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akatanga kuita kuti zvikepe zveUS zvizivise mauto eBritish nezvenzvimbo dzeGerman U-bhoti nendege. Akabva atanga kubvumira kutumirwa kwezvinhu kuvarwi veBritish kuNorth Africa. Germany yakapomera Roosevelt kuti "aedza nepese paanogona kumutsa zviitiko nechinangwa chekupinza vanhu veAmerica muhondo."[xviii]

MunaJanuary 1941, the Japan Advertiser yakaratidza kushatirwa kwayo pamusoro pekuvakwa kwemauto eUS paPearl Harbor mune imwe nyaya, uye mumiriri weUS kuJapan akanyora mudhayari yake kuti: “Pane hurukuro zhinji mudhorobha pamusoro pekuti maJapan, kana vakambozorora. United States, vari kuronga kuenda vese mukushamisika kwevanhu vakawanda paPearl Harbor. Chokwadi ndakazivisa hurumende yangu.”[xix] Musi waFebruary 5, 1941, Mushure weAdmiral Richmond Kelly Turner akanyorera Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson kuti anyevere pamusoro pekukwanisa kushamiswa kushamiswa paPearl Harbor.

Pana April 28, 1941, Churchill akanyora nhungamiro yapachivande kudare remakurukota rake rehondo: “Kungagona kutorwa sechinodokuva chechokwadi kuti kupinda kweJapan muhondo kwaizoteverwa nokupinda kwapakarepo kweUnited States kudivi redu.” Musi waMay 24, 1941, iyo New York Times yakashuma nezvekudzidziswa kweUS kwemauto emuchadenga eChinese, uye kupihwa kwe "ndege zhinji dzekurwa nekubhomba" kuChina neUnited States neBritain. “Kubhomba Kwemaguta eJapan Kuri Kutarisirwa” wakaverenga musoro muduku.[xx] Musi waMay 31, 1941, kuKeep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin akapa yambiro inotyisa: "Kuramwa zvachose kwehupfumi kuJapan, kumiswa kwekutumirwa kwemafuta semuenzaniso, kwaizosundira Japan mumaoko eAxis. Hondo yezvehupfumi yaizotangisa muhondo yemauto nemauto. ”[xxi]

Musi waChikunguru 7, 1941, mauto eUS akatora Iceland.

Pakazosvika Chikunguru, 1941, Joint Army-Navy Board yakanga yabvumidza chirongwa chainzi JB 355 kubhomba Japan. Kambani yepamberi yaizotenga ndege dzeAmerica kuti dzifambiswe nevazvipiri vekuAmerica. Roosevelt akabvumidza, uye nyanzvi yake yeChina Lauchlin Currie, mumashoko aNicholson Baker, "akanyorera Madame Chiang Kai-Shek naClaire Chennault tsamba yaikumbira kubvunzurudzwa nevasori veJapan." The 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) yeChinese Air Force, inozivikanwawo seFlying Tigers, yakaenderera mberi nekutsvaga nekudzidziswa pakarepo, yakapiwa kuChina pamberi pePearl Harbor, uye yakatanga kuona hondo musi waZvita 20, 1941.[xxii]

Musi waChikunguru 9, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akakumbira vakuru vakuru vemauto eUnited States kuti varonge hurongwa hwehondo kuGermany nevatsigiri vayo uye neJapan. Tsamba yake achiita izvi yakataurwa zvizere mumushumo wenhau muna Zvita 4, 1941 - yaive nguva yekutanga veruzhinji veUS kunzwa chero chinhu nezvazvo. Ona December 4, 1941, pasi apa.

Pana Chikunguru 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt vakati, “Dai tikadimbura oiri, [maJapan] zvimwe angadai akadzika kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye mungadai makava nehondo. Zvakanga zvakakosha kubva pamaonero edu eudyire ekudzivirira kudzivirira hondo kubva kutanga muSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wekune dzimwe nyika waive uchiedza kumisa hondo kubva ipapo. "[xxiii] Vatori venhau vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati "aive" pane kuti "ari." Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akabudisa mutemo mukuru wekugadzirisa zvinhu zveJapan. United States neBritain dzakagura oiri nesimbi dzakaraswa kuJapan. Radhabinod Pal, mumiriri weIndia akashanda mudare remhosva dzehondo mushure mehondo, akawana zvirambidzo izvi sekutyisidzira kuJapan.[xxiv]

Musi waAugust 7, 1941, the Japan Times Advertiser akanyora kuti: "Kutanga kwaiva nekusika kwepamusoro peSingapore, yakasimudzirwa zvikuru nemauto eBritish uye Empire. Kubva iri hubhu gumbo guru rakavakwa uye rakabatanidzwa nemaodzanyemba eAmerica kuumba rhete rukuru rinowedzera munzvimbo huru kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kubva kuPhilippines kuburikidza neMalaya neBurma, nechisungo chakakoromoka chete muTeniland peninsula. Iye zvino zvinorongerwa kuisa zvishoma kumativi akapoteredza, izvo zvinosvika kuRangoon. "[xxv]

Musi waNyamavhuvhu 12, 1941, Roosevelt akasangana muchivande naChurchill muNewfoundland (apo asingateereri zvikumbiro zveMutungamiriri weJapan kuti aite musangano) uye akagadzira Atlantic Charter, iyo yakaratidza zvinangwa zvehondo zvehondo iyo United States yakanga isati yave pamutemo. in. Churchill akakumbira Roosevelt kuti apinde muhondo nokukurumidza, asi akaramba. Pashure peuyu musangano wapachivande, pana August 18^th, Churchill akasangana nekabhineti yake kumashure ku10 Downing Street muLondon. Churchill akaudza dare remakurukota, maererano nemaminitsi kuti: “Mutungamiriri we[US] akanga ati acharwa hondo asi asingazvizivise, uye kuti aizoramba achiwedzera kutsamwa. Kana maGermany aisazvifarira, vaigona kurwisa mauto eAmerica. Zvose zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidzira ‘chiitiko’ chaigona kutungamirira kuhondo.”[xxvi]

Churchill gare gare (January 1942) akataura muHouse of Commons, kuti: “Wave uri muitiro weDare roUmambo pasinei zvapo nokudzivisa kubatanidzwa neJapan kutozosvikira tava nechokwadi chokuti United States yaizobatanidzwawo. . . Kune rumwe rutivi mukana, kubva kuAlantic Conference yandakakurukura nyaya idzi naMutungamiri Roosevelt, kuti United Slates, kunyange kana isina kurwisa, ichauya muhondo kuFar East, uye nokudaro kuita kuti kukunda kwekupedzisira kuve nechokwadi, zvaiita sokuderedza funganyo uye kuti tarisiro haina kukanganiswa nezviitiko.”

VeBritish propagandists vaive vaitawo nharo kubvira 1938 nekushandisa Japan kuunza United States muhondo.[xxvii] PaAtlantic Conference musi waAugust 12, 1941, Roosevelt akavimbisa Churchill kuti United States yaizounza dzvinyiriro yezvemari kuti itakure Japan.[xxviii] Mukati mesvondo rimwe chete, Economic Defense Board yakatanga zvirango zvehupfumi.[xxix] Pana September 3, 1941, Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUnited States rakatumira Japan chikumbiro chokuti ibvume musimboti wokuti “kusavhiringidzwa kwemamiriro akaita zvinhu muPacific,” zvichireva kuti kurega kuchinja nyika dzeEurope kuva nyika dzeJapan.[xxx] Nenguva yaSeptember 1941 mutambi weJapane wakatsamwiswa kuti United States yakanga yatanga kutumira mafuta kumaJapan kusvika kuRussia. Japan, mapepanhau ayo akati, akanga achifa rufu runononoka kubva "kuhondo yezvemari."[xxxi] MunaGunyana, 1941, Roosevelt akazivisa mutemo we "kupfura pakuona" kune chero zvikepe zveGerman kana zvekuItaly mumvura dzeUS.

KUTENGESWA KWEHONDO

Pana October 27, 1941, Roosevelt akaita hurukuro[xxxii]:

“Mwedzi mishanu yapfuura manheru ano ndakazivisa vanhu vekuAmerica kuvepo kwemamiriro enjodzi asingaperi. Kubva ipapo zvakawanda zvakaitika. Mauto edu neNavy ari kwechinguva muIceland mukudzivirira kweWestern Hemisphere. Hitler akarwisa ngarava munzvimbo dziri pedyo neAmerica muNorth neSouth Atlantic. Ngarava zhinji dzevatengesi veAmerica dzakanyudzwa mumakungwa makuru. Mumwe muparadzi weAmerica akarwiswa munaGunyana. Mumwe muparadzi akarwiswa ndokurohwa musi waGumiguru wegumi nenomwe. Varume gumi nemumwe vakashinga uye vakavimbika veNazi yedu vakaurayiwa nemaNazi. Takashuvira kunzvenga kupfura. Asi kupfura kwatanga. Uye nhoroondo yakanyora kuti ndiani akaridza pfuti yekutanga. Mukufamba kwenguva, zvakadaro, zvese zvichave zvakakosha ndezvekuti ndiani akaridza pfuti yekupedzisira. America yakarwiswa. The USS Kearny hachisi chikepe chemauto chete. Ndewemurume wese, mukadzi nemwana murudzi urwu. Illinois, Alabama, California, North Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Texas, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Arkansas, New York, Virginia - idzi ndidzo matunhu emusha wevanoremekedzwa vakafa uye vakakuvara Kearny. Torpedo yaHitler yakanangidzirwa kumunhu wese weAmerica angave achigara kumahombekombe egungwa kana mukati mechikamu chenyika, kure nemakungwa uye kure nepfuti nematangi emhomho inofora yevanoda kuva vakundi vepasi. Chinangwa chekurwisa kwaHitler chaive chekutyisidzira vanhu vekuAmerica kubva kumakungwa makuru - kutimanikidza kuti tidzoke tichidedera. Aka hakasi kekutanga kufunga zvisizvo mweya wekuAmerica. Mweya iwoyo wamutswa zvino.”

