John Bordne, mugari weBlakeslee, Penn., Aifanira kuchengeta nhoroondo yake kwaari kweanodarika makumi mashanu emakore. Munguva pfupi yapfuura iyo US Air Force yakamupa mvumo yekutaurira tale, iyo, kana yakaitwa sechokwadi, ichaita kuwedzera inotyisa kune iyo yakareba uye yakatyisa rondedzero yezvikanganiso uye kusabudirira izvo zvakapinza nyika muhondo yenyukireya.

Iyo nyaya inotanga mushure mehusiku, mukati maawa Gumiguru 28, 1962, pakukwirira kweCuban Missile Crisis. Ipapo -Muchina wezvemhepo anonzi John Bordne anoti akatanga shanduko yake izere nekutya. Panguva iyoyo, achipindura dambudziko rairi kukura pamusoro pekuvanzika kwemauto eSoviet ekupaza muCuba, mauto ese eUS akasimudzirwa kuDziviriro Yekugadzirira 2, kana DEFCON2; ndiko kuti, ivo vaive vagadzirira kutamira ku DEFCON1 mamiriro mukati menhau yemaminitsi. Kamwe pa DEFCON1, chikomba chaigona kuvhurwa mukati meminiti revashandi vari kurairwa kudaro.

Bordne aive achishumira pane imwe yevana chakavanzika missile kuvhura masosi pane iyo US-inogarwa Japan chitsuwa cheOkinawa. Paive nenzvimbo mbiri dzekuvhura nzvimbo panzvimbo yega yega; imwe neimwe yaichengetwa nevashandi vanomwe-nhengo. Nerutsigiro rwevashandi vake, mumwe neumwe wekumisikidza mukuru aive nebasa mana Mace B cruise makira akaiswa naMark 28 warheads. Iyo Maka 28 yaive negoho rakaenzana ne1.1 megatoni yeTNT - kureva, imwe neimwe yaive nesimba rakapetwa makumi manomwe pane iro bhomba reHiroshima kana Nagasaki. Zvese pamwe chete, iwo makumi maviri neshanu megatoni esimba rinoparadza. Iine huwandu hwamamaira chiuru nemazana mana, iyo Mace B's kuOkinawa yaigona kusvika kumaguta emakomunisti eHanoi, Beijing, nePyongyang, pamwe chete nemauto eSoviet kuVladivostok.

Maawa akati wandei mushure mekuchinja kwaBordne kwatanga, anodaro, mukuru wekuraira kuMissile Operations Center kuOkinawa akatanga tsika, yepakati pekuchinja redhiyo kunzvimbo ina. Mushure menguva yakajairwa nguva-cheki uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze kwakauya yakajairika tambo yekodhi. Kazhinji chikamu chekutanga chetambo chaisaenderana nenhamba dzaive nevashandi. Asi pane ino nguva, iyo alphanumeric kodhi yakaenzana, zvichiratidza kuti yakakosha rairo yaifanira kuteedzerwa. Dzimwe nguva mutambo waipfuudzwa nekuda kwekudzidzira, asi panguva idzodzo chikamu chechipiri chekodhi chaisazofanana. Pakazvimisikidza kugadzirira kwemakomba kuDEFON 2, vashandi vaive vaziviswa kuti hapazove nekumwe kuyedzwa kwakadai. Saka panguva ino, kana chikamu chekutanga chekodhi ichifananidzwa, vashandi veBordne vakavhunduka pakarepo uye, zvechokwadi, chikamu chechipiri, kekutanga nguva, chakayenderana.

Panguva ino, mutungamiriri wevashandi veBordne, Capt William Bassett, aive nemvumo, kuti avhure homwe yake. Kana kodhi iri muhomwe yaienderana nechikamu chechitatu chekodhi yaive yeredhiyo, kaputeni akarairwa kuti avhure hamvuropu muhomwe yaive neruzivo rwekutarisa uye nekuvhura makiyi. Bordne anoti macode ese akaenzana, achisimbisa kuraira kwekutangisa miseve yese yevashandi. Sezvo nhepfenyuro yepakati pekuchinja yakatumirwa nhepfenyuro kune vese vasere vashandi, Capt Bassett, semukuru wepamunda pakachinja, akatanga kushandisa hutungamiriri, achifungidzira kuti vamwe vashandi vanomwe veOkinawa vagamuchirawo odha iyi, Bordne zvinodada akandiudza panguva yekubvunzurudzwa kwemaawa matatu kwakaitwa muna Chivabvu 2015. Akandibvumidzawo kuti ndiverenge chitsauko chechiitiko ichi mune memoir yake isina kuburitswa, uye ndakachinjana maemail anopfuura makumi mashanu naye kuti ndione kuti ndanzwisisa nhoroondo yake yechiitiko ichi. .

