Mufananidzo wechikwereti: pxfuel
by Peace Sciences Digest, September 14, 2021
Kuongorora uku kunopfupisa uye kunoratidza kutsvagurudza kunotevera: Qureshi, A. (2020). Kusangana nehondo "yekutyisa": Kufona kunharaunda yakakomba yehugandanga. Dzakakosha Dzidzo paGandanga, 13 (3), 485-499.
Ongororo iyi ndeyechitatu pazvikamu zvina zvezvikamu zvekurangarira makore makumi maviri aGunyana 20, 11. isu tinotarisira kuti dzino dzakateedzana dzimutse kufunga kwakakomba kwekupindura kweUS kuhugandanga uye kuvhura nhaurirano pane dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzechisimba kuhondo nemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika.
Kutaura Points
- Kunzwisiswa-kwega kwehondo nehugandanga senzira yehurongwa yega, kusatarisira huwandu hwevanhu hwehondo / hugandanga, kunogona kutungamira vadzidzi kuti vabatsire pakuita gwara "rakafungidzirwa" iro rinozopedzisira rave kubatanidzwa neHondo Yenyika Yose paGandanga ( GWOT).
- Ipo zvisati zvamboitika kuti "warzone" uye "nguva yehondo" zvaigona kunge zvakatemwa zvakajeka, iyo GWOT yakaparadzanisa iyi misiyano nenzvimbo pakati pehondo nerunyararo, ichiita "nyika yese kuita warzone" uye ichiwedzera zviitiko zvehondo kuva "nguva yerunyararo" . ”
- "Iyo inopesana nehugandanga" - madanho akasiyanasiyana ehunhu hwehugandanga "anopindirana nekusimbisana" - ane huwandu, hune rusaruro mhedzisiro kune vanhu vanopfuura mhedzisiro yakajeka yechero mutemo, pamwe nemitemo inoita kunge yakaipa - se "pre-mhosva. ”Zvirongwa zvekudzora dzidziso - zvichiita imwezve“ nhurikidzwa ”munharaunda dzakatotemerwa nekushungurudzwa nezviremera.
- Kugadziriswa kwemhirizhonga kuita gwara kunofanira kutanga kubva pakunzwisisa kwehupenyu hwakaitika munharaunda dzakanyanya kubatwa neGWOT kuitira kuti isabatanidzwe mukukuvadza uye nehurongwa hwedzinza.
Kiyi Insight yeKuziva Maitiro
- Hondo yeUS muAfghanistan painopera, zviri pachena kuti kusarudzira, zvehondo, zvechisimba nzira dzekuchengeteka - kungave kune dzimwe nyika kana "kumba" - hazvishande uye zvinokuvadza. Kuchengetedzwa panzvimbo pezvo kunotanga nekubatanidzwa uye kuve kwako, nenzira yekudzivirira mhirizhonga inoenderana nezvinodiwa nevanhu uye inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vese, kungave munharaunda kana pasi rose.
pfupiso
Izvo zvakajairika mune zvematongerwo enyika sainzi uye hukama hwepasi rose kufunga nezvehondo sehurongwa hwehurongwa, senzira yekuguma. Kana isu tichifunga nezvehondo chete nenzira iyi, zvakadaro, tinozviona mune chaiwo-mativi mazwi- sechigadziro chemutemo - uye vova mapofu kune ayo akawanda maitiro uye akapamhama mhedzisiro. Sekutaura kwaAsim Qureshi, kunzwisiswa-kwega kwehondo nehugandanga kunogona kutungamira vadzidzi - kunyangwe avo vakatsoropodza zvidzidzo zvehugandanga - kuti vabatsire pakuita gwara "rakafungidzirwa" iro rinozopedzisira raenderana neHondo Yenyika Yose paGandanga (GWOT ) uye mapamhi akakura ekurwisa hugandanga. Kurudziro yake kuseri kweiyi tsvagiridzo, nekudaro, ndeyekutungamira chiitiko chevanhu cheGWOT kubatsira vadzidzi vanotsoropodza kunyanya "kufunga zvakare hukama hwavo nekugadzira mutemo," kusanganisira kupokana nezvirongwa zvechisimba zvekunyanyisa (CVE).