Ngarava yakanyura munaGunyana 4 yaive iyo Greer. Mukuru weUS Naval Operations Harold Stark akapupura pamberi peSeneti Naval Affairs Committee kuti Greer yanga ichironda ngarava yepasi pemvura yeGerman uye ichidzosera kwairi kundege yeBritish, iyo yakanga yadonhedza mhosva dzakadzama pangarava yepasi pemvura pasina budiriro. Mushure memaawa ekuteverwa na Greer, submarine yakatendeuka ndokupfura.

Ngarava yakanyura muna Gumiguru 17, iyo Kearny, kwaive kudzokororwa kwe Greer. Inogona kunge yakange iri yemweya wemuAmerica wese nezvimwe zvakadaro, asi yakanga isiri mhosva. Kwakanga kuri kutora chikamu muhondo iyo United States yakanga isati yapinda zviri pamutemo, kuti veruzhinji veUS vaipikisa zvakasimba kupinda, asi kuti mutungamiri weUS aida kuenderera mberi. Mutungamiri iyeye akaenderera mberi achiti:

"Dai mutemo wedu wenyika waizodzorwa nekutya kupfura, saka zvikepe zvedu zvese uye izvo zvehanzvadzi yedu Republics zvaifanira kusungirirwa muzviteshi zvemumba. Yedu Navy yaizofanira kugara neruremekedzo-yakashata-kuseri kwechero mutsara ungatemerwa naHitler pagungwa chero ripi zvaro seyake yakasarudzika vhezheni yenzvimbo yake yehondo. Sezvineiwo tinoramba zano iroro risina musoro uye rinotuka. Tinozviramba nokuda kwezvido zvedu pachedu, nokuda kwokuzviremekedza kwedu pachedu, nokuti, kupfuura zvose, kutenda kwedu kwakanaka. Rusununguko rwemakungwa iko zvino, sezvazvagara zvakadaro, mutemo unokosha wehurumende yako neyangu. "

Iyi gakava remastrawman rinotsamira pakunyepedzera kuti ngarava dzisina mhosva dzisingapindi muhondo dzakarwiswa, uye kuti chiremerera chemunhu chinoenderana nekutumira ngarava dzehondo kutenderera pasirese makungwa. Kuedza kwakajeka kuri pachena kunyengedza veruzhinji, izvo Roosevelt aifanira kunge akabhadhara mari kune vanoparadzira veWWI. Iye zvino tasvika kune chirevo chekuti Mutungamiriri anoita kunge akafunga kuti achagadzirisa nyaya yake yehondo. Inyaya yakavakirwa pachokwadi pane yekunyepedzera yeBritish, izvo zvinoita kuti zvigone kuitika kuti Roosevelt aitotenda zvaaitaura:

"Hitler agara achiratidzira kuti zvirongwa zvake zvekukunda hazvipfuurire mhiri kweAtlantic Ocean. Asi ngarava dzake dzepasi pemvura nevapambi vanoratidza zvakasiyana. Ndizvo zvinoitawo gadziriro yose yenhevedzano yenyika yake itsva. Somuenzaniso, ndine mepu yakavanzika yakaitwa muGermany nehurumende yaHitler—nevanoronga nhevedzano yenyika itsva. Imepu yeSouth America uye chikamu cheCentral America, sekufunga kwaHitler kurongazve. Nhasi munzvimbo iyi mune nyika gumi neina dzakasiyana. Nyanzvi dzenzvimbo yeBerlin, zvisinei, dzakadzima noutsinye mitsetse yose iripo; uye vakakamura South America kuva nyika shanu dzevassal, vachiunza kondinendi yose pasi pokutonga kwavo. Uye ivo vakazvirongawo zvekuti dunhu reimwe yeidzi matoyi matsva anosanganisira Republic of Panama uye mutsara wedu wehupenyu - iyo Panama Canal. Ndiro zano rake. Hazvizombofa zvakatanga kushanda. Mepu iyi inojekesa dhizaini yeNazi kwete kuSouth America chete asi neUnited States pachayo. "

Roosevelt akagadzirisa kutaura uku kuti abvise chirevo chechokwadi chemepu. Akaramba kuratidza mepu kune vezvenhau kana veruzhinji. Haana kutaura kuti mepu yacho yakabva kupi, kuti akaibatanidza sei naHitler, kana kuti yakaratidza dhizaini yakatarisana neUnited States, kana-nezvenyaya iyoyo - kuti munhu angave akacheka sei Latin America uye asingasanganisire Panama.

Paakave Mutungamiriri muna 1940, Churchill akanga amisa sangano rainzi British Security Coordination (BSC) nechinangwa chekushandisa chero nzira dzakasviba dzinodiwa kuti United States ipinde muhondo. Iyo BSC yakadzingwa pamaturo matatu eRockefeller Center muNew York nemumwe wekuCanada anonzi William Stephenson - muenzaniso waJames Bond, maererano naIan Fleming. Yakamhanyisa nhepfenyuro yayo, WRUL, uye sangano revatori venhau, Overseas News Agency (ONA). Mazana kana zviuru zvevashandi veBSC, gare gare kusanganisira Roald Dahl, vakaramba vakabatikana kutumira manyepo kune vezvenhau vekuUS, vachigadzira vazivi venyeredzi kufanotaura kufa kwaHitler, uye kugadzira makuhwa enhema ezvombo zvitsva zvine simba zveBritish. Roosevelt ainyatsoziva nezvebasa reBSC, sezvaive zvakaita FBI.

Sekureva kwaWilliam Boyd, munyori wemabhuku akaongorora sangano iri, "BSC yakashandura mutambo wehupenzi unonzi 'Vik' - 'mutambo mutsva unonakidza kune vanoda democracy'. Zvikwata zvevatambi veVik muUSA zvakanwisa mapoinzi zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekunyara uye kushatirwa kwavakakonzera vatsigiri veNazi. Vatambi vakakurudzirwa kuti vapinde mukutambudza kuduku-kuramba vachifona 'wrong number' usiku; makonzo akafa akadonhera mumatangi emvura; kuraira zvipo zvinorema kuti zviunzwe, mari pakutumira, kunangwa kero; kudzima matayi emotokari; kuhaya vaimbi vomumugwagwa kuti vaidze ‘Mwari Ponesai Mambo’ kunze kwedzimba dzevatsigiri veNazi, zvichingodaro.”[xxxiii]

Ivar Bryce, aive muramu waWalter Lippman uye shamwari yaIan Fleming, akashandira BSC, uye muna 1975 akaburitsa memoir achiti ndiye akagadzira ipapo gwaro rekutanga remepu yeNazi yenhema yaRoosevelt, yakanga yatenderwa naStephenson uye. yakarongwa kuti iwanikwe nehurumende yeUnited States nenyaya yenhema nezvekwakabva.[xxxiv] Kuti FBI uye/kana Roosevelt anga ari muhunyengeri hazvina kujeka. Pamitambo yese yakadhonzwa nevamiriri ve "njere" mumakore apfuura, iyi yaive imwe yeakanyanya kubudirira, asi ane hwamanda shoma, sezvo maBritish achifanirwa kuve mubatsiri weUS. Vaverengi vemabhuku vekuUS nevatambi vemabhaisikopo vaizorasa rombo rakanaka mukuyemura James Bond, kunyangwe mhando yake yehupenyu chaihwo yakaedza kuvanyengera kupinda muhondo yakaipisisa isati yamboonekwa nenyika.

Zvechokwadi, Germany yakanga ichitamburira muhondo yakakweverwa neSoviet Union, uye yakanga isina kushinga kupinda muEngland. Kutora South America kwaisazoitika. Hapana rekodhi yemepu yekunyepedzera yakamboonekwa muGermany, uye fungidziro yekuti neimwe nzira panogona kunge paine mumvuri wechokwadi kwairi inoratidzika kunge yakaomerwa mumamiriro echikamu chinotevera chekutaura kwaRoosevelt, umo aiti aive nerimwe gwaro iro. haanawo kumboratidza chero munhu uye angave asina kumbovapo, uye zvirimo zvanga zvisingatomboitike:

“Hurumende yenyu ine rimwe gwaro rakaitwa muGermany nehurumende yaHitler. Icho chirongwa chakadzama, icho, nezvikonzero zviri pachena, maNazi aisada uye haadi kushambadza pari zvino, asi izvo zvavanenge vakagadzirira kuisa - zvishoma gare gare - pane nyika inotongwa - kana Hitler akakunda. Iro hurongwa hwekubvisa zvitendero zvese zviripo - Protestant, Catholic, Mohammedan, Hindu, Buddha, nemaJuda zvakafanana. Zvivakwa zvemakereke ese zvichatorwa neReich nezvidhori zvayo. Muchinjikwa nezvimwe zviratidzo zvose zvechitendero zvinofanira kurambidzwa. Vafundisi vanofanira kunyaradzwa nokusingaperi muchirango chemisasa yechibharo, uko kunyange zvino varume vasingatyi vakawanda kwazvo vari kutambudzwa nemhaka yokuti vakaisa Mwari pamusoro paHitler. Panzvimbo yemachechi ebudiriro yedu, panofanira kugadzwa International Nazi Church - chechi iyo ichashandirwa navatauri vakatumwa neHurumende yeNazi. Muchinzvimbo cheBhaibheri, mazwi aMein Kampf anozoiswa nekumisikidzwa seChinyorwa Chitsvene. Uye panzvimbo yemuchinjikwa waKristu ichaiswa zviratidzo zviviri - swastika uye munondo usina kupfeka. Mwari weRopa neSimbi achatora nzvimbo yaMwari weRudo neTsitsi. Ngatifungisisei mashoko andataura manheru ano.”