Nenyaya yaBordne, pakukwira kweCuban Missile Crisis, vashandi veMweya wemauto kuOkinawa vakarairwa kuti vatore miseve makumi matatu nembiri, imwe neimwe iine hondo huru yenyukireya. Kungwarira chete uye pfungwa yakajairika uye danho rekutora revashandi vemutsara vanogamuchira iwo maodha zvakatadzisa kuburitswa-uye kudzivirira hondo yenyukireya ingangove yakatevera.

Kyodo News akataura nezvechiitiko ichi, asi chete nezvevashandi vaBordne. Semaonero angu, ndangariro dzakazara dzaBordne - sekurondedzera kwavo kune vamwe vashandi vanomwe - dzinofanirwa kuziviswa paruzhinji panguva ino zvakare, nekuti dzinopa zvikonzero zvinopfuura zvakakwana zvekuti hurumende yeUS inotsvaga nekuburitsa munguva yakakodzera magwaro ese ane chekuita kune zviitiko muOkinawa panguva yeCuba Misisi Crisis. Kana ichokwadi, nhoroondo yaBordne yaizowedzera zvinonzwisisika kunzwisiso yenhoroondo, kwete chete kwedambudziko reCuba, asi nezve tsaona yekuita nenjere dzakatamba uye zvichiramba kutamba muNuclear Age.

Izvo Bordne anokwikwidza. Bordne akabvunzurudzwa zvakanyanya gore rakapera naMasakatsu Ota, munyori wepamusoro na Kyodo News, iyo inozvitsanangura pachayo senhamba inotungamira yenhau muJapan uye ine huvepo pasirese, iine anopfuura makumi mana emahofisi enhau kunze kwenyika iyoyo. Mune chinyorwa chaKurume 40, Ota akaisa yakawanda nhoroondo yaBordne ndokunyora kuti "[a] nother aimbove murwi weU.S. uyo akashanda kuOkinawa achangobva kusimbisa [account yaBordne] achisiya zita rake." Ota akazoramba kuramba kuziva zita risingazivikanwe, nekuda kwekusazivikanwa kwaakavimbiswa.

Ota haana kuzivisa zvikamu zvenyaya yaBordne izvo zvinoenderana nekuchinjana nhare uko Bordne anoti akanzwa pakati peanomutangisa, Capt Basset, uye nevamwe vanomwe vekuburitsa. Bordne, aive muLaunch Control Center pamwe nemutungamiriri, aingoziva chete kune zvakataurwa kune rimwe divi remutsara panguva dzehurukuro idzi - kunze kwekunge kaputeni akaudza Bordne uye nevamwe vashandi vaviri muLaunch Control Center izvo mamwe maofficial launch akangoti.

Nezve izvo muganho zvinogamuchirwa, heino nhoroondo yaBordne yezviitiko zvinotevera zvehusiku ihwohwo:

Achangovhura chikwama chake uye achisimbisa kuti akange atambira mirairo yekuvhura makumbo mana enyukireya pasi pake, Capt. Bassett akataura pfungwa yekuti chimwe chinhu chaive chisina kunaka, Bordne akandiudza. Mirayiridzo yekuvhura zvombo zvenyukireya yaifanirwa kungoburitswa chete panzvimbo yepamusoro yekuzivisa; zvirokwazvo uyu ndiwo iwo musiyano mukuru pakati DEFCON 2 uye DEFCON1. Bordne anoyeuka kaputeni achiti, "Hatisati tagamuchira kukwidziridzwa ku DEFCON1, izvo zvisina mwero zvakanyanya, uye tinofanirwa kuenderera nekungwarira. Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chinhu chaicho, kana ndicho chinhu chakakura kwazvo chatichazowana pakurarama kwedu. "

Panguva iyo kaputeni akabvunza nefoni nevamwe vevamwe vekusvitsa, vashandi vakashushikana kana iyo DEFCON1 Order yakanga yakanamirwa nemuvengi, nepo nhoroondo yemamiriro ekunze uye kodhi yekuzivisa yakanyorwa yaive neimwe nzira yekugona kupfuura. Uye, Bordne anoyeuka, kaputeni akaburitsa kumwe kushushikana kunouya kubva kune mumwe wevamwe vatungamiriri vekusvitsa: Kurwisa kwepamberi kwemaitiro kwanga kuchiri kuitika, uye nekumhanyisa kupindura, ma Commanders akagovera nedanho ku DEFCON1. Mushure mekuverenga nekukurumidza, nhengo dzevashandi dzakaziva kuti kana Okinawa aive arangwa chekurova, vaifanira kunge vakanzwa kurudziro. Chero nguva yaipfuura pasina kurira kana kudedera kwekuputika kwakaita kuti iyi tsananguro iite sezvisingabviri.

