NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, August 1, 2022
Guta reNew York nguva pfupi yadarika rakaburitsa vhidhiyo inotyisa ye“chiziviso chebasa reruzhinji” ichitsanangura kuti unofanira kugara mumba mukati mehondo yenyukireya, kuita kwevezvenhau kwemakambani kwakanga kusiri kutsamwira kugamuchirwa kwechiitiko chakadaro kana upenzi hwekuudza vanhu kuti “Wave ndawana izvi!” sekunge vaigona kupona apocalypse nekukokorodza neNetflix, asi kunyomba kweiyo pfungwa yekuti hondo yenyukireya inogona kuitika. Kuvhota kweUS pane zvinonyanya kunetsa vanhu vanowana 1% yevanhu vanonyanya kunetseka nezvemamiriro ekunze uye 0% inonyanya kunetseka nezvehondo yenyukireya.
Asi, US yakangoisa nukes zvisiri pamutemo munyika yechitanhatu (uye hapana munhu muUS anogona kuzvidoma kana mamwe mashanu ayo US anga atove nemanukes zvisiri pamutemo), uku Russia ichitaura nezvekuisa nukes mune imwe nyika zvakare, uye. idzo hurumende mbiri dzine mazhinji emanukes anowedzera kutaura - pachena uye pachivande - nezvehondo yenyukireya. Masayendisiti anochengeta wachi yezuva redoomsday anofunga kuti njodzi yakakura kupfuura kare. Pane kubvumirana kwakawanda kuti kutumira zvombo kuUkraine panjodzi yehondo yenyukireya kwakakodzera - chero "zvingave". Uye, zvirinani mukati memusoro weMutauriri weUS weImba Nancy Pelosi, manzwi anobvumirana kuti rwendo rwekuenda kuTaiwan rwakakoshawo.
VaTrump vakabvarura chibvumirano cheIran, uye Biden akaita zvese zvaanogona kuti zvirambe zvakadaro. Trump paakafunga kutaura neNorth Korea, vezvenhau veUS vakapenga. Asi ndihwo hutongi hwakabata hurefu hwekushandiswa kwechiuto-yakagadziridzwa inflation, yakaisa rekodhi yehuwandu hwemarudzi panguva imwe chete yakabhombwa, uye yakagadzira marobhoti-ndege hondo (iyo yaBarack Obama) iyo inofanirwa kurwadzisa zvino kurwadza, sezvaakaita zvisizvo. -asi-zviri nani-kupfuura-hondo Iran dhiri, yakaramba kubata Ukraine, uye haina nguva yekuwana hondo kuenda neChina. Kuiswa maoko kweUkraine naTrump naBiden kwaita zvakawanda pamukana wekukunyudza iwe kupfuura chero chinhu chipi zvacho, uye chero chinhu chipfupi chezvese-kunze bellicosity naBiden chakakwaziswa nekuchema-chema-kweropa nenhau dzehushamwari dzeUS.
Zvichakadaro, sezvakangoita vanhu veHiroshima neNagasaki, uye vanhu vane guinea-pig vanhu vagari venzvimbo yakakura zvikuru yePacific Island kuyedza nyukireya, uye vanodzika kwese kwese, hapana anozviona zvichiuya. Uye, zvakatonyanya, vanhu vakadzidziswa kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana chavaigona kuita kushandura zvinhu kana vakaziva chero rudzi rwedambudziko. Saka, zvinoshamisa kuedza kuri kuita avo vanoteerera, semuenzaniso:
Kumisa Moto uye Kukurukurirana Rugare muUkraine
Kwenyika Kukwikwidza Kumatare Mapfumbamwe ehurumende
Iti Kwete kuna Nancy Pelosi's Danger Taiwan Rwendo
Vhidhiyo: Kubvisa Zvombo zveNyukireya Pasi Pose & Munzvimbo - Webinar
Chikumi 12 Anti-Nuclear Legacy Vhidhiyo
Nyamavhuvhu 2: Webinar: Chii chingakonzeresa hondo yenyukireya neRussia neChina?