Hazvina maturo kutaura, izvi zvakanga zvisina kuvakirwa muchokwadi; chitendero chaiitwa pachena munyika dzaidzorwa neNazi, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakanga zvichangobva kudzorerwa pashure pokusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari kwaiiswa neSoviet, uye menduru idzo vaNazi vaipa vatsigiri vavo vakurusa dzakanga dzakaumbwa semichinjikwa. Asi mukana wekupinda muhondo yerudo netsitsi kwaive kubata kwakanaka. Zuva rakatevera, mutori wenhau akakumbira kuona mepu yaRoosevelt uye akarambwa. Sekuziva kwangu, hapana kana akakumbira kuona rimwe gwaro iri. Zvinogoneka kuti vanhu vakanzwisisa kuti izvi hazvisi chirevo chechokwadi chekuve negwaro chairo rinazvo, asi kudzivirira chitendero chitsvene kune zvakaipa - kwete chimwe chinhu chingabvunzwa nekukahadzika kana kukomba. Roosevelt akaenderera mberi achiti:

“Idzi zvokwadi dzinosuruvarisa dzandakakuudzai pamusoro pezvirongwa zvazvino uye zvomunguva yemberi zvechiHitler zvamazvirokwazvo zvicharambwa zvikuru nhasi uye mangwana munhau inodzorwa neredhiyo yeAxis Powers. Uye vamwe vanhu vekuAmerica - kwete vazhinji - vacharamba vachisimbirira kuti hurongwa hwaHitler hahufanire kutinetsa - uye kuti isu hatifanirwe kuzvinetsa nechero chinhu chinopfuura kupfuura pfuti yemahombekombe edu. Kuratidzira kwevagari vemuAmerica ava - vashoma muhuwandu -, semazuva ese, kuchaitwa nekuombera maoko kuburikidza nenhepfenyuro yeAxis neredhiyo mukati memazuva mashoma anotevera, mukuyedza kunyengerera pasirese kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuAmerica vanopokana nevakasarudzwa nemazvo. Hurumende, uye muchokwadi vari kungomirira kusvetukira pangoro yebhendi yaHitler kana yasvika nenzira iyi. Chinangwa chevaAmerica vakadaro handicho chiri kunetsa. "

Aiwa, poindi inoita kunge yanga iri yekuganhurira vanhu kune mbiri sarudzo uye kuvapinza muhondo.

“Chokwadi ndechekuti propaganda yeNazi inoenderera neshungu yekubata mashoko ari ega sehumbowo hwekusabatana kweAmerica. MaNazi vakagadzira yavo rondedzero yemagamba emazuva ano eAmerica. Iri, rombo rakanaka, rondedzero pfupi. Ndinofara kuti harina zita rangu. Isu tose vanhu vekuAmerica, vemaonero ese, takatarisana nesarudzo pakati perudzi rwenyika yatinoda kugara mairi nerudzi rwenyika iyo Hitler nemapoka ake aizoisa patiri. Hapana mumwe wedu anoda kuchera pasi pevhu ogara murima rakazara sechipfuko chakanaka. Kufora kwemberi kwaHitler uye kweHitlerism kunogona kumiswa - uye kuchamiswa. Zvakapusa uye zvakapusa - takatsidzira kukweva kwedu pachedu mukuparadzwa kweHitlerism. Uye apo tinenge tabetsera kugumisa kushurikidzwa kwechiHitler tichabetsera kutanga rugare rutsva urwo ruchapa kuvanhu vane tsika munzvimbo iri yose banza riri nani rokurarama nokubudirira muchengeteko nomurusununguko nomukutenda. Zuva rega rega rinopfuura tiri kugadzira nekupa zvombo zvakawanda zvevarume vari kurwa panhandare dzehondo chaidzo. Ndiro basa redu rekutanga. Uye chido chenyika kuti maoko akakosha aya nezviwanikwa zvemarudzi ese zvirege kuvharirwa muzviteshi zvengarava zveAmerica kana kutumirwa pasi pegungwa. Chido chenyika kuti America iunze zvinhu. Mukushora pachena kuda ikoko, zvikepe zvedu zvakanyura uye vafambisi vedu vezvikepe vakaurayiwa. "

Pano Roosevelt anobvuma kuti zvikepe zveUnited States zvakanyura neGermany zvakabatanidzwa mukutsigira hondo neGermany. Anongoita seanotenda zvakanyanya kukosha kugonesa ruzhinji rweUS kuti yatova muhondo pane kuenderera mberi nekutaura kuti ngarava dzakarwiswa dzaive dzisina mhosva.

KUPERA KWA1941

Mukupera kwaGumiguru, 1941, musori weUS Edgar Mowrer akataura nemumwe murume muManila anonzi Ernest Johnson, nhengo yeMaritime Commission, uyo akati aitarisira "VaJaps vachatora Manila ndisati ndabuda." Mowrer paakaratidza kushamisika, Johnson akapindura, "Hamuna kuziva here kuti ngarava dzeJap dzaenda kumabvazuva, zvichida kunorwisa ngarava dzedu paPearl Harbor?"[xxxv]

Musi waNovember 3, 1941, mumiriri weUnited States kuJapan, Joseph Grew, akaedza - kwete kekutanga - kutaura chimwe chinhu kuhurumende yake, hurumende yakanga isingakwanisi kunzwisisa, kana kuti yakabatanidzwa mukuronga hondo, kana zvose zviri zviviri. , asi izvo zvamazvirokwazvo zvakanga zvisingambofungi kushandira rugare. Grew akatumira teregiramu refu kuDhipatimendi reHurumende yambiro kuti zvirango zvehupfumi zvakatemerwa neUnited States zvinogona kumanikidza Japan kuita "hara-kiri yenyika." Akanyora kuti: “Kurwisana neUnited States kungauya nengozi uye kamwe kamwe.[xxxvi]

Mubhuku ra2022 Diplomats & Admirals, Dale A. Jenkins magwaro akadzokororwa, kuedza kwokupererwa nezano kwakaitwa naMutungamiriri wehurumende yeJapan Fumimaro Konoe kuwana mu-munhu, musangano-mumwe-mumwe neFDR kuti vataurirane runyararo nenzira iyo hurumende yeJapan nemauto vaizofanira kugamuchira. Jenkins anonokora mashoko tsamba yakabva kuna Grew achitaura kutenda kwake kuti ikoku kungadai kwakashanda, kudai US yakabvuma kumusangano wacho. Jenkins anonyorawo kuti vagari vemuUS (Hull, Stimson, Knowx), kusiyana nevatungamiriri vemauto eUS, vaitenda kuti hondo neJapan yaizokurumidza uye inoguma nekukunda kuri nyore. Jenkins anoratidzawo kuti Hull akafurirwa neChina neBritain kurwisa chero chinhu kunze kweruvengo nekumanikidza Japan.

Musi waNovember 6, 1941, Japan yakaronga chibvumirano neUnited States chaisanganisira kubviswa kweJapan kubva kuChina. United States yakaramba chirevo ichi munaNovember 14^th.[xxxvii]

Musi waNovember 15, 1941, Mukuru Wemauto eUnited States, George Marshall, akaudza vezvenhau nezvechimwe chinhu chatisingayeuki se“Marshall Plan.” Kutaura zvazviri hatizvirangariri zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inogumburisa kurwisa Japan," akadaro Marshall, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengete chakavanzika, izvo sekuziva kwangu vakaita nemazvo.[xxxviii] Marshall akaudza Congress muna 1945 kuti United States yakanga yatanga zvibvumirano zveAnglo-Dutch-America zvekuita zvakabatana kurwisa Japan uye zvakatanga kushanda pamberi paZvita 7.^th.[xxxix]

Pana November 20, 1941, Japan yakakarakadza chibvumirano chitsva neUnited States nokuda kworugare nebatira pamwe pakati pamarudzi maviri.[xl]

Musi waNovember 25, 1941, Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akanyora mubhuku rake kuti akanga asangana muOval Office naMarshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Munyori weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Munyori weHurumende Cordell Hull. Roosevelt akanga avaudza kuti maJapan sezvingabvira aizorwisa nokukurumidza, sezvinobvira Muvhuro unotevera, December 1, 1941. “Mubvunzo,” akanyora kudaro Stimson, “wakanga uri nzira yatinofanira kuvapinza nayo munzvimbo yokupfura pfuti yokutanga tisingabvumiri ngozi yakawandisa. kwatiri. Yakanga iri pfungwa yakaoma. "

Musi waNovember 26, 1941, United States yakapikisa chirevo cheJapan chemazuva matanhatu apfuura.[xli] Muchikumbiro ichi, dzimwe nguva chinodaidzwa kuti Hull Note, dzimwe nguva Hull Ultimatum, United States yaida kubviswa kwakazara kweJapan kubva kuChina, asi hapana kubuda kweUS kubva kuPhilippine kana kumwe kuPacific. MaJapan akaramba chikumbiro chacho. Hapana nyika, zvinoita sekunge, yakadyara kure zviwanikwa munhaurirano idzi dzavakaita mukugadzirira hondo. Henry Luce akataura nezvazvo upenyu yaJuly 20, 1942, ku“vaChina vakanga vaudzwa neUnited States chirevo chakaunza Pearl Harbor.”[xlii]

"Mukupera kwaNovember," maererano neGallup polling, 52% yevaAmerica vakaudza vavhoti veGallup kuti United States yaizorwa neJapan "imwe nguva munguva pfupi iri kutevera."[xliii] Hondo yaisazoshamisa kune inopfuura hafu yenyika, kana kuhurumende yeUS.