Zvakadaro, kukomberedza izvi, Capt Bassett akaraira vashandi vake kuti vatarise cheki yekupedzisira pane imwe neimwe yemakomboti 'kutanga kugadzirira. Kaputeni paakaverenga rondedzero, zvakashamisa vashandi, zvitatu zvezvinangwa zvina zvaive kwete muRussia. Panguva ino, Bordne anoyeuka, foni yepakati-pevhu yakarira. Yakanga iri mumwe mushandi wekuvhura, achishuma kuti runyorwa rwake rwaive nevaviri vasiri veRussia tarisita.Sei tarisa nyika dzisiri dzekurwa? Zvaiita kunge zvisiri izvo.

Mukuru wemauto akaraira kuti mikova yemakoronyera isiri yeRussia-yakanangwa zviga zvigare zvakavharwa. Iye akabva apwanya akavhura gonhi reRussia-rakatemwa duty. In chinzvimbo ichocho, chaigona kupinzwa nyore kuvhura nzira yese (kunyangwe ruoko), kana, kana paine kuputika kunze, gonhi rinogona kukiiwa rakavharwa nekuputika kwaro, nokudaro richikawedzera mikana yekuti chombo chinogona kubuda kunze kurwisa. Akapinda paredhiyo ndokurayira vamwe vese veboka kuti vatore nhanho imwechete, vachimirira “kujekeswa” kwenhepfenyuro yepakati.

Bassett yakabva yadana iyo Missile Operations Center ndokukumbira, mukufungidzira kuti iyo yekutanga kuendesa haina kuuya kuburikidza zvakajeka, kuti repakati danho rekutendeuka ridzoserwe. Tariro yaive yekuti izvi zvaizobatsira avo vaive pakati kuti vaone kuti wekutanga kutumira yakanyorwa kodhi yakanga yapihwa nemhosho uye vaizoshandisa kudzoreredza kugadzirisa zvinhu. Kune yese crew's consternation, mushure menguva yekuongorora-uye mamiriro ekunze, iwo wekutanga kodhi yekudzidzisa yakadzokororwa, kusimudzirwa. Vamwe vatendi vanomwe, hongu, vakanzwa kudzokorodzwa kwemirayiridzo zvakare.

Sekureva kwenhoroondo yaBordne - iyo, kuyeuka, yakavakirwa pakunzwa chete divi rerunhare - mamiriro evashandi vekumisikidza ainyanya kuomesa moyo: Zvese zvainangwa zvaive muRussia. Anoburitsa basa, lieutenant, haana kubvuma simba remukuru wepamunda - kureva Capt Bassett - kukunda chirevo chave kudzokororwa chemukuru. Wechipiri wekuburitsa mukuru panzvimbo iyoyo akamhan'arira Bassett kuti lieutenant akaraira vashandi vake kuti vaenderere mberi nekuburitsa zvombo zvavo! Bassett akabva araira mumwe mutungamiriri, sekuyeuka kwaBordne, “kutumira maairmen maviri nezvombo uye kupfura [lieutenant] kana akaedza kuvhura pasina [chero] mvumo yemuromo kubva 'kumukuru mukuru mumunda' kana kukwidziridzwa. kuDEFCON 1 neMissile Operations Center. ” Anenge mayadhi makumi matatu emugwagwa wepasi pevhu akaparadzanisa maLaunch Control Center maviri

Panguva ino inoshungurudza kwazvo, Bordne anoti, zvakangoerekana zvaitika kwaari kuti yaive tsananguro yakakosha kudaro murayiridzo unokosha uchaiswa mukupedzisira kwemishumo yemamiriro ekunze. Zvakamubatawo zvinoshamisa kuti mukuru akange adzokorora nzira yekuraira isina kodhi yakanyanyisa kunetseka nezwi rake, sekunge kwaive kusiri iko kwekusavhiringidza pfungwa. Dzimwe nhengo dzevatendi dzakabvuma; Bassett akabva afunga kufonera mukuru wacho achiti anoda chimwe chezvinhu zviviri:

• Simudza iyo DEFCON danho ku1, kana
• Buritsa musangano wokumira-pasi kurongeka.