Nyamavhuvhu 5: Makore 77 Gare gare: Bvisa Nukes, Kwete Upenyu Panyika
Nyamavhuvhu 6: "Zuva Mushure" kutariswa kwefirimu uye nhaurirano
Nyamavhuvhu 9: Zuva reHiroshima-Nagasaki 77th Anniversary Chirangaridzo
Seattle kuRally yeKubvisa Nuclear
Nhoroondo diki paHiroshima neNagasaki:
Manuke haana kuponesa upenyu. Vakatora upenyu, zvichida 200,000 XNUMX vavo. Iwo akanga asina kuitirwa kuponesa upenyu kana kuti kugumisa hondo. Uye havana kugumisa hondo. Kurwisa kweRussia kwakaita izvozvo. Asi hondo yaizopera zvakadaro, pasina chimwe chezvinhu izvozvo. United States Strategic Bombing Survey akagumisa kuti, “… zvirokwazvo pamberi pa 31 Zvita, 1945, uye neimwe nzira pamberi pa 1 Mbudzi, 1945, Japan ingadai yakakanda mapfumo pasi kunyangwe mabhomba eatomu akange asina kudonhedzwa, kunyangwe Russia isina kupinda muhondo, uye kunyangwe pasina kurwisa. zvanga zvarongwa kana kuti zvakafungwa.”
Mumwe aipikisa akanga ataura maonero mamwe chete aya kuMunyori weHondo uye, nenhoroondo yake, kuMutungamiri Truman, mabhomba asati aitika aiva General Dwight Eisenhower. Pasi peMunyori weNavy Ralph Bard, pamberi pemabhomba, akakurudzira izvozvo Japan kupiwa yambiro. Lewis Strauss, Chipangamazano kuMunyori weNavy, zvakare pamberi pemabhomba, inokurudzirwa kuputika sango pane guta. General George Marshall sezviri pachena akabvuma nepfungwa iyoyo. Atomic musayendisiti Leo Szilard masayendisiti akarongeka kukumbira mutungamiri wenyika kuti asashandise bhomba. Atomic sainzi James Franck akaronga masayendisiti uyo aitsigira kubata zvombo zveatomu senyaya yemutemo wevanhu, kwete sarudzo yemauto chete. Mumwe musayendisiti, Joseph Rotblat, akada kuti chirongwa cheManhattan Project chipere, uye akasiya basa apo chakanga chisina kupera. Ongororo yemasaenzi eUS akange agadzira mabhomba, akatorwa asati ashandiswa, akawana kuti 83% yaida bhomba renyukireya richiratidzwa pachena risati radonhedza rimwe kuJapan. Mauto eUS aichengeta sarudzo iyi yakavanzika. General Douglas MacArthur vakaita musangano wevatori venhau muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1945, kubhomba kweHiroshima kusati kwaitika, kuzivisa kuti Japan yakanga yatorohwa.
Sachigaro weJoint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William D. Leahy akataura nehasha muna 1949 kuti Truman akanga amuvimbisa kuti zvinangwa zvehondo chete zvaizova nuked, kwete vanhuwo zvavo. “Kushandiswa kwechombo ichi chine utsinye paHiroshima neNagasaki hakuna kubatsira mune zvenyama muhondo yedu neJapan. MaJapan akange atokundwa uye akagadzirira kuzvipira, ”akadaro Leahy. Vakuru vemauto vepamusoro vakati hondo ichangopera kuti maJapan angadai akakurumidza kuzvipira pasina mabhomba enyukireya aisanganisira General Douglas MacArthur, General Henry “Hap” Arnold, General Curtis LeMay, General Carl “Tooey” Spaatz, Admiral Ernest King, Admiral Chester Nimitz. , Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, uye Brigadier General Carter Clarke. Sekupfupisa kwaOliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, vanomwe vevasere venyeredzi shanu veUnited States vakagamuchira nyeredzi yavo yekupedzisira muHondo Yenyika II kana ichangopfuura - Generals MacArthur, Eisenhower, naArnold, uye Admirals Leahy, King, Nimitz, naHalsey. — muna 1945 vakaramba pfungwa yokuti mabhomba eatomu aidiwa kupedza hondo. "Zvinosuruvarisa, zvakadaro, pane humbowo hushoma hwekuti vakatsikirira nyaya yavo naTruman zvisati zvaitika."
Musi waAugust 6, 1945, Mutungamiri Truman vakanyepa pawairesi kuti bhomba renyukireya rakakandwa panzvimbo yemasoja, kwete paguta. Uye akazvipembedza, kwete sekumhanyisa kupera kwehondo, asi sekutsiva mhosva dzekuJapan. “Mr. Truman aifara, ”akanyora kudaro Dorothy Day. Mavhiki bhomba rekutanga risati radonhedzwa, musi waChikunguru 13, 1945, Japan yakanga yatumira teregiramu kuSoviet Union ichiratidza chishuwo chekuzvipira uye kupedza hondo. United States yakanga yatyora makodhi eJapan uye ikaverenga teregiramu. Truman akataura mudhayari rake ku "teregiramu kubva kuna Jap Emperor achikumbira rugare." Mutungamiri Truman akange aziviswa kuburikidza neSwitzerland nePortugal chiteshi cheJapan runyararo marunyararo mwedzi mitatu isati yapfuura Hiroshima. Japan yakaramba kungozvipira zvisina mvumo uye nekusiya mambo wayo, asi United States yakaramba yakamisikidza aya kusvikira mabhomba adonha, panguva iyoyo ikabvumira Japan kuchengeta mambo wayo. Nekudaro, iyo shuwa yekudonhedza mabhomba inogona kunge yakarebesa hondo. Mabhomba haana kupfupisa hondo.
