naSarah Alcantara, Harel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, March 20, 2022
Tsika yeChiuto ndeimwe yekutyisidzira kwakanyanya mu21st Century, uye nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kutyisidzira kuri kukura uye kuri pedyo. Tsika dzayo dzakaumba nyika kuti ive sezvairi nhasi uye nezvairi kutambura - rusaruraganda, urombo, uye hudzvanyiriri sezvo nhoroondo yakazara zvakanyanya mutsika dzayo. Kunyange zvazvo kupfuuridzirwa kwetsika dzayo kwakakanganisa zvikuru vanhu nenzanga yazvino uno, mhoteredzo haina kuponeswa kubva muutsinye hwayo. Nemabhesi emauto anodarika mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu munyika dzinosvika makumi masere kubva muna 750, United States of America, iyo ine mauto makuru pasi rose, ndiyo imwe yakakonzera dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
Carbon Emissions
Militarism ndiyo inonyanya kuita mafuta-inopedza basa pasirese, uye nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwemauto, izvi zvinosungirwa kukura nekukurumidza uye nekukura mune ramangwana. Mauto eUS ndiye mutengi mukuru weoiri, uye nenzira yakafanana mugadziri mukuru wemagasi egreenhouse munyika. Nekumisikidzwa kwemauto kunopfuura 750 pasi rose, mafuta efosi anodiwa kuti asimbise mabhesi uye kuti zvigadziriso izvi zvirambe zvichishanda. Mubvunzo ndewokuti, uku kuwanda kwemafuta efossil kunoendepi?
Parkinson Zvikamu zveMauto Carbon Boot-Print
Kubatsira kuisa zvinhu mugwara, muna 2017, Pentagon yakagadzira 59 miriyoni metric matani eGreenhouse Gases emissions nyika dzakaita seSweden, Portugal, neDenmark zvachose. Saizvozvo, muna 2019, a kudzidza yakaitwa neDurham neLancaster University vaongorori vakasimbisa kuti kana mauto eUS pachawo aizova nyika yenyika, angave ari wechimakumi mana nemanomwe ekuburitsa magasi egreenhouse pasi rose, achipedza mamwe mafuta emvura uye achiburitsa CO47e yakawanda kupfuura nyika zhinji - kuita institution imwe yevakanyanya kusvibisa mamiriro ekunze munhoroondo yese. Case in point, imwe ndege yemauto, B-2 Stratofortress 'mafuta ekushandisa muawa yakaenzana neavhareji yemafuta emutyairi wemota mumakore manomwe (52).
Makemikari ane chepfu uye kusvibiswa kwemvura
Imwe yezvakanyanya kukuvadza nharaunda zvigadziko zvemauto makemikari ane muchetura kunyanya kusvibiswa kwemvura uye maPFA akanyorwa kuti 'nekusingaperi makemikari'. Maererano ne Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, Per- uye Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) inoshandiswa "kugadzira fluoropolymer coatings uye zvigadzirwa zvinoramba kupisa, mafuta, mavara, girisi, uye mvura. Fluoropolymer coatings inogona kunge iri mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa. " Chii chaizvo chinoita kuti maPFA ave nengozi kune zvakatipoteredza? Kutanga, ivo usaputsika munharaunda; Chechipiri, vanogona kufamba nemuvhu nekusvibisa matsime emvura yekunwa; uye pakupedzisira, ivo kuvaka (bioaccumulate) muhove nemhuka dzesango.
Aya makemikari ane chepfu anokanganisa zvakananga zvakatipoteredza uye mhuka dzesango, uye zvakafanana, vanhu vanogara vachisangana nemakemikari aya. Vanogona kuwanikwa mukati AFFF (Aqueous Film Kugadzira Furo) kana kuti muchimiro chayo chiri nyore chokudzimisa moto uye chinoshandiswa pakaitika moto nemafuta ejeti mukati menzvimbo yehondo. Mishonga iyi inogona kubva yapararira kuburikidza nenharaunda kuburikidza nevhu kana mvura yakatenderedza hwaro izvo zvinozounza huwandu hwakasiyana hwekutyisidzira nharaunda. Zvinoshamisa apo chokudzimisa moto chinoitwa kuti chigadzirise chinetso chakati asi “chigadzikiso” ichocho chinoratidzika kuva chiri kuparira zvimwe zvinetso. Iyo infographic pazasi yakapihwa neEuropean Environment Agency pamwe nezvimwe zvinopa zvirwere zvakati wandei izvo PFAS inogona kukonzera kune vese vakuru nevana vasati vazvarwa.