Tichifunga nezvezvinotaurwa naBordne kuti akanzwa nezvekukurukurirana kwefoni, chikumbiro ichi chakawedzera kushushikana mupfungwa kubva kune mukuru, uyo akabva aenda kunhepfenyuro ndokuverenga muraidzo mutsva wakanyorwa. Yakanga iri kuraira kumira pasi zvombo zvapotsa… uye, sekudaro, chiitiko chakapera.

Kuti atarisezve kutarisa kuti njodzi yakanga yadzorerwa here, Capt. Bassett akabvunza uye akatambira shuwa kubva kune vamwe maofficial department ekuti hapana makomba anga adzingwa.

Pakutanga kwenhamo, Bordne anoti, Capt. Bassett akanyevera varume vake, "Kana ichi chikwangwari uye isu tikasatangisa, isu hatina humbowo, uye izvi hazvina kumboitika." Zvino, pakupera kwazvose. , akati, "Hapana mumwe wedu anokurukura chero zvakaitika pano manheru ano, uye ndinoreva chinhu. Hapana nhaurirano kumabharaki, mubhawa, kana kunyange pano panzvimbo yekutanga. Iwe hautombonyora kumba nezveizvi. Ndiri kunyatsojekesa nezvenyaya iyi here? "

Kwemakore anopfuura 50, kunyarara kwakacherechedzwa.

Nei hurumende ichifanira kutsvaga nekuburitsa zvinyorwa. Pakarepo. Iye zvino wheelchair-yakasungwa, Bordne akaedza, kusvika ikozvino pasina kubudirira, kuteedzera zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nezvakaitika kuOkinawa. Anopokana kuti kubvunza kwakaitwa uye wega wega wekuzivisa akabvunzwa. Mwedzi kana unoverengeka gare gare, Bordne anoti, vakadaidzwa kuti vatore chikamu muhondo yemahara evakuru vakapa zvekuburitsa. Bordne anoti Capt. Bassett, mune yekutyora chete kwekuvanzika kwake, akaudza vashandi vake kuti chikuru chakabviswa uye vakamanikidzwa kusiya basa shoma pamakore e20, ayo aive padanho rekuzadzisa zvakadaro. Hapana mamwe matanho akatorwa-kunyange kurumbidzwa kwevatariri vekutangisa avo vaive vadzivirira hondo yenyukireya.

Bassett akafa muna Chivabvu 2011. Bordne akaenda kuInternet mukuyedza kutsvaga vamwe vashandi vekumisikidza vanogona kuzobatsira kuzadza ndangariro dzake. National Security Archives, boka revatariri rinogara kuGelman Library kuGeorge Washington University, rakatumira chikumbiro cheRusununguko rweRuzivo neMutemo wemauto, vachitsvaga marekodhi ane chekuita nechiitiko cheOkinawa, asi zvikumbiro zvakadaro hazviwanze kuburitsa zvinyorwa makore, kana zviripo.

Ini ndinoona kuti nhoroondo yaBordne haina kunyatso simbiswa. Asi ini ndinomuwana ave achitaura chokwadi nguva dzose muzvinhu zvandinogona kusimbisa. Chiitiko cheiyi import, ndinotenda, hachifanirwe kuzorora pauchapupu hwemurume mumwe chete. Mauto Emuchadenga nemamwe mapato ehurumende anofanirwa kuita chero zvinyorwa zvavanazvo zvine chekuita nechiitiko ichi zviwanikwe zvizere-uye nekukurumidza. Veruzhinji vakagara vachipihwa mufananidzo wekunyepa wenjodzi dzinowanikwa mukutumirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.

Nyika yose ine kodzero yekuziva chokwadi chose nezvengozi yenyukireya yaakatarisana nayo.