Musi waMbudzi 27, 1941, Rear Admiral Royal Ingersoll akatumira yambiro yehondo neJapan kumirairo mina yehondo. Musi waMbudzi 28, Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark akaitumira zvakare nemurairo wakawedzerwa: "KANA RURWERE RUKATAURWA KUDZOKODZWA ZVINODA KUTI JAPAN Iite CHEKUTANGA CHETE."[xliv] Pana November 28, 1941, Mutevedzeri Wemutungamiriri William F. Halsey, Jr., akapa mirayiridzo yoku“pfura pasi chinhu chipi nechipi chatinoona mudenga uye kubhomba chinhu chipi nechipi chatinoona mugungwa.”[xlv] Musi waNovember 30, 1941, iyo Honolulu Advertiser yaiva nomusoro mukuru waiti “Kurova KwemaJapan Pakupera Kwevhiki.”[xlvi] Musi waZvita 2, 1941, iyo New York Times yakashuma kuti Japan yakanga “yabviswa painenge 75 muzana yebhizimisi rayo renguva dzose nedziviriro yeNyika Dzakabatana.”[xlvii] Mune memo ine mapeji makumi maviri muna Zvita 20, 4, Hofisi yeNaval Intelligence yakayambira, "Mukutarisira kukakavara kwapachena nenyika ino, Japan iri kushandisa nesimba rese sangano riripo kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemauto, mauto ehondo uye ezvekutengesa, ichinyanya kukoshesa West Coast, Panama Canal, uye Territory yeHawaii.”[xlviii]

Musi waZvita 1, 1941, Admiral Harold Stark Admiral Harold Stark, Mukuru weNaval Operations, akatumira radiograph kuna Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Mutungamiriri Mukuru weU.S. Asiatic Fleet ari kuManila, Philippines: “MUTUNGAMIRIRIDZO WAMUTUNGAMIRIRIRO WOKUTI ZVINOTEVERA ZVINOITWA NEKUNOGONA UYE MUMAZUVA MAVIRI KANA ZVINOGONA ACHATAMIRA KUTAURA UYU. CHARTER MITATU MIDZIYA DIKI KUUMBA A QUOTE DZIVIRIRO YEKUDZIVIRA PATROL UNQUOTE. ZVINODIWA ZVINHU ZVINODIWA KUTI ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINO ZVINHU ZVINODIWA KUTI VARUME VAKURU VARI KUUNITED STATES VARI KURWIRA NEMUKURU WEMVURA UYE KUKWEDZA PFUTI DIKI NEFUTI MUMWE ZVINOKWANIRA. FILIPINO CREWS VAGONA KUSHANDWA NEZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOGONA KUITA CHINANGWA CHEKUTEERERA NEKUTAURWA NERADIO JAPANESE MOVEMENTS MUMADOKERO CHINA SEA NEGULF OF SIAM. CHINHU CHIMWE CHEKUMIRIRA PAKATI PAHAINAN NEHUE MUDZIDZI UMWE KUBVA PAINDO-CHINA COAST PAKATI PACAMRANH BAY NECAPE ST. JACQUES UYE MUDZIDZI UMWE KUBVA PAPOINTE DE CAMAU. KUSHANDISWA KWE Isabel AKAREVEDZERWA NEMUTUNGAMIRIRI SEIMWE YEMIYORO MATATU ASI ASI MIMWE MIYOYO YENaval. MASHURA MATANHU ANOITWA KUITA MAONERO Evatungamiri. Panguva imwecheteyo NDIZIVISEI SEKUTI NDEIPI MATANHU ANOGARA ACHIITWA PANYANJA NEVOSE MAUTO NE NAVY ZVINO ZVINO ZVINO ZVINO ZVINOBVA NEZVIMBO ZVEMHENGA KANA ZVINHU ZVIRI MUKATI UYE MAONERO AKO NEKUSHANDISA ZVINO ZVINOGONA. TOP SECRET.”

Imwe yemidziyo yakapihwa iri pamusoro apa, iyo Lanikai, akabatwa nemumwe murume ainzi Kemp Tolley, akazonyora bhuku rairatidza kuti FDR yakanga yaronga kuti ngarava idzi dzive chirauro, vachitarisira kuti dzirwiswe neJapan. (The Lanikai akanga achigadzirira kuita sezvakarayirwa apo Japan yakarwisa Pearl Harbor.) Tolley akataura kuti Admiral Hart haana kungobvumirana chete naye asi akataura kuti aigona kuzviratidza. Retired Rear Admiral Tolley akafa muna 2000. Kubva 1949 kusvika 1952, anga ari mutungamiriri weboka rehungwaru paArmed Forces Staff College muNorfolk, Virginia. Muna 1992, akapinzwa muDefence Attache Hall of Fame muWashington. Muna 1993, akaremekedzwa kuWhite House Rose Garden neMutungamiri Bill Clinton. Bhabhurosi yebhuronzi yaAdmiral Tolley yakamiswa paUnited States Naval Academy mukukudza kwake. Unogona kuwana zvese izvi zvichidzokororwa Wikipedia, pasina kana fungidziro yekuti Tolley akambotaura izwi rimwe chete nezvekupihwa basa rekuzviuraya kubatsira kutanga WWII. Nekudaro, zvimiro zvake munhoroondo Baltimore Sun uye Washington Post vese vanorondedzera kutaura kwake pasina kuwedzera izwi rimwe chete rekuti chokwadi chinochitsigira here. Nemashoko mazhinji pamubvunzo iwoyo, ndinokurudzira bhuku raTolley, rakabudiswa neNaval Institute Press muAnnapolis, Maryland, Cruise yeLanikai: Kukurudzira kuHondo.

Musi waDecember 4, 1941, mapepanhau, kusanganisira Chicago Tribune, yakaburitsa chirongwa cheFDR chekukunda muhondo. Ndakanga ndanyora mabhuku uye zvinyorwa pamusoro penyaya iyi kwemakore ndisati ndagumburwa nendima iyi mubhuku raAndrew Cockburn ra2021, Zvakapambwa Hondo: "

"[T] ndinotenda kune kuvuza kunoita kuti zvakazarurwa zvaEdward Snowden zviratidzike sezvisina maturo kana tichienzanisa, zvizere zveiyi 'Chirongwa Chekukunda' chakaonekwa papeji rekutanga reanozviparadzanisa nevamwe. Chicago Tribune mazuva mashoma maJapan asati arwisa. Kunyumwira kwakawira pane mukuru wemauto ainzi ainzwira tsitsi dzeGerman. Asi ivo wechuruMukuru wehofisi yeWashington panguva iyoyo, Walter Trojan, akandiudza makore apfuura kuti aive mutungamiriri weAir Corps, Gen. Henry “Hap” Arnold, akanga afambisa mashoko aya kuburikidza neseneta akazvipira. Arnold akatenda kuti chirongwa ichi chakanga chichiri chakaoma mukugovera zviwanikwa kubasa rake, uye nechinangwa chekuzvidza pakuzvarwa. "

Iyi mifananidzo mishanu ine wechuru chinyorwa chino:

Urongwa hwekukunda, sezvakataurwa uye kutaurwa pano, kazhinji nezve Germany: ichiitenderedza ne5 miriyoni mauto eUS, pamwe akawanda akawanda, achirwira angangoita makore maviri. Japan ndeyechipiri, asi zvirongwa zvinosanganisira kuvharika uye kurwiswa kwemhepo. The wechuru mashoko akazara mutsamba yaJuly 9, 1941, yakabva Roosevelt yadudzwa pamusoro apa. Chirongwa chekukunda chinosanganisira zvinangwa zvehondo zveUS zvekusimudzira Humambo hweBritish uye kudzivirira kuwedzera kwehumambo hweJapan. Shoko rokuti “vaJudha” harioneki. Hondo yeUS muEurope yakarongerwa Kubvumbi 1942, maererano ne "zvakavimbika zvinyorwa" zve wechuru. The wechuru vaipikisa hondo uye vaida rugare. Yakadzivirira Charles Lindbergh pamhosva dzetsitsi dzeNazi, dzaaive nadzo. Asi hapana munhu, sekutaura kwandinogona kutaura, akambobvunza chokwadi cheshumo pane pre-Pearl Harbor chirongwa cheUS kurwa kweWWII.