Chipangamazano chemutungamiri wenyika, VaJames Byrnes, vakaudza Truman kuti kudonhedza mabhomba kwaizobvumira United States kuti "itaure mamiriro ekupedza hondo." Munyori weNavy James Forrestal akanyora mudhayari rake kuti Byrnes “ainyanya kunetseka kuti nyaya yeJapan ipere maRussia asati apinda.” Truman akanyora mudhayari rake kuti veSoviet vaigadzirira kufora vachirwisa Japan uye "Fini Japs kana zvasvika." Kupinda kweSoviet kwakarongwa pamberi pemabhomba, kwete kusarudzwa navo. United States yakanga isina hurongwa hwekupinda nechisimba kwemwedzi yakawanda, uye hapana hurongwa hwekuisa panjodzi huwandu hwehupenyu huchaudzwa nevadzidzisi vechikoro cheUS kuti waponeswa. Pfungwa yekuti kurwisa kukuru kweUS kwave pedyo uye ndiyo yega imwe nzira yemaguta enuking, kuitira kuti maguta ane nuking achengetedze huwandu hukuru hwehupenyu hweUS, ingano. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanoziva izvi, sezvavanoziva kuti George Washington akanga asina mazino emapuranga kana kuti aigara achitaura chokwadi, uye Paul Revere haana kutasva ari oga, uye nhapwa-muridzi kutaura kwaPatrick Henry pamusoro pekusununguka kwakanyorwa makumi emakore mushure mekufa kwake, uye Molly. Pitcher yakanga isipo. Asi ngano dzine simba radzo. Upenyu, nenzira, haisi iyo yakasarudzika pfuma yemauto eUS. Vanhu vokuJapan vaivawo noupenyu.
Truman akaraira mabhomba akadonhedzwa, rimwe paHiroshima muna Nyamavhuvhu 6 uye imwe mhando yebhomba, bhomba replutonium, iro mauto raidawo kuyedza nekuratidzira, paNagasaki muna Nyamavhuvhu 9th. Bhomba reNagasaki rakasimudzwa kubva kune gumi nevavirith kune 9th kuderedza mukana weJapan kutanga kukanda mapfumo pasi. Uyewo musi waAugust 9, maSoviet akarwisa maJapan. Mumavhiki maviri akatevera, maSoviet akauraya 84,000 maJapan apo achirasikirwa ne12,000 yemasoja avo, uye United States yakaramba ichibhomba Japan nezvombo zvisiri zvenyukireya - kupisa maguta eJapan, sezvayakanga yaita kune yakawanda yeJapan pamberi paAugust 6.th kuti, payakasvika nguva yekusarudza maguta maviri kuita nuke, pakanga pasati pave nevazhinji vakasara kusarudza kubva. Ipapo maJapan akazvipira.
Kuti paive nechikonzero chekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya ingano. Kuti panogona kuvazve nechikonzero chokushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya ingano. Kuti isu tinogona kupona kwakakosha kumwe kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya ingano - HAKUSI "chiziviso chebasa reruzhinji." Kuti pane chikonzero chekugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya kunyangwe usingazombozvishandisa yakapusa zvekuti haingave ngano. Uye kuti tinogona kurarama nekusingaperi tine uye nekuwedzera zvombo zvenyukireya pasina mumwe munhu nemaune kana netsaona anozvishandisa kupenga chaiko.
Nei vadzidzisi venhoroondo yeUS muzvikoro zvepuraimari zveUS nhasi - muna 2022! - udza vana kuti mabhomba enyukireya akadonhedzwa paJapan kuponesa hupenyu - kana kuti "bhomba" (rimwechete) kudzivirira kutaura nezveNagasaki? Vatsvagiri uye mapurofesa vakadurura humbowo kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Vanoziva kuti Truman aiziva kuti hondo yapera, kuti Japan yaida kuzvipira, kuti Soviet Union yakanga yave kuda kupinda. Ivo vakanyora kushorwa kwese kubhomba mukati memasoja eU.S. uye hurumende nenzanga yesainzi, pamwe nekurudziro yekuyedza mabhomba iro basa rakawanda nemari zvakapinda, pamwe nekukurudzira kutyisidzira nyika uye kunyanya maSoviet, pamwe nekuvhurwa uye kusanyara kuisa zero kukosha pahupenyu hweJapan. Ngano dzakasimba kudaro dzakaburitswa sei zvekuti chokwadi chinobatwa senge skiks kupikiniki?
