Mauto eCarbon Bootprint

NaJoyce Nelson, Ndira 30, 2020

From Mvura yakashambidzwa Sentinel

Iko hakuna mubvunzo kuti, pasirese, mushandisi mukurusa wemafuta echisimba mauto. Dzese jeti dzehondo, matangi, ngarava dzechikepe, mota dzekutakura nendege, Jeeps, maherikoputa, humvees, uye drones zvinopisa dizeli yakawanda, uye gasi mazuva ese, zvichigadzira mweya wakakura. Saka iwe waizofunga kuti nhaurirano nezve mamiriro ekunze ekukurumidzira dzaizotarisa pane yemauto kabhoni bootprint, kana kuti wozoisa pamusoro pezvinonetsa.

Asi unenge wakanganisa. Kunze kwemazwi mashoma akasurukirwa, mauto anoita kunge asunungurwa kubva mukukurukurirana kwemamiriro ekunze.

Izvo zvaive pachena pachena muna Zvita 2019, apo musangano weNATO wakanangana nekuvhurwa kweCOP25 kuSpain. Musangano weNATO wakanangisa zvakanyanya pa harangue yehutongi hwaTrump yekuti nhengo dzeNATO hadzisi kushandisa zvakaringana pazvombo zvemauto. Zvichakadaro, COP25 yakanangana ne "misika yemakoni" uye nyika dzichidonha mukuzvipira kwavo ku2015 Paris Accord.

Idzo "silosi" mbiri idzi dzinofanirwa kunge dzakabatanidzwa kuratidza kusanzwisisika kunoshanda shure kwezvose izvi: kuti neimwe nzira mamiriro ekunze anogona kusangana pasina kuwedzera mauto. Asi sezvatichaona, hurukuro iyoyo inorambidzwa pamatanho epamusoro.

Mari yekuCanada Yemauto

Kudonhedza kumwe chete kwaioneka panguva yesarudzo dzemuna 2019 dzeCanada, idzo takaudzwa kuti dzaive nezve mamiriro ekunze. Asi mukati memushandirapamwe, kusvika pandinogona kuona, hapana kana chimwe chete chakataurwa nezvekuti hurumende yeTrudeau Liberal yakavimbisa kubvisa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu nemaviri emadhora mu "mari nyowani" yevarwi, kukwidza mari yeCanada muchiuto kusvika pamadhora anosvika mabhiriyoni 62 pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri anotevera. Mari itsva iyi inosanganisira madhora makumi matatu emadhora emajeti makumi masere nemasere ehondo dzehondo nendege dzehondo gumi neshanu na553.

Mabhidi ekuvaka aya ma 88 majeti evarwi nyowani anofanirwa kuendeswa neChirimo 2020, naBoeing, Lockheed Martin, uye Saab vari mumakwikwi anotyisa emakondirakiti eCanada.

Sezvineiwo, Postmedia Nhau ine Zvinonzi iyo yevakakwikwidza vaviri vepamusoro, ndege yekurwa yeBoeing Super Hornet "inodhura madhora zviuru gumi nezvisere [USD] paawa kushanda kana ichienzaniswa ne [Lockheed Martin] F-18,000 inodhura $ 35" paawa.

Kuti vaverengi varege kufunga kuti vatyairi vemauto vanobhadharwa maECO-chikamu mibairo, zvakakosha kutaura kuti zvese zvemauto zvigadzirwa zvinotyisa mafuta-zvisina basa, zvichipa kune iwo akakwirira mashandiro ekushandisa. Neta Crawford yeBoston University, munyori-munyori wenyaya ye2019 yakanzi Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, uye Zvinodhura zveHondo, yakacherekedza kuti jeti dzehondo hadzina mafuta zvakakwana zvekuti mafuta anoshandiswa anoyerwa mu "magaroni paira" kwete mamaira pagoroni, saka "ndege imwe inogona kuwana marita mashanu paira." Saizvozvowo, sekureva kweForbes, tangi rakafanana neM1 Abrams rinowana anenge 0.6 mamaira pagoroni.