Chinyorwa cheMupepeti: Sezvo chinyorwa ichi changa chichi fungwa kuti chiburitswe, Daniel Ellsberg, ani aive mupi weRandi mubazi rezvekudzivirira panguva yeCubaan Missile C dambudziko, akanyora marefu email message ku Bulletin, pakukumbirwa naTovish. Meseji yakasimbisa, muchidimbu:Ini ndinonzwa zviri zvekukurumidza kuti ndione kana nyaya yaBordne uye mhedzisiro yekufungidzira yaTovish kubva pazviri ichokwadi, zvichipa kukosha kwechokwadi chayo panjodzi dzazvino, kwete nhoroondo yapfuura chete. Uye izvo hazvigone kumirira 'zvakajairika' kubata kwazvino chikumbiro cheFOIA neNational Security Archive, kana iyo Bulletin. Kuongorora kwekongiresi kuchaitika chete, zvinoita, kana iyo Bulletin rinoburitsa uyu mushumo wakanyatsovharirwa uye kudana kwaro kuti zvinyorwa zvakawandisa zvinzi zviripo kubva kubvunzurudzo yehurumende kuti iburitswe kubva mukuregererwa (kunyange kuri kufungidzira) kwenguva refu. ” 

Munguva ino nguva, Bruce Blair, aresearch nyanzvi kuPrinceton University Chirongwa cheSainzi uye Global Chengetedzo, akanyorawo email meseji kune iyo Bulletin. Uku ndiko kuzara kweshoko iri: “Aaron Tovish akandikumbira kuti ndimboyera newe kana ndichitenda kuti chidimbu chake chinofanira kutsikiswa mu Bulletin, kana nekuda kwechinhu ichocho chero chinobuda. Ini ndinotenda zvinofanirwa kuve zvakadaro, kunyangwe hazvo zvisina kunyatso kusimbiswa panguva ino. Zvinondirova kuti account yekutanga-ruoko kubva kune inovimbika sosi mune yekumisikidza vashandi pachayo inoenda kure nzira yekusimbisa kugona kweakaundi. Izvo zvinondirovawo ini seyakateedzana zviitiko, zvichibva paruzivo rwangu rwekuraira kwenyukireya nemaitiro ekudzora panguva iyi (uye gare gare). Kutaura chokwadi, hazvishamise kwandiri kana kuti odhiyo yekuburitsa yaizoendeswa nekusaziva kune vashandi venyukireya. Zvakaitika kanoverengeka kuzivo yangu, uye pamwe zvakapetwa kupfuura zvandinoziva. Zvakaitika panguva yehondo ye1967 Middle East, apo mutakuri wenhandare yendege akatumirwa chaiyo kurwisa pachinzvimbo chekurovedza muviri / kudzidzisa yenyukireya. Zvakaitika mukutanga kwema1970 apo [iyo Strategic Mhepo Yekuraira, Omaha] yakatumira zvekare chiitwa ... kutangisa kurongeka seicho chaicho chenyika kuvhurwa. (Ini ndinogona kupupurira uyu pachangu sezvo snafu yakaudzwa kuMinuteman kuvhura vashandi munguva pfupi inotevera.) Muzviitiko zvese izvi, kodhi yekutarisa (yakasimbiswa yechokwadi muchiitiko chekutanga,uye meseji yemesheni kusimbisa mune yechipiri) akakundikana, kusiyana nechiitiko chakarondedzerwa nenhengo yekuvhura vashandi muchinyorwa chaAroni. Asi iwe tora kukwevera pano. Izvo zvakange zvisiri izvo zvisingawanzo kuti aya marudzi esnafus kuti aitike. Chinhu chekupedzisira kusimbisa iyo poindi: Yepedyo US yakasvika pasarudzo isingazivikanwe yekutangisa danho neMutungamiriri rakaitika muna 1979, apo NORAD yekutanga yambiro yekudzidzisa tepi inoratidza yakazara-yakazara Soviet nzira yekurova isingazivikanwe kuburikidza neiyo chaiyo yekutanga yambiro network. Munyaradzi wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika Zbigniew Brzezinski akadaidzwa kaviri husiku uye akaudza kuti US yakanga yarwiswa, uye aive achingotora runhare kuti anyengerere Mutungamiri Carter kuti mhinduro yakazara-inoda kubvumidzwa ipapo ipapo, apo runhare rwechitatu rwakamuudza kuti yaive manyepo. alarm.

Ini ndinonzwisisa uye ndinokoshesa yako yekunyora kungwarira pano. Asi mumaonero angu, huremu hwehuchapupu uye nhaka yezvikanganiso zvakakomba zvenyukireya zvinosanganisa kupembedza ichi chidimbu. Ini ndinofunga vanoisa zviyero. Ndiwo maonero angu, nezvakakodzera. ”

Mukutsinhana email uye Bulletin munaGunyana, Ota, the Kyodo Nhau sanonyora munyori, akati ane "100 muzana yekuvimba" munyaya yake pane nhoroondo yaBordne yezviitiko kuOkinawa "kunyangwe paine zvakawanda zvisipo."