Mubhuku raGreg Mitchell ra2020, Kutanga kana Kupera: Sei Hollywood - uye America - Dzidza Kurega Kunetseka uye Kuda Bhomba, isu tine nhoroondo yekugadzirwa kweiyo 1947 MGM firimu, Kutanga kana Mugumo, iyo yakanyatsoumbwa nehurumende yeUnited States kusimudzira nhema. Firimu racho rakabhomba. Yakarasa mari. Yakanakira nhengo yeruzhinji rweUS yaive pachena yekusatarisa yakashata uye inofinha pseudo-documentary ine vatambi vari kutamba masayendisiti uye vanopisa vakagadzira nzira nyowani yekuponda-zhinji. Chiito chakanaka chakanga chiri chokudzivisa mufungo upi noupi wenhau yacho. Asi avo vakatadza kunzvenga vakapihwa ngano inopenya hombe. Unogona kuitarisa pamhepo mahara, uye sekutaura kwaMark Twain, inokodzera peni yega yega.
Iyi firimu inotanga nezvakatsanangurwa naMitchell sekupa mbiri kuUK neCanada nebasa ravo mukugadzira muchina werufu - unofungidzirwa kuti unopokana kana nzira dzenhema dzekukwezva musika wakakura webhaisikopo. Asi zvinonyatsoita seine mhosva pane kukwereta. Uku kuedza kuparadzira mhosva. Iyi firimu inosvetuka nekukasira kupomera Germany mhosva yekutyisidzira kuri kuuya kwekuita nuking nyika kana United States isina kutanga yatanga. (Unogona chaizvoizvo kuva nechinetso nhasi kuita kuti pwere dzidavire kuti Germany yakanga yakanda mapfumo pasi pamberi peHiroshima, kana kuti hurumende yeUnited States yaiziva muna 1944 kuti Germany yakanga yarega nzvero yebhomba reatomu muna 1942.) Ipapo mutambi anoita chiono chakashata chaEinstein anopomera nguva refu. rondedzero yemasayendisiti kubva kumativi ose enyika. Zvino mumwe munhu anoratidza kuti vakomana vakanaka vari kukundwa muhondo uye zvirinani vakurumidze kugadzira mabhomba matsva kana vachida kuikunda.
Kakawanda tinoudzwa kuti mabhomba makuru achaunza rugare uye kupedza hondo. Franklin Roosevelt anoteedzera anotora chiito chaWoodrow Wilson, achiti bhomba reatomu rinogona kupedza hondo (chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa vanhu vanotenda kuti chakaita, kunyangwe pakatarisana nemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ehondo, ayo mamwe mapurofesa eU.S. Runyararo Rukuru). Tinoudzwa nekuratidzwa zvese zvisina maturo, senge iyo US yakadonhedza mapepa kuHiroshima kuyambira vanhu (uye kwemazuva gumi - "Ndiwo mazuva gumi yambiro kupfuura yavakatipa kuPearl Harbor," hunhu hunodudza) uye kuti MaJapan akapfura nendege payakange yave kusvika pachinangwa chayo. Muchokwadi, iyo US haina kumbodonhedza kabhuku kamwechete paHiroshima asi - mune yakanaka SNAFU fashoni - yakadonhedza matani emapepa kuNagasaki zuva rakatevera kubhombwa kwaNagasaki. Zvakare, gamba remufirimu anofa netsaona achitamba nebhomba kuti rigadzirire kushandiswa - chibayiro chakashinga kuvanhu pachinzvimbo chevakabatwa muhondo - nhengo dzeuto reUS. Iyo firimu zvakare inotaura kuti vanhu vakabhomba "havangamboziva chakavarova," kunyangwe ivo vanogadzira mafirimu vachiziva nezve kutambudzika kunorwadza kweavo vakafa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Kumwe kutaurirana kubva kuvagadziri vemamuvhi kuna chipangamazano wavo uye mupepeti, General Leslie Groves, kwaisanganisira aya mazwi: "Chero chirevo chinoita kuti Mauto aite sebenzi chinobviswa."