Iyo Pentagon's Fuel Use

Maererano Mariro yeHondo Chirevo kubva kuWatson Institute kuBrown University, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro muUS "ndiyo chete mushandisi mukuru" wemafuta epasi rose, uye "mugadziri mumwe chete mukurusa wemagreenhouse gases (GHG) pasi rose." Chirevo ichocho chakanzwikwa muchidzidzo chakafanana che2019 chakapihwa naOliver Belcher, Benjamin Neimark, naPatrick Bigger vanobva kuDurham neLancaster maYunivhesiti, anonzi Akavanzwa Carbon Mutengo weiyo 'Kwese Hondo'. Mishumo yose iri miviri yakataura kuti “ndege dzemauto dzavepo nezvikepe zvehondo [zviri] kukiya mauto eUnited States mumahydrocarbon kwemakore anotevera.” Izvi zvinogona kutaurwa nedzimwe nyika (seCanada) dziri kutenga zvigadzirwa zvemauto.

Nhoroondo mbiri idzi dzinoti muna 2017 chete, mauto eUS akatenga mabharani mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nemazana maviri nemazana maviri nemazana pazuva uye akashandisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni masere emadhora emadhora emafuta emuchadenga, mauto, navy, uye marines. Asi iyo 269,230 bpd nhamba ndeyekushandisa chete "kushandiswa" kwemafuta - kudzidzisa, kushandisa, uye kutsigira zvombo zvehondo - inova 8.6% yemafuta ese ekushandisa. Iyo nhamba haina kusanganisira "institutional" kushandiswa kwemafuta - mafosili anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mauto eU.S. epamba nekune dzimwe nyika, ayo anoverengeka anodarika chiuru kutenderera pasirese uye anoverengera makumi matatu kubva muzana ehuwandu hweUS yekushandisa mafuta.

SaGar Smith, mupepeti wezve kubuda kwePasi Island Journal, Zvinonzi muna 2016, "Pentagon yakabvuma kupisa 350,000 emiti emafuta pazuva (nyika makumi matatu neshanu chete pasi pano dzinodya yakawanda)."

Nzou muchipinda

Muchidimbu chinoshamisa, Pentagon: The Climate Elephant, yakatanga kuburitswa neInternational Action Center uye Global Research, Sara Flounders akanyora muna 2014 kuti: "Kune nzou mumakakatanwa emamiriro ekunze ayo nehurumende yeAmerica haigone kukurukurwa kana kutomboonekwa." Nzou iyoyo inyaya yekuti "Pentagon ine gumbeze rinoregererwa muzvibvumirano zvese zvemamiriro ekunze zvepasi rose. Kubvira pakataurirana [COP4] Kyoto Protocol muna 1998, mukuyedza kuti US itevedzere, mauto ese eU.S. pasi rese uye mukati meUS havabviswi pachiyero kana zvibvumirano zvekudzikiswa kwe [GHG]. "

Pane idzi nhaurirano dza1997-1998 dzeCOP4, Pentagon yakasimbirira pane ino "kuchengetedzwa kwenyika," ichipa mukana wekudzora - kana kutomhan'ara - gasi rinokanganisa gasi. Zvakare, mauto eUS akasimbirira muna 1998 kuti panhaurirano dzese dzezvemamiriro ekunze pamusoro pezvemamiriro ekunze, nhume dzinonyatsodzivirirwa kuti dzikurukure nezvechiuto chekabhoni. Kunyangwe dai vaida kuzotaura nezvazvo, havakwanise.

Sekureva kwaFlounders, kuregererwa kwenyika kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kunosanganisira "mashandiro ese emarudzi akawanda senge US-yakarairwa mubatanidzwa wemauto eNATO neAfRICOM [United States Africa Command], mubatanidzwa wemauto eU.S. wave kuvhara Africa."

Sezvineiwo, iyo US iri pasi paGeorge W. Bush yakaramba kusaina Kyoto Protocol. Canada yakateedzana, ichibva kuKyoto muna2011.

Mariro yeHondo munyori Neta Crawford akapa kumwe kujekesa pane kusunungurwa kwemauto. Mubvunzurudzo yaChikunguru 2019, Crawford akataura kuti kuchengetedzwa kwenyika "kwakanyanyisa kuregedza huni dzemubhinya uye zviitiko zvemauto muhondo kubva pakuverengerwa sechikamu cheinoburitsa [GHG]. Izvo ndezve nyika dzese. Hapana nyika inosungirwa kumhan'ara mweya [wemauto] iwo. Saka hazvisi zvega [kuUS] panyaya iyi. ”

Saka mu1998, iyo US yakawana kusunungurwa kwemauto enyika dzese kubva mukumhan'ara, kana kucheka, kabhoni yavo. Iyi ropafadzo yehondo nevemauto (zvirokwazvo, iyo yese yemauto-maindasitiri akaomarara) akatiza zvikuru kuziviswa kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura, kunyangwe nevamiriri vezvemamiriro ekunze.

