naAntonio De Lauri, Nharo Dzose, April 10, 2022
Hondo muUkraine yakamutsazve kumwe kufarira hondo kune ngozi. Maonero akadai patriotism, tsika dzegutsaruzhinji, divi rekurudyi renhoroondo, kana a kurwa kutsva kwerusununguko zvinounganidzwa sezvinodiwa kuti munhu wese atore divi muhondo iyi. Hazvishamisi ipapo kuti nhamba huru yezvinonzi vatorwa vokunze vanoda kuenda kuUkraine kunobatana rimwe divi kana rimwe divi.
Ndakasangana nevashoma vavo nguva pfupi yadarika pamuganhu wePoland neUkraine, kwandaibvunzurudza boka revanhu vemafirimu vokuNorway vaine masoja nevarwi vokune dzimwe nyika vaipinda kana kuti vachibuda munzvimbo yehondo. Vamwe vavo havana kumbobvira varwa kana "kutorwa" sezvo vasina ruzivo rwechiuto kana kukurudzira kwakakodzera. Iboka revanhu vakavhengana, vamwe vakapedza makore vari muchiuto, asi vamwe vaingoita zvechiuto. Vamwe vane mhuri kumba dzakavamirira; vamwe, hapana musha wokudzokera. Vamwe vane zvikonzero zvakasimba zvepfungwa; vamwe vanongoda kupfura chimwe chinhu kana mumwe munhu. Kune zvakare boka guru revaimbove masoja vakashandura vakananga kubasa rekubatsira vanhu.
Patakanga tichiyambuka muganhu kuti tipinde muUkraine, aimbova musoja weUnited States akandiudza kuti: “Chikonzero nei vakawanda vakarega basa kana kuti vaichimbova varwi vakatamira kubasa rokuyamura zvingava nyore kudiwa kwokufara.” Kana uchinge wabva muchiuto, chiitiko chepedyo chinogona kukuendesa ku "nzvimbo inonakidza," sezvakataurwa nemumwe, achireva nzvimbo yehondo muUkraine, ibasa rekubatsira vanhu-kana, kutaura zvazviri, nhevedzano yemamwe mabhizinesi ari kuita howa munzvimbo. kuswedera kwehondo, kusanganisira makondirakiti uye zviitiko zvehutsotsi.
"Isu tiri adrenaline junkies," aimbova musoja weUS akadaro, kunyangwe iye zvino ave kuda kubatsira vanhuwo zvavo, chimwe chinhu chaanoona se "chikamu chemaitiro angu ekurapa." Zvakafanana nevazhinji vevarwi vokune dzimwe nyika kudiwa kwokuwana chinangwa muupenyu. Asi izvi zvinorevei nezvenzanga dzedu kana, kutsvaka upenyu hune chinangwa, zviuru zvinoda kuenda kuhondo?
Pane propaganda huru izvo zvinoita senge zvichiratidza kuti hondo inogona kuitwa zvinoenderana neyakagadzika yemitemo inogamuchirwa, yakamisikidzwa uye isinganzwisisike. Rinopa pfungwa yehondo ine hunhu hwakanaka umo zvinangwa zvehondo chete zvinoparadzwa, simba risingashandiswi zvakanyanyisa, uye chakanaka nechakaipa zvinotsanangurwa zvakajeka. Iyi rhetoric inoshandiswa nehurumende uye ruzhinji media propaganda (ne indasitiri yemauto celebrating) kuita kuti hondo igamuchirwe, kunyange kukwezva, kuvanhu.
Chero chipi nechipi chinotsauka kubva paiyi pfungwa yehondo chaiyo uye ine mbiri inoonekwa seyakasiyana. Masoja eU.S. kutambudza vasungwa mu Abu Ghraib: kunze. Masoja eGermany kutamba nedehenya remunhu muAfghanistan: chimwe chinhu. The musoja weUS uyo akaenda paimba neimba mumusha weAfghan, achiuraya vanhuwo zvavo 16 kusanganisira vana vanoverengeka pasina chikonzero: kunze. Mhosva dzehondo dzinoparwa ne Mauto eAustralia muAfghanistan: chimwe chinhu. Vasungwa veIraqi vanotambudzwa na Mauto eBritain: chimwe chinhu.