Chikonzero chikuru chekuti bhaisikopo rinofinha, ndinofunga, hachisi chekuti mabhaisikopo akamhanyisa zviitiko zvawo gore rega rega kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, akawedzera ruvara, uye akaronga marudzi ese ezvishandiso, asi kungoti chikonzero chero munhu angafunga bhomba vatambi vanotaura zvese nezvehurefu hwese hwemufirimu chinhu chikuru chakasiiwa kunze. Hatisi kuona zvazvinoita, kwete kubva pasi, chete kubva kudenga.
Bhuku raMitchell rakada kuita sekutarisa sausage inogadzirwa, asi zvakare zvakafanana nekuverenga zvinyorwa kubva kukomiti iyo yakabatanidza pamwechete chimwe chikamu cheBhaibheri. Iyi ingano yekutanga kweGlobal Policeman mukugadzira. Uye zvakashata. Zvinotorwadza. Pfungwa chaiyo yefirimu yakabva kuna musayendisiti aida kuti vanhu vanzwisise njodzi, kwete kukudza kuparara. Uyu musayendisiti akanyorera Donna Reed, iye mudzimai akanaka anoroora Jimmy Stewart mukati Hupenyu Hunoshamisa, uye akaita kuti bhora rikunguruke. Ipapo rakatenderedza ronda rinoyerera kwemwedzi gumi nemashanu uye voilà, cinematic turd yakabuda.
Pakange pasina kana mubvunzo wekutaura chokwadi. Iyo firimu. Iwe unogadzira zvinhu. Uye iwe unozvigadzira zvese munzira imwechete. Iyo script yeiyi bhaisikopo yaive mune dzimwe nguva mhando dzese dzisina maturo dzisingagare, senge maNazi achipa maJapan bhomba reatomiki - uye maJapan vachimisikidza rabhoritari yemasayendisiti eNazi, chaizvo senge kumashure chaiko munyika chaiko pane izvi chaizvo nguva iyo mauto eUS aigadzira marabhoritari emasayendisiti eNazi (tisingatauri kushandisa masayendisiti eJapan). Hapana chimwe cheichi chinonyanya kusetsa kupfuura Murume ari muHome Castle, kutora muenzaniso uchangopfuura wemakore makumi manomwe neshanu echinhu ichi, asi ichi chaive chekutanga, ichi chaive seminal. Zvisina basa izvo zvisina kuzviita muiyi firimu, munhu wese haana kuzopedzisira ave kutenda uye kudzidzisa kuvadzidzi kwemakumi emakore, asi zviri nyore kuve nazvo. Vagadziri vemamuvhi vakapa ekupedzisira ekugadzirisa kutonga kumauto eU.S. uye neWhite House, uye kwete kune vesaenzi vaive nehunhu. Mazhinji mabheti akanaka pamwe neanopenga mabhii akamboita kwenguva pfupi mune iyo script, asi akafadzwa nekuda kwechokwadi propaganda.
Kana paine kunyaradzwa, zvaigona kunge zvakatonyanya. Paramount aive mumakwikwi emagetsi emafirimu enyukireya neMGM uye akashandisa Ayn Rand kunyora iyo hyper-patriotic-capitalist script. Mutsetse wake wekuvhara waive "Munhu anogona kusunga zvese - asi hapana munhu anogona kusunga murume." Neraki isu tese, hazvina kushanda. Nehurombo, kunyangwe yaJohn Hersey Bhokisi raAdano kuva bhaisikopo riri nani pane Kutanga kana Mugumo, bhuku rake rinotengesa zvakanyanya paHiroshima harina kukwezva kune chero ma studio senge nyaya yakanaka yekugadzira bhaisikopo. Nehurombo, Dr Strangelove yaisazoonekwa kusvika 1964, panguva iyi vazhinji vaive vakagadzirira kusahadzika nezvekushandisa kwe "bhomba" asi kwete kushandiswa kwapfuura, zvichiita kuti mibvunzo yese yekushandisa mune ramangwana ive isina kusimba. Hukama uhwu nezvombo zvenyukireya hwakafanana nehondowo zvacho. Veruzhinji veUS vanogona kubvunza nezvehondo dzese dzeramangwana, uye kunyangwe idzo hondo dzinonzwikwa nezvadzo kubva mumakore makumi manomwe nemashanu apfuura, asi kwete WWII, zvichipa mibvunzo yese yehondo dzemberi dzisina kusimba. Muchokwadi, kuongorora kwazvino uno kunowana kuda kutyisa kutsigira ramangwana renyukireya neruzhinji rweUS.