Sekuziva kwandinogona kuona, hapana munhu anotaurirana nezvemamiriro ekunze kana wezvematongerwo enyika kana sangano reBig Green akamboridza muridzo kana kutotaura nezvemauto aya kune vezvenhau - "koni yekunyarara" iri kushamisa.

Muchokwadi, sekureva kwekuCanada muongorori Tamara Lorincz, uyo akanyora 2014 gwaro rekushanda bepa rakanzi Demilitarization Yeakadzika Decarbonization kune Swiss-based International Peace Bureau, muna 1997 "panguva iyoyo -Vice-Mutungamiriri weU.S. Al Gore vakabatana neAmerican timu yekutaurirana muKyoto," uye akakwanisa kuwana kusunungurwa kwemauto.

Kunyanya kutemesa musoro, mu2019 op-ed nokuti New York Review of Books, mumiriri wezvemamiriro ekunze Bill McKibben akachengetedza kabhoti remauto, achiti Pentagon "inoshandisa simba paseri peiyo yevagari," uye "vemauto vanga vachiita basa risiri-rinotyisa rekutyaira pasi marara aro. . ”

Pamisangano yeCOP21 yakatungamira Chibvumirano cheMamiriro ekunze cheParis cha2015, danho rakaitwa rekubvumidza nyika yega-yega kuona kuti ndedzipi zvikamu zvedunhu dzinofanirwa kuburitsa mweya usati wasvika 2030. Sezviri pachena, nyika zhinji dzakafunga kuti kusunungurwa kwemauto (kunyanya kwe "kushanda ”Kushandiswa kwemafuta) inofanira kuchengetedzwa.

MuCanada, semuenzaniso, nguva pfupi yapfuura pasarudzo dzemubatanidzwa, The Globe & Mail Zvinonzi iyo yakasarudzwazve Liberal hurumende diki yakanyora madhipatimendi manomwe anozoita "akakosha" mabasa mukucheka kabhoni: Zvemari, Zvepasi Pose, Innovation, Sayenzi uye Kuvandudza Kwehupfumi, Zvakatipoteredza, Natural Natural, Intergovernmental Affairs, uye Justice. Anowanikwa asipo idhipatimendi reNational Defense (DND). Pawebhusaiti yayo, iyo DND inobata "kuyedza kwavo kusangana kana kudarika" hutongi hwemweya, asi inocherekedza kuti kuedza uku "kusanganisa zvikepe zvemauto" - kureva, iyo chaiyo mauto ehondo anopisa mafuta akawanda.

MunaNovember 2019, iyo Green Budget Coalition - inoumbwa nemamwe makumi maviri nemaviri anotungamira eCanada NGOs - yakaburitsa yayo 2020 kabhoni-yekucheka mazano kune ehurumende madhipatimendi, asi haana kumbotaura nezvazvo nezvechigadzirwa cheGHG kana iyo DND pachayo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, shanduko yemauto / yemamiriro ekunze "koni yekunyarara" inoenderera.

Chikamu 526

Muna 2010, muongorori wemauto Nick Turse akataura kuti Dhipatimendi reDziviriro muUnited States (DOD) rinopa mabhiriyoni emadhora muzvibvumirano zvemagetsi gore rega rega, nemari zhinji ichatenga mafuta akawanda. Izvo zvibvumirano zveDOD (zvinodhura anodarika madhora gumi nematanhatu emadhora muna16) zvinonyanya kuenda kumusoro peturu vanopa saShell, ExxonMobil, Valero, uye BP (makambani anonzi neTurse).

Ese ari mana emakambani aya aive uye anobatanidzwa mukuburitswa kwejecha rejecha nekunatsa.

Muna 2007, vezvematongerwo enyika vemuUS vanga vachiitirana nharo neUS Energy Energy uye Independence Act nyowani. Vamwe vagadziri vemitemo vanonetsekana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, vachitungamirwa neDemocratic congressman, Henry Waxman, vakakwanisa kuisa chikamu chinonzi Chikamu 526, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive zvisiri pamutemo kune madhipatimendi ehurumende yeUS kana vamiririri kutenga mafuta emafuta ane kabhoni tsoka.