Kutora kubva Kuve Uye Kusina naJonathan Marshall: “Musi wa5 Zvita, Vakuru veVashandi veBritain vakaudza Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, mukuru weRoyal Air Force muMalaya, kuti United States yakanga yatsigira mauto kana Japan ikarwisa nharaunda yeBritain kana kuti Netherlands East Indies; kuzvipira kwakafanana kunoshandiswa kana maBritish aita chirongwa chenjodzi MATADOR. Urongwa hwekupedzisira hwakapa kurwisa kweBritish kwekutanga kutora Kra Isthmus kana Japan ikapokana ani chikamu cheThailand. Mangwana acho Capt. John Creighton, mumiriri wemauto emugungwa eUS kuSingapore, akafonera Admiral Hart, mukuru-mukuru weUS Asiatic Fleet, kumuzivisa nezvenyaya iyi: "Brooke-Popham akagamuchira Mugovera kubva kuWar Department London Quote iye zvino takagamuchira vimbiso yerutsigiro rwemauto eAmerica muzviitiko zvinotevera: a) tinosungirwa kuita hurongwa hwedu kudzivirira Japs kumhara Isthmus yeKra kana kutora danho mukupindura kurwiswa kweNips chero chikamu cheSiam XX b) kana Dutch Indies ikarwiswa uye isu enda kunozvidzivirira kwavo XX c) kana Japs akatirwisa maBritish XX Naizvozvo pasina kutaura kuLondon isa hurongwa mukuita kana kutanga uine ruzivo rwakanaka Jap expedition ichifambira mberi nechinangwa chekumhara muKra yechipiri kana Nips ikatyora chero chikamu cheThailand Para Kana NEI ikarwiswa isa muzvirongwa zvekushanda zvakabvumiranwa pakati peBritish neDutch. Unquote. Marshall anoti: "PHA Hearings, X, 5082-5083," zvichireva kuti kunzwikwa kweCongressional paPearl Harbor Attack. Zvinorehwa neizvi zvinoita sezviri pachena: maBritish akatenda kuti vakavimbiswa kuUS kupinda muhondo muJapan kurwisa US kana Japan ikarwisa maBritish kana Japan ikarwisa maDutch kana maBritish akarwisa Japan.

Kubva muna Zvita 6, 1941, hapana sarudzo yakanga yawana ruzhinji rweUS rutsigiro rweruzhinji rwekupinda muhondo.[xlix] Asi Roosevelt akange atotanga dhizaini, akamisa National Guard, akagadzira Navy huru mumakungwa maviri, akatengesa vaparadzi vekare kuEngland mukutsinhana nerendi yezvigadziko zvayo muCaribbean neBermuda, akapa ndege nevarairidzi nevatyairi kuChina, vakatemerwa. zvirango zvine hutsinye kuJapan, akayambira mauto eUS kuti hondo neJapan yakanga yatanga, uye - mazuva gumi nerimwe chete kurwiswa kweJapan kusati kwaitika - akaraira muchivande kuumbwa kwerondedzero yemunhu wese weJapan neJapan-America muUnited States. (Kurumidza kune IBM tekinoroji!)

Musi waZvita 7, 1941, zvichitevera kurwiswa kweJapan, Mutungamiri Roosevelt vakagadzira chiziviso chehondo kuJapan neGermany, asi vakafunga kuti hazvaizoshanda ndokuenda neJapan chete. Musi wa8 Zvita^th, Congress yakavhotera hondo neJapan, naJeanette Rankin achikanda chete hapana vhoti.

HAPA NEKUSHAIWA KWAZVO

Robert Stinnett's Zuva Rokunyengera: Chokwadi Pamusoro peRDR nePearl Harbor ine gakava pakati pevanyori vezvakaitika kare, kusanganisira mune zvayakataura pamusoro peruzivo rweUS rwemakodhi echiJapan uye macoded ekutaurirana ekuJapan. Ini handifunge, zvisinei, kuti chimwe chezvinotevera chinofanirwa kuve chine nharo:

1. Ruzivo rwandatopa pamusoro apa rwakatopfuura zvakakwana kuziva kuti United States yanga isiri munhu asina mhosva akarwiswa kunze kwebhuruu kana bato rakabatikana richiedza kuita runyararo nekugadzikana.
2. Stinnett ane kodzero yekuisa mukuedza kwaanoita kusvibisa uye kugadzira magwaro ehurumende yeruzhinji, uye chokwadi kuti hapangave nechikonzero chakanaka chekuti National Security Agency irambe ichichengeta huwandu hukuru hwemauto emugungwa eJapan akavanzika mumafaira e1941 US Navy.[l]

Nepo Stinnett achitenda zvaakawana zvakakosha zvakangoita kuti zvive mupepa re2000 rebhuku rake, New York Times Wongororo yakaitwa naRichard Bernstein weiyo hardcover ya1999 inocherechedzwa nematsananguriro ainotsanangura mibvunzo inoramba isina chokwadi:[li]

“Vanyori vezvakaitika kare veHondo Yenyika II vanowanzobvuma kuti Roosevelt aidavira kuti hondo neJapan yakanga isingadzivisiki uye kuti aida kuti Japan ipfure pfuti yokutanga. Zvakaitwa naStinnett, kubva pane iyo pfungwa, kubatanidza humbowo hunoratidza kuti Roosevelt, kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti kupfura kwekutanga kungave nekushungurudza, nemaune kusiya vanhu vekuAmerica vasina dziviriro. . . .

“Kupokana kwaStinnett kwakasimba uye kunovhiringidza zvikuru kune chekuita neimwe yetsananguro dzakagadzika dzekubudirira kweJapan mukuchengetedza kurwisa kwePearl Harbor kuri kuuya kwakavanzika: kureva kuti boka rekutakura ndege rakaiburitsa rakaramba rakanyarara kweredhiyo kwemavhiki matatu ese kusvika Zvita. 7 uye nokudaro kudzivisa kuonekwa. Muchokwadi, Stinnett anonyora, maJapan akaramba achityora runyararo rweredhiyo kunyangwe maAmerican, vachishandisa nzira dzeredhiyo yekutsvaga nzira, vakakwanisa kutevera zvikepe zveJapan sezvazvaienda kuHawaii. . . .

“Zvinogoneka kuti Stinnett angave akarurama pamusoro peizvi; chokwadi zvinhu zvaakafukunura zvinofanira kuongororwa nevamwe vanyori venhoroondo. Asi kuvapowo zvako kwoungwaru hakuratidzi kuti ungwaru ihwohwo hwakapinda mumaoko akakodzera kana kuti hungadai hwakadudzirwa nokukurumidza uye nomazvo.

“Gaddis Smith, wezvenhau weYale University, anotaura muiyi nhauro pamusoro pokukundikana kudzivirira Philippines pakurwiswa kweJapan, kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune mashoko akawanda airatidza kuti kurwisa kwakadaro kwakanga kuri kuuya. Hapana munhu, kunyangwe Stinnett, anotenda kuti pakange paine chinangwa chekunyima ruzivo kubva kumukuru weAmerica muPhilippine, Douglas MacArthur. Ruzivo rwaivepo rwakanga rwuri nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero rusina kuiswa kushandiswa.

“Mubhuku rake ra1962, Pearl Harbor: Yambiro uye Chisarudzo, munyori wenhau dzakaitika Roberta Wohlstetter akashandisa izwi rekuti static kuona kuvhiringika, kusapindirana, kusaziva kwese kwakakanganisa kuungana kwehungwaru hondo isati yatanga. Nepo Stinnett achifungidzira kuti ruzivo rwakawanda rwuri kuita serwakakosha rungadai rwakakurumidza kutariswa panguva iyoyo, maonero aWohlstetter ndeekuti pakanga paine humbowo hwakakura hwehumbowo hwakadaro, zviuru zvemagwaro zuva rega rega, uye kuti mahofisi ehungwaru asina basa uye akashanda zvakanyanya anogona kunge asina. vakaidudzira zvakarurama panguva iyoyo.”

Kusagona kana kuti kuhura? Nharo dzenguva dzose. Hurumende yeUS yakatadza here kuziva zvizere nezvekurwisa kuri kuuya nekuti yakanga isingakwanise kana kuti yaisada kuvaziva, kana kuti yaisada kuti mamwe matunhu ehurumende azvizive? Mubvunzo unonakidza, uye zviri nyore kurerutsa kusagona, uye zvese zvinosimbisa kurerutsa huipi. Asi hapana mubvunzo kuti hurumende yeUS yaiziva maratidziro ezvekurwiswa kuri kuuya uye yanga ichiita makore ichiziva nenzira dzakaita kuti zviwedzere.

VAFIRIPI

Sokududzwa kwebhuku riri pamusoro apa, mubvunzo mumwe chetewo pamusoro peudzame hwekufanoziva uye kushaikwa kumwe chete kwomubvunzo upi noupi pamusoro pezvirongwa zvawo zvawo zvinoshanda kuPhilippines sePearl Harbor.