Panguva yacho Kutanga kana Mugumo yakanga ichinyorwa uye yakadhirowewa, hurumende yeUS yanga ichibata nekuviga zvimedu zvese zvayingawane zvemapikicha chaiwo kana zvinyorwa zvemasaiti emabhomba. Henry Stimson aive aine yake Colin Powell nguva, achisundidzirwa kumberi kuti aite pachena nyaya yacho nekunyora kwekudonhedza mabhomba. Mamwe mabhomba aive achikurumidza kuvakwa nekuvandudzwa, uye vanhu vese vakadzingwa mudzimba dzezvitsuwa zvavo, vakanyeperwa, uye vakashandiswa semidziyo yemapepa enhau mavanoratidzwa sevatori vechikamu vanofara mukuparadzwa kwavo.
Mitchell anonyora kuti chimwe chikonzero Hollywood yakadzosera kumauto yaive kuitira kuti ishandise ndege dzayo, nezvimwewo, mukugadzira, pamwe nekushandisa mazita chaiwo evatambi vari murungano. Ndinozviona zvakaoma kwazvo kutenda kuti zvinhu izvi zvaive zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Iine bhajeti risingaperi yairasira muchinhu ichi - kusanganisira kubhadhara vanhu vayanga ichipa veto simba - MGM ingadai yakagadzira yavo pachavo isingafadzi props uye yayo yega howa gore. Zvinonakidza kufungidzira kuti rimwe zuva avo vanopikisa kuuraya vanhu vazhinji vanogona kutora chimwe chinhu senge chivakwa chakasarudzika cheUS Institute ye "Runyararo" uye inoda kuti Hollywood isangane nerunyararo mafambiro kuitira kuti itore firimu imomo. Asi zvirokwazvo iro rerunyararo harina mari, Hollywood haina kufarira, uye chero chivakwa chinogona kuenzaniswa kumwe kunhu. Hiroshima angadai akafananidzirwa kumwe kunhu, uye mufirimu haina kuratidzwa zvachose. Dambudziko guru apa raive ideology uye tsika dzekuzviisa pasi.
Paive nezvikonzero zvekutya hurumende. FBI yaisora vanhu vaibatanidzwa, kusanganisira vemasayendisiti vanoshuvira saJ Robert Oppenheimer uyo akaramba achibvunza nezve firimu, achichema kutyisa kwaro, asi asingamboshinga kuipikisa. Red Scare nyowani yaingove kurova mukati. Vane simba vaishandisa simba ravo kuburikidza neyakajairika nzira dzakasiyana siyana.
Se kugadzirwa kwe Kutanga kana Mugumo mhepo kusvika pakupera, inovaka kumhanyisa kwakafanana kwakaitwa nebhomba. Mushure mekunyorwa kwakawanda uye mabhiri uye kudzokororwa, uye basa rakawanda uye kutsvoda mbongoro, pakanga pasina nzira iyo studio yaisakwanisa kuiburitsa. Payakazobuda, vateereri vaive vashoma uye wongororo dzakasanganiswa. Iyo New York zuva nezuva PM akawana iyo firimu "ichikurudzira," iyo yandinofunga yaive yakakosha poindi. Basa rakaitwa.
Mhedziso yaMitchell ndeyekuti bhomba reHiroshima raive "ratidziro yekutanga," uye kuti United States inofanira kubvisa mutemo wayo wekutanga. Asi zvirokwazvo pakanga pasina chinhu chakadaro. Kwaingova kuramwa basa chete, stereki yekutanga neyekupedzisira. Pakanga pasina mamwe mabhomba enyukireya aizouya achibhururuka achidzoka se "ratidziro yechipiri." Zvino, nhasi uno, njodzi ndeyekungwarira sekushandisa kwemaune, kungave kwekutanga, kwechipiri, kana kwechitatu, uye chinodikanwa ndechekupedzisira kujoina huwandu hwehurumende dzenyika dziri kutsvaga kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvese pamwechete - izvo, Ehe, zvinonzwika kupenga kune chero munhu akaisa mukati mengano yeWWII.