Tichifunga kuti DOD ndiro dhipatimendi guru rehurumende rinotenga mafuta, Chikamu 526 chaive chakanangidzirwa kuDOD. Uye zvakapihwa kuti kugadzirwa, kunatsa, uye kupisa kweAlberta tar sands isina kuburitswa inoburitsa kanokwana 23% yakawanda GHG emissions pane yakajairwa mafuta, Chikamu 526 chakanyatso kutungamirwa patara sands isina kuchena (uye mamwe mafuta anorema).

"Chirongwa ichi," Waxman akanyora, "chinovimbisa kuti masangano ehurumende haasi kushandisa mari yemubhadhari kutengera mafuta matsva izvo zvichawedzera kudziya kwepasi."

Neimwe nzira, Chikamu 526 chakangofuratirwa nesimba rine simba rekuchengetedza mafuta muWashington uye wakave mutemo muUS mu2007, zvichikurudzira mumiriri weCanada kubhururuka kuita chiito.

As Iyo Tyee'' Geoff Dembicki akanyora makore akatevera (Kurume 15, 2011), "Vamiriri veCanada vaive nemavambo ekutanga kwaFebruary 2008 vakaratidzira kuAmerican Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil, BP, DRM, Marathon, Devon, uye Encana, maemail emukati anoratidza."

IAmerican Petroleum Institute yakaumba Chikamu 526 "boka rinoshanda" rakasangana nevamiriri veCanada nevamiriri veAlberta, nepo mumiriri weCanada kuUS panguva iyoyo, Michael Wilson "akanyorera Secretary of Defense weUS mwedzi iwoyo, achiti Canada haina ndinoda kuona Chikamu 526 chichiiswa kumafuta anogadzirwa kubva pajecha remafuta eAlberta, ”Dembicki akanyora.

Tsamba yaWilson yaive yekuedza kuchengetedza zvibvumirano zvemafuta akawanda zvakapihwa neDOD kumakambani (saShell, ExxonMobil, Valero, neBP) aibatanidzwa mumatanda ejira?

Kubata kwakanyanya kwakashanda. Sangano reDOD rekutsvaga kwekutenga mafuta, Dziviriro Logistics Agency - Energy, yakaramba kubvumidza Chikamu 526 kunyorera, kana kushandura maitiro ayo ekutenga, uye yakazomira yakanangana nedambudziko rakafanana reChikamu 526 rakaiswa nemapoka ezvekuchengetedza eUS.

Muna 2013, Tom Corcoran, director director weWashington-based Center yeNorth American Energy Security, akaudza Globe & Tsamba muna 2013, "Ndingati ndiko kukunda kukuru kwevagadziri vejecha remafuta eCanada nekuti vanopa huwandu hwakakura hwemafuta asina kuchekeswa anoshandurwa kuita chigadzirwa kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro."

"Kufunga Zvikuru"

MunaNovember 2019, aimbova purezidhendi weUS Jimmy Carter akanyora akafarira op-ed nokuti Time Magazine, vachipokana kuti "kupa simba vakadzi nevasikana" kunogona kubatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Vakati dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rinogona kunge rakanyanya, uye nguva yekuita ipfupi, zvekuti tinofanira kurega "kungotarisa kumucheto kwesimba redu renyika indasitiri" uye panzvimbo pezvo "kufunga zvakakura, kuita nekukurumidza, uye kusanganisira munhu wese."

Asi Carter haana kana paakambotaura nezvemauto, izvo zviri pachena kuti hazvina kubatanidzwa mukutsanangura kwake "munhu wese."

Kunze kwekunge isu tatanga "kufunga zvakakura" uye toshanda kubvarura muchina wehondo (uye NATO), pane tariro shoma. Nepo vamwe vedu tichiedza kuchinjira kune yakaderera-kabhoni ramangwana, mauto ane carte blanche yekupisa ese mafossil mafuta aanoda mune yayo Hardware yeiyo isingazoperi hondo - mamiriro aripo zvakanyanya nekuti vanhu vazhinji havana chavanoziva nezve zvechiuto kuregererwa kubva mukubuda kwemamiriro ekunze kuburitsa uye kucheka.

Mubayiro-anokunda munyori azvino bhuku raJoyce Nelson, Kupfuura Dystopia, rakaburitswa neWatershed Sentinel mabhuku.