Mubvunzo wepakati unoratidza kutsvagurudza kwemunyori ndewokuti: GWOT ine ruzivo - kusanganisira mutemo wayo wekupokana nehugandanga - ine ruzivo sei, uye izvi zvinganzwisiswe sechiitiko chehondo kunyangwe kupfuura nzvimbo dzehondo dzepamutemo? Kuti apindure uyu mubvunzo, munyori anotora pane zvake zvakaburitswa pakutsvagisa, zvichibva pakubvunzurudzwa nebasa remumunda nesangano rekutsigira rinonzi CAGE.
Kuchekesa ruzivo rwevanhu, munyori anoratidzira maratidziro anoita hondo zvese, ichipinda muzvinhu zvese zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva nemhedzisiro seyakajairika sezvavanoshandura hupenyu. Uye nepo zvisati zvamboitika "warzone" uye "nguva yehondo" (kupi uye kana zviitiko zvakadaro zvikaitika) zvingave zvakanyatsorongedzwa, iyo GWOT yakaputsa idzi nzvimbo nenzvimbo pakati pehondo nerunyararo, ichiita "nyika yese kuita warzone "Uye kuwedzera zviitiko zvehondo kuita" nguva yerunyararo, "apo munhu anogona kumiswa chero nguva mukati mehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Anotaura nezvenyaya yevaMuslim vana veBritain avo vakasungwa muKenya (nyika "irikunze kwekunze kwenzvimbo yehondo") ndokubvunzwa neveKenya neBritain vezvekuchengetedza / vehungwaru. Ivo, pamwe nevarume makumi masere, vakadzi, nevana, vakaiswawo munhandare dzekushandura pakati peKenya, Somalia, neEthiopia kwavakaiswa mumakeji akafanana neaishandiswa kuGuantanamo Bay. Muchidimbu, GWOT yakaburitsa maitiro akajairika uye kubatana kwekuchengeteka pakati penyika dzakawanda, kunyangwe idzo dzinoita senge dziri kupesana, "kukwevera [vanokuvadza], mhuri dzavo uyezve nevanoona, mune [pfungwa] yehondo yepasirese."
Zvakare, munyori anojekesa chaanodaidza kuti "hunhu hwehugandanga" - maitiro akasiyanasiyana ehunhu hwehugandanga "anopindirana nekusimbisana," kubva "kugovana ungwaru" kusvika "marongero evagari vemunyika sekushaikwa kwehugari hwemo" kuenda ku "pre-mhosva" deradicalization zvirongwa. Iyi "matrix" ine mhedzisiro kune vanhu vanopfuura kusanzwisisika kwechero mutemo mumwe, iine mutemo unoratidzika kunge wakanaka - senge "pre-mhosva" zvirongwa zvekuzvidza - zvichiita imwezve "nhanho yekushungurudzwa" munharaunda dzakatotarisirwa uye kushungurudzwa nezviremera. Anopa muenzaniso wemukadzi akapomerwa mhosva yekuve ne "bhuku rehugandanga" asi akagadzwa nemutongi haana kukurudzirwa nedzidziso irimo muchinyorwa. Zvakadaro, mutongi akafunga kuti kuchenjera - nekuda kwekusava nechokwadi uye nenyaya yekuti aive nehama dzakabatwa nemhosva yehugandanga - kumupa "mutongo wekuchengetwa kwemwedzi gumi nemiviri" kumumanikidza kuenda "chirongwa chinoshoreka," nokudaro "achisimbisa pfungwa yekutyisidzira, kunyangwe pasina kuvhunduka kwakambovapo. ” Kwaari, mhinduro "yakanga isingaenzaniswi" kutyisidziro, nehurumende ikozvino yave kutevera kwete kwete chete "maMuslim ane ngozi" asi "dzidziso yeIslam pachayo." Iyi shanduko yekudzora kwehungwaru kuburikidza neCVE chirongwa, pane kungo tarisa kumhirizhonga, inoratidza nzira iyo GWOT yakapinda munhandare dzese dzehupenyu hweveruzhinji, yakanangana nevanhu zvakanyanya zvichibva pane zvavanotenda kana kunyangwe maratidziro avo- uye nekudaro yakaenzana nechimiro chechimiro chechimiro.
Mumwe muenzaniso - wemwana mudiki aigara achinyorwa uye, mune dzimwe nguva, akavharirwa nekushungurudzwa munyika dzakasiyana nekuda kwekunzi (uye kunopokana) kubatana nehugandanga, asi akazopomedzerwawo kuva spy - zvinowedzera kuratidza "kuzvisimbisa" chiitiko chehondo ”chakaitwa neyakaenzana nemagandanga. Nyaya iyi inonongedzerawo pakuparara kwemusiyano uripo pakati pevanhuwo zvavo nevarwi mukurwisa hugandanga nemutemo wekupikisa uye nzira iyo munhu uyu asina kupihwa mabhenefiti ehugari hwemo, zvichinzi anofungidzirwa kuti ane mhosva pane kubatsirwa uye kudzivirirwa nehurumende nekufungidzira yekusava nemhosva kwake.