Kune mabasa ari nani eunyanzvi pane Kutanga kana Mugumo iyo yatinogona kutendeukira kungano busting. Semuyenzaniso, The Golden Age, inoverengeka yakaburitswa naGore Vidal muna2000 ine mvumo inopenya na Washington Post, uye New York Times Bhuku Rekuongorora, haina kumboitwa bhaisikopo, asi inotaura nyaya iri pedyo nechokwadi. In The Golden Age, isu tinoteera kumashure kwemasuo ese akavharwa, seBritish yekumanikidza kweUS kupinda muHondo Yenyika II, Mutungamiri Roosevelt paanozvipira kuna Prime Minister Churchill, sevanyengeri vanoshandisa musangano weRepublican kuti vaone kuti mapato ese anosarudza vavhoterwa muna 1940 vakagadzirira kuita mushandirapamwe murunyararo uchironga zvehondo, sezvo Roosevelt achishuvira kumhanyira kwenguva isingaenzaniswi yechitatu semutungamiriri wenguva yehondo asi anofanira kuzvigutsa nekutanga gwaro uye mushandirapamwe semutungamiri wenguva yekunyorwa munguva yekufungidzirwa kuti nyika ine njodzi, uye Roosevelt achishandira kutsamwisa Japan pakurwisa purogiramu yake yaaida.
Zvino pane wezvenhoroondo uye WWII veteran Howard Zinn's 2010 bhuku, Bhomba. Zinn anotsanangura mauto eUS kuita kushandisa kwayo kekutanga napalm nekuidonhedza pamusoro peguta reFrance, ichipisa chero munhu uye chero chayabata. Zinn aive mune imwe yendege, achitora chikamu muhutsotsi hunotyisa uhu. Pakati paApril 1945, hondo muEurope yakanga yapera. Munhu wese aiziva kuti kwainge kwave kupera. Ikoko kwakanga kusina chikonzero chehondo (kana iyo isiri oxymoron) kurwisa maGermany akamira pedyo neRoyan, France, kunyanya kupisa varume vechiFrench, vakadzi, nevana muguta kuti vafe. VaBritish vakanga vatoparadza guta muna Ndira, vachiribhombawo nekuda kwenzvimbo yaro nemauto eGerman, mune yainzi chikanganiso chinotyisa. Kukanganisa kwakaipisisa uku kwakagadziriswa sechikamu chisingadzivisiki chehondo, sezvakangoita mabhomba aityisa ayo akabudirira kusvika kune zvinangwa zveGerman, sezvakangoita kubhomba kwaRoyan nenapalm. Zinn anopomera Supreme Allied Command yekutsvaga kuwedzera "kukunda" mumavhiki ekupedzisira ehondo yakakunda kare. Anopomera zvishuvo zvevakuru vemauto veko. Anopomera chishuwo cheAmerican Air Force chekuyedza chombo chitsva. Uye anopomera munhu wese anobatanidzwa - izvo zvinofanirwa kuzvibatanidza iye - nekuda kwe "chinangwa chine simba kupfuura ese: tsika yekuteerera, dzidziso yepasi rose yetsika dzese, kusabuda mumutsara, kusatombofunga nezve izvo zvisati zvamboitwa. yakapiwa kufunga nezvayo, vavariro yakaipa yokusava nechikonzero kana kuti chido chokureverera.”
Zinn paakadzoka kubva kuhondo kuEurope, akatarisira kuendeswa kuhondo muPacific, kudzamara aona nekufara nekuona nhau dze bhomba reatomu rakadonhedzwa paHiroshima. Makore chete gare gare apo Zinn akazosvika pakunzwisisa mhosva isinga regererwe yekukura kukuru kwakange kuri kudonhedzwa kwemabhomba enyukireya muJapan, zviito zvakafanana nedzimwe nzira kubhomba rekupedzisira raRoyan. Hondo neJapan yakanga yatopera, maJapan vachitsvaga runyararo uye vachida kuzvipira. Japan yakakumbira chete kuti ibvumidzwe kuchengetedza mambo wayo, chikumbiro chakazobvumidzwa. Asi, senge napalm, mabhomba enyukireya aive zvombo zvaida kuyedzwa.
Zinn zvakare inodzokera kunodzura zvikonzero zvezvinyorwa izvo United States yaive muhondo kutanga nazvo. United States, England, neFrance vaive masimba ehumambo vachitsigirana kumisidzana kwenyika dzese munzvimbo dzakaita sePhilippines. Vakapokana zvakafanana kubva kuGerman neJapan, asi kwete hukasha pachahwo. Mazhinji tini yeAmerica nerabha zvakabva kuSouthwest Pacific. United States yakaburitsa pachena kwemakore kushaya hanya kwevaJudha vachirwiswa kuGerman. Yakaratidzawo kushayikwa kwayo kwekushora rusaruro kuburikidza nekurapa kwevaAfrica maAmerican nemaJapanese eAmerica. Franklin Roosevelt akatsanangura mishandirapamwe yebhomba pamusoro penzvimbo dzevanhu se "hutsinye" asi akazviitawo pamwero mukuru kumaguta eGerman, akateverwa nekuparadzwa kwakaitwa Hiroshima neNagasaki - zviito zvakauya mushure memakore kusvibisa maJapan. Achiziva kuti hondo inogona kupera pasina kumwe kubhomba, uye achiziva kuti vasungwa vehondo veUS vaizourawa nebhomba rakadonhedzwa paNagasaki, mauto eUS akapfuurira mberi ndokudonhedza mabhomba.