Muchokwadi, iyo nyaya yekuda kupandukira ingave nyore kune vanyori venhoroondo kufungidzira nezve Philippines pane maererano neHawaii, kana ivo vakada kudaro. "Pearl Harbor" ishoko rinoshamisa. Maawa mushure mekurwiswa kwePearl Harbor - pazuva rimwe chete asi nehunyanzvi Zvita 8^th nekuda kweInternational Date Line, uye kunonoka kwemaawa matanhatu nemamiriro ekunze - maJapan akarwisa mauto eUS muUS colony yePhilippine, achitarisira zvizere kuve nekuoma kwayo, achifunga kuti kushamisika kwaisazove chinhu. Kutaura zvazviri, Douglas MacArthur akagamuchira runhare na3:40 am nguva yePhilippines ichimuzivisa nezvokurwiswa kwePearl Harbor uye kudiwa kwokugadzirira. Mumaawa mapfumbamwe akapera pakati pekufona ikoko uye kurwiswa kwePhilippine, MacArthur haana chaakaita. Akasiya ndege dzeUS dzakamira uye dzakamirira, senge ngarava dzaive muPearl Harbor. Mhedzisiro yekurwiswa kwePhilippine yaive, sekureva kwemauto eUS, yakaipisisa seyaya paHawaii. United States yakarasikirwa ne18 pa35 B-17s pamwe ne90 dzimwe ndege, uye dzakawanda dzakakuvadzwa.[lii] Mukupesana, muPearl Harbor, pasinei nengano yokuti ngarava dzehondo sere dzakanyudzwa, chokwadi ndechokuti hapana aigona kunyudzwa muchiteshi chengarava chisina kudzika kudaro, mbiri dzakaitwa kusashanda, uye nhanhatu dzakagadziridzwa ndokupfuurira kurwa muWWII.[liii]

Pazuva rimwe chetero raZvita 7^th / 8^th - zvichienderana nechinzvimbo cheInternational Date Line - Japan yakarwisa makoroni eUS ePhilippine neGuam, pamwe nenzvimbo dzeUS dzeHawaii, Midway, uye Wake, pamwe nemakoloni eBritish eMalaya, Singapore, Honk Kong, uye nyika yakazvimirira yeThailand. Kunyange zvazvo kurwiswa kweHawaii kwaiva kurwisa kamwe chete uye kudzokera shure, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, Japan yakarwisa kakawanda, uye mune dzimwe nguva yakapinda uye yakakunda. Kuwira pasi pekutonga kweJapan mumavhiki anouya kungave Philippines, Guam, Wake, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, uye kumadokero kweAlaska. MuPhilippines, 16 miriyoni vagari vemuUS vakawira pasi pehutsinye hwekutorwa neJapan. Vasati vaita, kutorwa kweUS kwakapinza vanhu vekuJapan, sezvakaitwa kuUnited States.[liv]

Pakarepo mushure mekurwiswa, vezvenhau veUS havana kuziva kuti yaifanira kutaura kwavari vese neshorthand ye "Pearl Harbor," uye panzvimbo pacho vakashandisa akasiyana mazita uye tsananguro. Mukunyorwa kwekutaura kwake kwe "zuva rekunyadzisa", Roosevelt akataura nezveHawaii nePhilippine. Mune yake 2019 Maitiro ekuita Viga Humambo, Daniel Immerwahr anopikisa kuti Roosevelt akaita zvese zvese kuti aratidze kurwiswa uku sekurwiswa kweUnited States. Nepo vanhu vePhilippines neGuam chaivo vaive vagari vehumambo hweUS, vaive vanhu vasiri ivo. Philippines yaiwanzoonekwa seisina kukwana chena kune statehood uye munzira yekukwanisa kuzvitonga. Hawaii yaive yakachena, uye zvakare iri padyo, uye angangove mumiriri wenguva yemberi. Roosevelt akazosarudza kusiya Philippines kubva muchikamu ichocho chekutaura kwake, achichiisa kune chimwe chinhu mune yakazonyorwa rondedzero yaisanganisira maBritish makoroni, uye kutsanangura kurwiswa kwakaitika pa "American Island of Oahu" - chitsuwa chine kuAmerica. iri, hongu, inopokana nanhasi nevakawanda vekuHawaii. Iyo tarisiro yakachengetwa paPearl Harbor kubva ipapo, kunyangwe nevaya vakakatyamadzwa nekukanganisa kana kuronga kuseri kwekurwiswa.[lv]

ZVIMWE MBERI

Hazvina kuoma kufunga nezvezvinhu zvingadai zvakaitwa zvakasiyana mumakore nemwedzi zvinotungamira kusvika kuUS kupinda muWWII, kana kutotungamira kune yekutanga mapudzi ehondo muAsia kana Europe. Zvinotova nyore kutsanangura zvinhu zvingadai zvakaitwa zvakasiyana kana munhu akadzokera kumashure zvishoma mune zvakapfuura. Zvinhu zvingadai zvakaitwa zvakasiyana nehurumende yese nemauto anobatanidzwa, uye imwe neimwe ine mhosva yehutsinye hwayo. Asi ini ndinoda kutaura zvimwe zvinhu izvo hurumende yeUS ingadai yakaita zvakasiyana, nekuti ndiri kuyedza kupokana nepfungwa yekuti hurumende yeUS yakamanikidzwa neshungu kupinda muhondo yaive yekusarudza kwevamwe.

United States ingadai yakasarudza mutungamiri waWilliam Jennings Bryan pamusoro paWilliam McKinley uyo akatsiviwa nemutevedzeri wake, Teddy Roosevelt. Bryan akarwisa humambo, McKinley achichifarira. Kuvakawanda, dzimwe nhau dzairatidzika kuva dzinokosha zvikuru panguva iyoyo; hazvisi pachena kuti vaifanira kuva nazvo.

Teddy Roosevelt haana kuita chero chinhu pakati. Ikoko kwakaenda nokuda kwehondo, masimba masimba, uye chitendero chake chakambozivikanwa mudzidziso pamusoro pe“dzinza” reAryan. TR yakatsigira kushungurudzwa uye kunyange kuuraya maNative America, maChinese vabvakure, maCuba, maPhilippines, nemaAsia neCentral Americas angangoita akasiyana siyana. Aitenda vachena chete vanokwanisa kuzvitonga (idzo dzaive nhau dzakaipa kumaCuba apo vasununguri vavo veUS vakawana vamwe vavo vaive vatema). Akagadzira ratidziro yevaPhilippines kuSt.[lvi] Akashanda kuti achengetedze vatorwa vekuChina kubva kuUnited States.

Bhuku raJames Bradley ra2009, The Imperial Cruise: Chakavanzika Chakavanzika cheMambo uye Hondo, inotaura nyaya inotevera.[lvii] Ndiri kusiya zvikamu zvebhuku izvo zvave zvisina chokwadi pamusoro pazvo.

Muna 1614 Japan yakanga yazvibvisa kuMadokero, zvichiguma nemazana emakore erunyararo nebudiriro uye kukura kwehunyanzvi hwechiJapan netsika. Muna 1853 Mauto Emauto eUnited States akanga amanikidza Japan kuvhurira vatengesi veUS, mamishinari, uye mauto. Nhoroondo dzeUS dzinodaidza nzendo dzaCommodore Matthew Perry kuenda kuJapan kuti "dzezvematongerwo enyika" kunyangwe vakashandisa zvikepe zvehondo zvine pfuti kumanikidza Japan kuti ibvume hukama hwayaipikisa zvakasimba. Mumakore akatevera, maJapan akadzidza rusaruraganda rwevaAmerica ndokushandisa nzira yokutarisana narwo. Ivo vakatsvaga kuzvisimudzira ivo pachavo uye kuzviratidza ivo senhangemutange yakaparadzana yepamusoro kune vamwe vese veAsia. Vakava vaAryans vanoremekedzwa. Vachishaiwa mwari mumwe kana kuti mwari wokukurira, vakagadzira mambo woumwari, vachikwereta zvikuru mugamuchidzanwa rechiKristu. Vakapfeka uye vakadya sevaAmerica uye vakatumira vadzidzi vavo kunodzidza kuUnited States. MaJapan aiwanzodanwa kuUnited States se“Yankees of the Far East.” Muna 1872 mauto eUS akatanga kudzidzisa maJapan maitiro ekukunda mamwe marudzi, aine ziso kuTaiwan.

Charles LeGendre, mukuru weAmerica anodzidzisa maJapan munzira dzehondo, akakurudzira kuti vatore Monroe Doctrine yeAsia, iri mutemo wekutonga Asia nenzira iyo United States yakatonga nyika yayo. Japan yakagadzira Bureau yeSavage Affairs uye yakagadzira mazwi matsva senge koronii (koloni). Hurukuro muJapan yakatanga kutarisisa pamutoro wevaJapan kusimudzira hutsinye. Muna 1873, Japan yakapinda muTaiwan nemauto eUS. Korea yaitevera.

Korea neJapan dzakanga dzaziva rugare kwemazana emakore. MaJapan paakasvika nezvikepe zveUS, vakapfeka zvipfeko zveUS, vachitaura nezvamambo wavo wehumwari, uye vachikurudzira chibvumirano che "ushamwari," maKorea akafunga kuti maJapan akange arasika njere, uye akavaudza kurasika, vachiziva kuti China yaivepo. Korea kumashure. Asi maJapan akataura neChina kuti abvumire Korea kusaina chibvumirano, pasina kutsanangurira maChinese kana maKorea kuti chibvumirano ichi chairevei mushanduro yeChirungu.