Munzira dzese idzi, "pfungwa dzehondo dzinoramba dzichipararira… nguva dzerunyararo geographies" muGWOT- pane zvese zvepanyama uye nepfungwa - nemasangano epamba senge mapurisa ari kutora chikamu muhondo-senge kurwisa mazano kunyangwe mukufungidzirwa "nguva yerunyararo." Nekutangira kubva kunzwisiswe kwehupenyu hwakaitika munharaunda dzakanyanya kubatwa neGWOT, vadzidzi vanogona kuramba "kuomarara… nehurongwa hwedzinza" uye kufunga zvakare nzira dzekuchengetedza nharaunda dzakachengeteka kubva kugandanga pasina kupa kodzero dzeavo vari munharaunda dzakanangwa.
Kuzivisa Kudzidzira
Makore makumi maviri mushure mekutanga kweGlobal Hondo pamusoro peGandanga (GWOT), iyo US ichangobvisa mauto ayo ekupedzisira kubva kuAfghanistan. Kunyangwe ikatongwa zvakadzikira pahwaro hwezvinangwa zvaifanirwa kuzadzikiswa - kudzivirira mashandiro eAl Qaeda munyika uye kubvisa kutonga kubva kuTaliban - iyi hondo, senge kumwe kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemhirizhonga yemauto, inozviratidza kuti haina kukwana uye zvisina basa: VaTaliban vakangodzora kutonga kweAfghanistan, al Qaeda yakasara, uye ISIS yakawanawo nzvimbo munyika, ichitangisa kurwisa panguva iyo US yainge ichibvisa..
Uye kunyangwe kana iri hondo aiva yakazadzisa zvinangwa zvayo - izvo zvaisanyatsoita - panenge paine chokwadi chekuti hondo, sekutsvagurudzwa kunoitwa apa, haimboshanda chete sechinhu chakajeka chebumbiro, senzira yekungosvika kumagumo. Iyo inogara iine hupamhi uye hwakadzama mhedzisiro pahupenyu chaihwo hwevanhu-avo veavo vakaurayiwa, vamiririri / vatadzi, uye nharaunda yakafara - mhedzisiro isinganyangarika kana hondo yapera. Kunyangwe mhedzisiro iri pachena yeGWOT ichionekwa mune dzakawandisa nhamba dzevakaurayiwa- zvinoenderana neMitengo yeHondo Chirongwa, vakakomberedza mazana mapfumbamwe ezviuru zvevanhu vakaurayiwa zvakananga mumashure-900,000/9 mhirizhonga munguva yehondo, kusanganisira 11-364,000 vanhuwo zvavo- zvinogona kunge zvakanyanya kunetsa kune avo vasina kukanganiswa zvakananga kuti vaone imwe, zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kune vamwe vanhu vemunharaunda (sezvazviri kwete mu "warzone") avo vakanangidzirwa mukuedza kwehugandanga: mwedzi kana makore akarasika muchitokisi, kushungurudzika kwepanyama uye kwepfungwa kwekushungurudzwa, kumanikidzwa kupatsanurwa kubva kumhuri, pfungwa yekutengesa nekushaikwa kwekuva wega munyika yako, uye kusvinura zvakanyanya panhandare dzendege nekumwe kudyidzana kwakajairwa nezviremera, pakati pevamwe.
Kutongwa kwehondo yekune dzimwe nyika nguva zhinji kunosanganisira kufunga kwehondo iyo inodzoserwa kumberi kwemba- kupopota kwemapoka evarwi neanorwa; kubuda kwe nyika dzekusarudzika uko kwakajairika maitiro edemokrasi asingaonekwe kunyorera; kupatsanurwa kwenyika, kudzika padanho renharaunda, kupinda "isu" uye "ivo," kune avo vanofanirwa kuchengetedzwa uye avo vanoonekwa sevanotyisidzira. Iyi pfungwa yehondo, yakadzika midzi murusaruraganda nekuvenga vekunze, inoshandura maratidziro ehupenyu hwenyika nemagariro - nzwisiso yekutanga pamusoro pekuti ndevapi uye ndiani anofanira kuzviratidza nguva dzose: vangave maGerman-maAmerican panguva yeWWI, maJapan-maAmerican panguva yeWWII, kana achangopfuura maMuslim -America panguva yeGWOT semhedzisiro yekupandukira hugandanga neCVE mutemo.