Kubatanidza nekusimbisa ngano dzese dzeWWII ingano yakakurisa yekuti Ted Grimsrud, achitevera Walter Wink, anodana "ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga," kana "fungidziro yechinamato yekuti tinogona kuwana 'ruponeso' kuburikidza nechisimba." Semhedzisiro yenyaya iyi, anonyora Grimsrud, "Vanhu vari munyika yanhasi (sekunyika yekare), uye kwete vanhu vashoma muUnited States of America, vanoisa kutenda kukuru muzviridzwa zvechisimba kuti vape kuchengetedzeka uye mukana wekukunda pamusoro pevavengi vavo. Huwandu hwevanhu vanovimba nevanhu vanoisa mumidziyo yakadaro hunogona kuoneka pachena zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwezvinhu zvavanopa kugadzirira hondo. ”
Vanhu havasi kusarudza vachiziva kutenda mungano dzeWWII nemhirizhonga. Grimsrud anotsanangura, kuti: “Rutivi rwekushanda kweiyi ngano runobva mukusaoneka kwaro sengano. Isu tinowanzo funga kuti mhirizhonga ingori chikamu chechimiro chezvinhu; tinoona kugamuchirwa kwemhirizhonga kuve kwechokwadi, kwete kwakavakirwa pakutenda. Saka hatisi kuzviziva isu-pamusoro pekutenda-kureba kwekugamuchira kwedu mhirizhonga. Tinofunga isu ziva sechokwadi chiri nyore chekuti mhirizhonga inoshanda, mhirizhonga yacho inodikanwa, mhirizhonga haidziviririke. "Hatizive kuti pachinzvimbo, tinoshanda munzvimbo yekutenda, yengano, yechitendero, maererano nekutambirwa kwemhirizhonga."
Zvinotora kuedza kutiza ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga, nekuti yakavepo kubva paudiki: "Vana vanonzwa nyaya yakapusa mumakatuni, mitambo yemavhidhiyo, mafirimu, uye mabhuku: isu takanaka, vavengi vedu vakaipa, ndiyo chete nzira yekugadzirisa neuipi ndiko kuikunda nechisimba, ngatipumbururei.
Ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga inosangana zvakananga nehukuru hwepasi-nyika. Hupenyu hwerudzi, sekutsanangurwa nevatungamiriri vayo, hunomira sekukosha kwakanyanya kwehupenyu pasi pano. Ikoko hakugone kuve nevamwari pamberi porudzi. Iyi ngano haina kungoisa chinamato chekuda nyika pamoyo wenyika, asi zvakare chinopa kurwira kwakasarudzika kwenyika. . . . Hondo Yenyika II nemhedzisiro yayo yakanangana nekukwirisa kwakanyanya shanduko yeUnited States kuita nzanga ne. . . mhirizhonga iyi inotsamira mungano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga mukuitsigisa. MaAmerican anoenderera mberi nekumbundira ngano yekudzikinura mhirizhonga kunyangwe pakatarisana nehumbowo huripo hwekuti mauto anokonzeresa akanganisa hutongi hweAmerica uye irikuparadza hupfumi hwenyika nezvakatipoteredza. . . . Munguva pfupi yapfuura senge ma1930 ekupedzisira, mari yemauto eAmerica yaive shoma uye masimba ane simba ezvematongerwo enyika airwisa kubatanidzwa 'mukubatwa kune dzimwe nyika'. ”
Pamberi peWWII, Grimsrud anoti, “apo America yakapinda muhondo yamauto. . . pakupera kwekukonana rudzi rwakadzikiswa. . . . Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, pakange pasina kuzara kwekudzikisira nekuti isu takatama takananga kubva kuHondo Yenyika II kuenda kuCold War kuenda kuHondo yeUgandanga. Ndokunge, takatamira mumamiriro ezvinhu umo 'nguva dzese dziri nguva dzehondo.' . . . Nei vasiri-elite, vanotakura zvinotyisa nekugara munharaunda inogara yehondo, kuzviisa pasi peiyi gadziriro, kunyangwe mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvichipa rutsigiro rwakasimba? . . . Mhinduro iri nyore kwazvo: chipikirwa cheruponeso. ”