Muna 1894 Japan yakazivisa hondo kuChina, hondo umo zvombo zveUS, kudivi reJapan, zvakatakura zuva. China yakasiya Taiwan neLiaodong Peninsula, yakabhadhara mubairo mukuru, yakazivisa Korea yakasununguka, uye yakapa Japan kodzero dzekutengeserana muChina dzaive neUS nenyika dzeEurope. Japan yakakunda, kusvikira China yanyengetedza Russia, France, neGermany kuti dzipokane neJapan muridzi weLiaodong. Japan yakasiya uye Russia yakabata. Japan yakanzwa yatengeswa nevaKristu vachena, uye kwete kekupedzisira.

Muna 1904, Teddy Roosevelt akafara zvikuru nekurwiswa kweJapan kunoshamisa pazvikepe zveRussia. Sezvo maJapan zvakare akarwa hondo kuAsia seAryans anokudzwa, Roosevelt akacheka chibvumirano navo pachivande uye zvisiri pamutemo, achibvumira Monroe Doctrine yeJapan muAsia. Muma1930, Japan yakazvipira kuvhura kutengeserana kuUnited States munzvimbo yayo yehumambo kana United States yaizoita zvimwe chete kuJapan muLatin America. Hurumende yeUS yakati kwete.

CHINA

Britain yakanga isiri yega hurumende yekunze ine hofisi yekuparadzira muNew York City inotungamira kuWWII. China yaivepowo.

Hurumende yeUS yakachinja sei kubva mumubatanidzwa wayo nekuzivikanwa neJapan kuenda kune imwe neChina uye ichipokana neJapan (uye ndokudzokera zvakare neimwe nzira mushure meWWII)? Chikamu chekutanga chemhinduro chine chekuita nekunyepedzera kweChinese uye kushandiswa kwayo kwechitendero pane dzinza, uye nekuisa Roosevelt yakasiyana muWhite House. Bhuku raJames Bradley ra2016, Iyo China Mirage: Iyo Yakavanzika Nhoroondo yeAmerican Disaster muChina tinotaura nyaya iyi.[lviii]

Kwemakore pamberi peHondo Yenyika II, China Lobby muUnited States yakanyengetedza ruzhinji rweUS, uye nevakuru vepamusoro veUS, kuti vanhu vekuChina vaida kuve maKristu, kuti Chiang Kai-shek aive mutungamiri wavo anodiwa wedemocracy pane kukanda mapfumo pasi. muFascist, kuti Mao Zedong aive asingakoshi hapana kwaakaenda, uye kuti United States yaigona kupa Chiang Kai-shek mari uye aizoishandisa zvese kurwisa maJapan, kwete kuishandisa kurwisa Mao.

Mufananidzo weanokudzwa uye wechiKristu murimi weChinese waifambiswa nevanhu vakaita saVatatu (gare gare Duke) uye Vanderbilt vakadzidzisa Charlie Soong, vanasikana vake Ailing, Chingling, naMayling, uye mwanakomana Tse-ven (TV), pamwe chete nemurume waMayling Chiang. Kai-shek, Henry Luce akatanga nguva magazini mushure mekuzvarwa mumamishinari muChina, naPearl Buck vakanyora Pasi Rakanaka mushure memhando imwechete yehudiki. TV Soong akahaya Colonel Jack Jouett uye pakazosvika 1932 akange ave neruzivo rwese rweUS Army Air Corps uye aive nevarairidzi vapfumbamwe, anovhiya ndege, vana makanika, uye munyori, vese veUS Air Corps vakadzidziswa asi vava kushanda. yeSoong muChina. Kwaingova kutanga kwerubatsiro rwemauto eUS kuChina rwakaita nhau shoma muUnited States kupfuura muJapan.

Muna 1938, neJapan ichirwisa maguta eChina, uye Chiang achingorwisana, Chiang akarayira mukuru wake anoparadzira mashoko Hollington Tong, aichimbova mudzidzi wenhau weColumbia University, kutumira vamiririri kuUnited States kunotsvaka mamishinari eUnited States uye kuvapa uchapupu hwehutsinye hweJapan, kuhaya Frank Price (mumishinari aidiwa naMayling), uye kutora vatori venhau nevanyori vekuUS kuti vanyore zvinyorwa nemabhuku zvinofadza. Frank Price nemukoma wake Harry Price vakaberekerwa kuChina, vasina kumbosangana neChina yemaChina. Hama dzaPrice dzakagadzira chitoro muNew York City, uko vashomanene vaiva nepfungwa ipi neipi yavakanga vachishandira boka reSoong-Chiang. Mayling naTong vakavagovera kuti vanyengetedze vokuAmerica kuti kiyi yorugare muChina yakanga iri chirambidzo paJapan. Vakagadzira Komiti yeAmerica yeKusatora Chikamu muJapan Aggression. “Voruzhinji havana kumboziva,” anonyora kudaro Bradley, “kuti mamishinari ekuManhattan aishanda nesimba paEast Fortieth Street kuti aponese Noble Peasants aibhadharwa vamiririri veChina Lobby vaiita zviito zvingangove zvisiri pamutemo uye zvekupandukira.”

Ini ndinotora pfungwa yaBradley yekusave yekuti varimi veChinese havasi ivo vanokudzwa, uye kwete kuti Japan yakanga isina mhosva yekuita zvechisimba, asi kuti mushandirapamwe wekuparadzira wakasimbisa vazhinji vekuAmerican kuti Japan yaisazorwisa United States kana United States icheka mafuta uye simbi kuJapan - yaive nhema mukuona kwevanoona vane ruzivo uye yaizoratidzwa nhema munguva yechiitiko.

Aimbova Munyori weHurumende uye aimbova Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akava sachigaro weAmerican Committee yeKusatora chikamu muJapan Aggression, iyo yakakurumidza kuwedzera vaimbova vakuru veHarvard, Union Theological Seminary, Church Peace Union, World Alliance for International Friendship, Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America, the Associate Boards of Christian Colleges in China, etc. Stimson nechikwata vakabhadharwa neChina kuti Japan haife yakarwisa United States kana ikarambidzwa, ingatochinja kuita demokrasi mukupindura - a. chirevo chakarambwa nevaya vanoziva muDhipatimendi reHurumende neWhite House. Pakazosvika Kukadzi 1940, Bradley anonyora, makumi manomwe neshanu muzana evaAmerica vakatsigira kurambidza Japan. Uye vazhinji veAmerica, hongu, vaisada hondo. Vakanga vatenga propaganda yeChina Lobby.

Sekuru vamai vaFranklin Roosevelt vakanga vapfuma vachitengesa opium kuChina, uye amai vaFranklin vakanga vagara kuChina vachiri mwana. Akave sachigaro anoremekedzwa weChina Aid Council neAmerican Committee yeChinese War Orphans. Mudzimai waFranklin, Eleanor aive sachigaro anoremekedzwa wePearl Buck's China Emergency Relief Committee. Zviuru zviviri zvemasangano evashandi eUS akatsigira kurambidzwa kuJapan. Chipangamazano wekutanga wezvehupfumi kumutungamiri weAmerica, Lauchlin Currie, akashanda kuhurumende yeUS neBhange reChina panguva imwe chete. Syndicated munyori wenhau uye Roosevelt hama Joe Alsop akabvisa cheki kubva kuTV Soong se "chipangamazano" kunyangwe achiita basa rake semutori wenhau. “Hakuna mumiriri weBritain, wokuRussia, wechiFrench, kana kuti wokuJapan,” anonyora kudaro Bradley, “angadai akadavira kuti Chiang aigona kuva Akasununguka Chibvumirano Chitsva.” Asi Franklin Roosevelt anogona kunge akazvitenda. Akataura naChiang naMayling muchivande, achitenderera nedhipatimendi rake reHurumende.

Asi Franklin Roosevelt aitenda kuti kana ikarambidzwa, Japan yaizorwisa Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) pamwe nemhedzisiro yehondo yenyika yakawanda. Morgenthau, mukutaura kwaBradley, akaedza kakawanda kutsvedza nepakati pechirambidzo chepetroleum kuenda kuJapan, uku Roosevelt akaramba kwechinguva. Roosevelt akatemekedza chikamu cheembargo pane aviation-mafuta uye zvimedu. Akaita chikwereti kuna Chiang. Akagovera ndege, varairidzi, uye vatyairi vendege. Roosevelt paakabvunza chipangamazano wake Tommy Corcoran kuti atarise mutungamiri wemauto emuchadenga aya, aimbove kaputeni weUS Air Corps Claire Chennault, anogona kunge asiri kuziva kuti aikumbira mumwe munhu mubhadharo weTV Soong kuti amupe zano kune mumwe munhu kubhadhara kweTV Soong.

Kunyangwe veBritish kana veChinese vanoparadzira nhema vari kushanda muNew York vakatamisa hurumende yeUS chero kwayaive isingade kuenda uyu mubvunzo wakavhurika.

##

[I] C-Span, "Chiziviso cheNyevero yepepanhau uye Lusitania," Kubvumbi 22, 2015, https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4535149/newspaper-warning-notice-lusitania

[Ii] Iyo Lusitania Resource, "Kurangana kana Kukanganisa-Up?" https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up

[Iii] William M. Leary, "Wings for China: The Jouett Mission, 1932-35," Iyo Pacific Historical Ongororo 38, kwete. 4 (Mbudzi 1969). Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 32.