Nepo paine kutsoropodza kwakajeka uye kunoshanda pano kwemauto muchiGWOT uye zvirevo zvawo zvakadzama pa "kumba," rimwe shoko renyevero rakakodzera: Isu tinoisa panjodzi yekubatana neGWOT uye iyi pfungwa yehondo kunyangwe nekutsigira senge nzira "dzisiri dzechisimba" kupikisa kuita zvechisimba (CVE). Yambiro iri pamusoro: nzira yekurapa vamwe vanhu asi kwete vamwe sevarwi vechokwadi, vane kodzero shoma kupfuura vanhuwo zvavo, vachigadzira vagari vechipiri kubva muboka revanhu vanogona kutonzwa sekunge havasi vega zvizere. Panzvimbo iyoyo, kuchengetedzeka kunotanga nekubatanidzwa uye kuve kwevamwe, nenzira yekudzivirira mhirizhonga inoenderana nezvinodiwa nevanhu uye inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vese, kungave munharaunda kana pasi rose.
Asi, nzira yekusarudzika, yechiuto yekuchengetedza yakadzika midzi. Funga kumashure kusvika kunonoka kwaGunyana 2001. Kunyangwe isu ikozvino tichinzwisisa kukundikana kweHondo muAfghanistan nezvayo (uye zvakafararira zveGWOT) zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya zvakakomba, zvaive zvisingaite kutaura-chaizvo isina kuoneka-Kuti iyo US haifanire kuenda kuhondo mukupindura kurwiswa kwe9 / 11. Dai iwe wanga uine hushingi uye kuvapo kwepfungwa panguva iyoyo kuti utsvage imwe nzira, isina mhirizhonga kupindura mutemo pachinzvimbo chekuita zvechiuto, ungangove ungadai wakanzi wakarurama naïve, kunze kwekubata neicho chokwadi kunyangwe. Asi nei yaive / isiri pfungwa yekufunga kuti nekubhomba, kupinda nechisimba, nekugara nyika kwemakore makumi maviri, tichiparadzanisa nharaunda dzakadzvinyirirwa pano "kumba," isu taizobvisa hugandanga - pachinzvimbo chekukurudzira kurwisa kwakatsigira. maTaliban nguva yese iyi uye achimutsa ISIS? Ngatirangarirei nguva inotevera apo chaipo naïveté chaiyo inorara. [MW]
Mibvunzo Yehurukuro
Dai iwe wainge wadzoka munaGunyana 2001 neruzivo rwatiri ikozvino pamusoro pemhedzisiro yeHondo muAfghanistan uye yakafara Hondo Yenyika Yese paGandanga (GWOT), nderudzii rwekupindura kurwiswa kwe9 / 11 iwe kwaungatsigira?
Nharaunda dzinogona sei kudzivirira uye kudzikisira mhirizhonga pasina kunongedza zvisirizvo nerusarura kunharaunda dzese?
Kuenderera Kuverenga
Muduku, J. (2021, Gunyana 8). 9/11 haina kutichinja-Mhinduro yedu kwazviri yakaita. Mhirizhonga Yezvematongerwo enyika @ a Glance. Yakadzorerwa September 8, 2021, kubva https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/09/08/9-11-didnt-change-us-our-violent-response-did/
Waldman, P. (2021, Nyamavhuvhu 30). Tichiri kuzvinyepera pachedu nezve simba remauto eAmerica. Washington Post.Yakadzorerwa September 8, 2021, kubva https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/30/were-still-lying-ourselves-about-american-military-power/
Brennan Center yeRuramisiro. (2019 Gunyana 9). Nei kurwisa zvirongwa zvechisimba zvemitemo yakaipa maitiro. Yakadzorerwa Nyamavhuvhu 8, 2021, kubva https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy
Misangano
CAGE: https://www.cage.ngo/
Mashoko Akakosha: Hondo Yepasi Pose pamusoro pehugandanga (GWOT), hugandanga, nharaunda dzechiMuslim, kupikisa kuita zvechisimba (CVE), ruzivo rwevanhu rwehondo, Hondo muAfghanistan
Imwe Mhinduro
Ndiani gandanga pano?