Nyaya dzakafanana dziri kubuda muhondo iripo muUkraine zvakare, kunyangwe kazhinji "zvisina kusimbiswa." Nehondo yeruzivo inokanganisa musiyano uripo pakati pechokwadi nekufungidzira, hatizive kana uye rinhi tichakwanisa kuona mavhidhiyo akadai seari kuratidza murwi wekuUkraine achitaura parunhare naamai vemurwi wekuRussia akaurayiwa uye vachiseka. iye, kana Mauto eUkraine kupfura vasungwa kuti vakuvare zvachose, kana nhau pamusoro pemasoja eRussia anoshinha vakadzi.
Zvese kunze? Kwete. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvinoita hondo. Hurumende dzinoita nhamburiko huru kutsanangura kuti mhando dzezvikamu hadzisi dzehondo. Vanotonyepedzera kushamiswa apo vanhuwo zvavo vanourawa, kunyange zvazvo kunanga vanhuwo zvavo zvakarongeka kuri rutivi rwehondo dzose dzazvino uno; semuenzaniso, pamusoro 387,000 vanhu vepanyika vakaurawa muUS post-9/11 hondo chete, ine mukana wekufa kubva kuhondo idzodzo dzinodzokorodza.
Pfungwa yehondo yakachena uye inobudirira inhema. Hondo inzvimbo ine bongozozo yemazano emauto akabatana nehutsinye, kutyorwa, kusavimbika, kusahadzika uye hunyengeri. Munzvimbo dzese dzekurwa manzwiro akadai sekutya, kunyara, mufaro, manyawi, kushamisika, hasha, hutsinye, uye tsitsi.
Isu tinoziva zvakare kuti chero zvikonzero chaizvo zvehondo, kuziva muvengi chinhu chakakosha chekufona kwese kwegakava. Kuti tikwanise kuuraya—zvakarongeka—hazvina kukwana kuita kuti varwi vashaye hanya nemuvengi, kumuzvidza; zvinodiwawo kuita kuti vaone mumuvengi chipingamupinyi cheramangwana riri nani. Nechikonzero ichi, hondo inogara ichida kushandurwa kwehunhu hwemunhu kubva pachimiro chemunhu kuenda kunhengo yeboka rakatsanangurwa, uye rinovengwa muvengi.
Kana chinangwa chehondo chete chiri chekungobvisa muvengi chete, saka tinotsanangura sei kuti sei kurwadziswa nekuparadzwa kwemitumbi yevakafa nevapenyu kuchiitwa nehutsinye hwakadaro munzvimbo zhinji dzehondo? Kunyange zvazvo mumashoko asinganzwisisike chisimba chakadaro chichiita sechisingafungidziriki, zvinokwanisika kuona kana munhu akapondwa kana kutambudzwa achienderana nezvinomiririra zvinonyadzisa zvinovaratidza semakororo, mbwende, vane tsvina, vasina hunhu, vasina kutendeka, vakashata, vasingateereri - zvinomiririrwa zvinofamba nekukurumidza muma media enhau nemagariro. . Mhirizhonga yehondo kuedza kunoshamisa kushandura, kutsanangura patsva nekumisa miganhu yemagariro; kusimbisa kuvapo kweumwe uye kuramba kweumwe. Naizvozvo, mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nehondo haizi chokwadi chekuona, asiwo inzira yekukurukurirana kwevanhu.
Izvi zvinotevera kuti hondo haigoni kungotsanangurwa sechigumisiro chezvisarudzo zvezvematongerwe enyika kubva kumusoro; inotemerwawo nekutora chikamu uye zvirongwa kubva pasi. Izvi zvinogona kutora chimiro chechisimba chakanyanya hutsinye kana kurwadzisa, asiwo sekupokana nepfungwa yehondo. Inyaya yevarwi vanoramba kuva chikamu chehondo chaiyo kana chinangwa: mienzaniso kubva kuramba uchitungamirirwa nehana panguva yehondo, kujekesa chinzvimbo senge nyaya ye Fort Hood Tatu vakaramba kuenda kuVietnam vachifunga nezvehondo iyoyo "isina pamutemo, unzenza, uye isina kururama," uye kuramba kwehondo. Russian National Guard kuenda kuUkraine.
“Hondo haina kururama uye yakashata zvokuti vose vanoirwisa vanofanira kuedza kuvhiringidza inzwi rehana mavari,” akanyora kudaro Leo Tolstoy. Asi zvakafanana nekubata mweya wako uri pasi pemvura — haugone kuzviita kwenguva refu, kunyangwe wakadzidziswa.
Antonio De Lauri ndiye Purofesa weKutsvagisa kuCh. Michelsen Institute, Mutungamiriri weNorwegian Center for Humanitarian Studies, uye ari mupiro kuMutengo weHondo Project yeWatson Institute for International and Public Affairs paBrown University.