[Iv] Associated Press Ndira 17, yakadhindwa mukati New York Times, “'HONDO HAZVIKORERO,' VANOdaro Mrs. ROOSEVELT; Mudzimai weMutungamiriri Anoudza Vatsigiri Verunyararo Vanhu Vanofanira Kufunga nezveHondo sekuzviuraya,” Ndira 18, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/01/18/archives/-war-utter-futility-says-mrs-roosevelt-presidents-wife-tells-peace-.html Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 46.

[V] New York Times, “MUNHU WEKUJAPANESE ANOTIWANA 'TICHINHU'; Tanaka Anoshora Roosevelt's 'Loud' Rumbidzo yeKumiswa Kwedu Kwengarava muHawaii. INODA KUenzana Kwezvombo Anoti Tokyo Haizoregi Kuvhiringidza London Parley Kana Chikumbiro Chikarambwa,” August 5, 1934, https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/05/archives/japanese-general-finds-us-insolent-tanaka-decries-roosevelts-loud.html Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 51.

[vi] George Seldes, Harper's Magazini, "The New Propaganda yeHondo," Gumiguru 1934, https://harpers.org/archive/1934/10/the-new-propaganda-for-war Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 52.

[vii] David Talbot, Dhiyabhorosi Imbwa: Iyo Inoshamisa Yechokwadi Nyaya yemurume Akaponesa America, (Simon & Schuster, 2010).

[viii] Major General Smedley Butler, Hondo iRacket, https://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/warisaracket.html

[ix] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 56.

[x] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 63.

[xi] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 71.

[xii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 266.

[xiii] US Navy Dhipatimendi, "Kuvaka Nheyo dzeNavy muHondo Yenyika II," Vhoriyamu I (Chikamu I) Chitsauko V Kutenga uye Logistics yeAdvance Bases, https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading- room/title-list-alphabetically/b/building-the-navys-bases/building-the-navys-bases-vol-1.html#1-5

[xiv] Arthur H. McCollum, “Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States,” October 7, 1940, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum

[xv] Conrad Crane, Parameters, US Army War College, "Ongororo yeBhuku: Zuva Rokunyengera," Spring 2001. Yakataurwa neWikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-15

[xvi] Robert B. Stinnett, Zuva Rokunyengera: Chokwadi Nezve FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 11.

[xvii] Hurukuro yeChiratidzo cheNhoroondo yeChirongwa "Admiral Chester Nimitz, Kutinhira kwePacific." Yakanyorwa neWikipedia, "McCollum memo," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo#cite_note-13

[xviii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 98.

[xix] Joseph C. Grew, Makore gumi muJapan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 568. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 282.

[xx] New York Times, “UTO HWEMHEPO HWEKUCHINA KUDA KUSVIRA; Kubhomba kweMataundi eJapan Kunotarisirwa Kubuda Kubva Kutsva Kuona kuChungking,” Chivabvu 24, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/05/24/archives/chinese-air-force-to-take-offensive-bombing-of-japanese-cities-is.html Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 331.

[xxi] New York Times, “KUDZIVISA HONDO KUNOKURWIRIRWA SEZVINOTARISA; Vatauri paRoundtable Hurukuro kuWashington Meetings Vanobvunza Revised Foreign Policy, "Chikumi 1, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/01/archives/avoidance-of-war-urged-as-us-aim-speakers-at-roundtable-talks-at.html Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 333.

[xxii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 365.

[xxiii] Mount Holyoke College, "Mashoko Asina Kurongeka eMutungamiri Roosevelt kuKomiti yeVazvipiri Yekutora chikamu pamusoro peNei Kutengeswa Kwemafuta Kuchienderera mberi kuJapan, Washington, Chikunguru 24, 1941," https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/fdr25.htm

[xxiv] Mutongo Unopesana weRB Pal, Tokyo Tribunal, Chikamu 8, http://www.cwporter.com/pal8.htm

[xxv] Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times, “VECHIJAPANE VANOSIMBIRIRA ISU NEBRITAIN ERR PATHAILAND; Yambiro naHull neEdheni Zvakaitwa 'Zvakaoma Kunzwisisa' Mukuona Kwemitemo yeTokyo," Nyamavhuvhu 8, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/08/08/archives/japanese-insist-us-and-britain -err-on-thailand-warnings-by-hull-and.html Yakanyorwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 375.

[xxvi] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, Iyo Isina Kuzivikanwa Nhoroondo yeUnited States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), peji. 98.

[xxvii] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xxviii] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xxix] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xxx] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xxxi] Zvakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, p. 387

[xxxii] Vhidhiyo yechikamu chakakosha chekutaura uku iri pano: https://archive.org/details/FranklinD.RooseveltsDeceptiveSpeechOctober271941 Mashoko akazara ekutaura ari pano: New York Times, "Mutungamiri Roosevelt's Navy Day Kero pamusoro peWorld Affairs," Gumiguru 28, 1941, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/28/archives/president-roosevelts-navy-day-address-on-world-affairs .html

[xxxiii] William Boyd, Daily Mail, "Mepu inoshamisa yaHitler yakashandura America kurwisa maNazi: Nhoroondo inotungamira yemunyori wezvemabatirwo akaitwa vasori vekuBritain muUS akabatsira kudhonzera Roosevelt kuhondo," June 28, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk /news/article-2673298/Hitler-amazing-map-turned-America-against-Nazis-A-leading-novelists-brilliant-account-British-spies-US-staged-coup-helped-drag-Roosevelt-war.html

[xxxiv] Ivar Bruce, Unongorarama kamwe (Weidenfeld naNicolson, 1984).

[xxxv] Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Kukunda uye Mhirizhonga: Nhoroondo Yemunhu Yenguva Yedu (New York: Weybright naTalley, 1968), peji 323, 325. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 415.

[xxxvi] Joseph C. Grew, Makore gumi muJapan, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1944) p. 468, 470. Yakataurwa naNicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 425.

[xxxvii] Wikipedia, "Hull Note," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note

[xxxviii] Nicholson Baker, Utsi hweVanhu: Mavambo Ekuguma kweMagariro. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008, peji. 431.

[xxxix] John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor uye Zvazoitika (Doubleday, 1982), p. 166.

[xl] Chikumbiro cheJapan (Chirongwa B) che20 Mbudzi 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xli] American Counter-Proposal kuJapan Plan B - Mbudzi 26, 1941, https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/PlanB.html

[xlii] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xliii] Lydia Saad, Gallup Polling, "Gallup Vault: Nyika Yakabatana Mushure mePearl Harbor," Zvita 5, 2016, https://news.gallup.com/vault/199049/gallup-vault-country-unified-pearl-harbor.aspx

[xliv] Robert B. Stinnett, Zuva Rokunyengera: Chokwadi Nezve FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) mapeji 171-172.

[xlv] Chirevo chaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, mu Mugovera Evening Post yaGumiguru 10, 1942, yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xlvi] Al Hemingway, Charlotte Zuva, "Nyevero yekutanga yekurwiswa kwePearl Harbor yakanyorwa," Zvita 7, 2016, https://www.newsherald.com/news/20161207/early-warning-of-attack-on-pearl-harbor-documented

[xlvii] Yakataurwa naCongresswoman Jeanette Rankin muCongressional Record, Zvita 7, 1942.

[xlviii] Paul Bedard, US News & World Report, "Declassified Memo Hinted of 1941 Hawaii Attack: Bhuku reBlockbuster rinoratidzawo FDR yakaparadza chiziviso chehondo ichipokana nemasimba eaxis," Mbudzi 29, 2011, https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/11/29 /declassified-memo-hinted-of-1941-hawaii-attack-

[xlix] United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Americas and Holocaust: “Murangariro Wevoruzhinji Nezvokupinda muHondo Yenyika II Yakachinja sei Pakati pa1939 na1941?” https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/us-public-opinion-world-war-II-1939-1941

[l] Robert B. Stinnett, Zuva Rokunyengera: Chokwadi Nezve FDR nePearl Harbor (Touchstone, 2000) p. 263.

[li] Richard Bernstein, New York Times, “'Zuva Rokunyengera': Musi wa7 Zvita, Taiziva Kuti Isu Taiziva Here?” Zvita 15, 1999, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/12/12/daily/121599stinnett-book-review.html

[lii] Daniel Immerwahr, Nzira yekuviga Humambo: Nhoroondo yeGreater United States, (Farrar, Straus, uye Giroux, 2019).

[liii] Richard K. Neumann Jr., History News Network, George Washington University, “Nhema Dzinoti 'Hondo Sere Dzakanyura' PaPearl Harbor," https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/32489

[liv] Daniel Immerwahr, Nzira yekuviga Humambo: Nhoroondo yeGreater United States, (Farrar, Straus, uye Giroux, 2019).

[lv] Daniel Immerwahr, Nzira yekuviga Humambo: Nhoroondo yeGreater United States, (Farrar, Straus, uye Giroux, 2019).

[lvi] "Pfupiso yePhilippine Reservation," https://ds-carbonite.haverford.edu/spectacle-14/exhibits/show/vantagepoints_1904wfphilippine/_overview_

[lvii] James Bradley, The Imperial Cruise: Chakavanzika Chakavanzika cheMambo uye Hondo (Back Bay Books, 2010).

[lviii] James Bradley, The China Mirage: The Hidden History of American Disasters in Asia (Mudiki, Brown, uye Kambani, 2015).