Mufananidzo ne Europe Environment Agency
Zvakadaro, kunyangwe iyi yakadzama infographic, kuchine zvinhu zvakawanda zvekudzidzwa paPFAS. Zvose izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekusvibiswa kwemvura mumigove yemvura. Makemikari ane chepfu aya anewo simba guru pakurarama kwekurima. Somuenzaniso, mune a chinyorwa on Gunyana, 2021, vanopfuura 50 000 varimi mumatunhu akati wandei muUS, vakabatikidzwa neDevelopment of Defense (DOD) nekuda kwekugona kupararira kwePFAS pamvura yavo yepasi kubva kune mauto eUS ari pedyo.
Kutyisidzira kwemakemikari aya hakuna kupera kana muzinda wemauto watosiiwa kana kuti usina munhu. An chinyorwa cheCentre of Public Integrity inopa muenzaniso weizvi sezvainotaura nezveGeorge Air Force base muCalifornia uye kuti yakashandiswa munguva yeCold War uye yakabva yasiiwa muna 1992. Asi, PFAS ichiripo kuburikidza nekusvibiswa kwemvura (PFAS inonzi ichiri kuwanikwa mu2015). )
Biodiversity uye Ecological balance
Mhedzisiro yekumisikidzwa kwemauto kutenderera pasirese haina kungokanganisa vanhu uye nharaunda chete asiwo kusiyanisa zvipenyu uye kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza pachako. Iyo ecosystem uye mhuka dzesango ndechimwe chevakawanda vakakuvara vegeopolitics, uye kukanganisa kwayo pane zvipenyu zvakasiyana kwave kukuvadza zvakanyanya. Kuiswa kwemauto mhiri kwemakungwa kwakaisa mungozi maruva nemhuka kubva kumatunhu ayo. Nyaya iripo, hurumende yeUS nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa chinangwa chavo chekuchinja chigaro chemauto kuenda kuHenoko neOura Bay, danho rinozokonzera mhedzisiro inogara kwenguva refu pane ecosystem mudunhu. Ose ari maviri Henoko neOura Bay inzvimbo dzinotyisa dzezvipenyu uye kumusha kune anopfuura zviuru zvishanu nemazana matatu emarudzi emakorari, uye iyo Dugong iri mungozi yekutsakatika. With hapana maDugong anopfuura makumi mashanu ari kurarama mumabheji, Dugong inotarisirwa kutarisana nekutsakatika kana pasina matanho ekukurumidza anotorwa. Nekumisikidzwa kwemauto, mutengo wezvakatipoteredza wekurasikirwa kwezvipenyu kuHenoko neOura Bay uchave wakanyanyisa, uye nzvimbo idzodzo pakupedzisira dzichatambura kufa kunononoka uye kunorwadza mumakore mashoma.
Mumwe muenzaniso, Rwizi rweSan Pedro, rukova runoyerera rwokuchamhembe runoyerera pedyo neSierra Vista neFort Huachuca, ndirwo rwizi rwerenje rwokupedzisira runoyerera rwakasununguka kuMaodzanyemba uye kumusha kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye marudzi akawanda ari mungozi yokutsakatika. Kupomba kwemvura pasi penzvimbo yemauto, Fort Huachuca zvisinei, iri kukonzera kukuvadza kuRwizi rweSan Pedro nemhuka dzayo dzemusango dziri mungozi dzakadai seSouthwestern Willow Flycatcher, Huachuca Water Umbel, Desert Pupfish, Loach Minnow, Spikedace, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, uye Northern Mexican Garter Nyoka. Nekuda kweiyo yekumisikidza yakawandisa yekupomba yepasi pevhu, mvura iri kubatwa kuti ipe inouya zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga kubva kuSan Pedro River. Nekuda kweizvozvo, rwizi rwuri kutambura padivi peizvi, nekuti ndiyo iri kufa yakapfuma ecosystem inovimba neRwizi rweSan Pedro kuti igare.
Ruzha Kusvibisa
Noise Pollution ndiyo rinotsanangurwa sekuratidzwa kwenguva dzose kumazinga eruzha akakwira anogona kuve nenjodzi kuvanhu nezvimwe zvipenyu. Sekureva kweWorld Health Organisation, kugara uchiratidzira kumazinga asingapfuuri 70 dB hakukuvadzi kuvanhu uye zvipenyu, zvisinei, kuratidzwa kune anopfuura 80- 85 dB kwenguva yakareba kunokuvadza uye kunogona kukonzera kunzwa zvachose. kukuvadzwa - midziyo yemauto senge ndege dzejeti dzine avhareji ye120 dB padhuze ukuwo pfuti dzine pakati pe140dB. A ripoti neVeterans Benefits Administration yekuUS Dhipatimendi reVeterans Affairs rakaratidza kuti varwi vehondo vanosvika miriyoni nemazana matatu vanonzi vakanga vasinganzwe uye vamwe vakarwa hondo vanosvika miriyoni 1.3 vanonzi vane tinnitus - hurema hwekunzwa hunoonekwa nekurira nekutinhira kwenzeve.
Pamusoro pazvo, vanhu havasi ivo voga vanotapurwa nemhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kweruzha, asiwo mhuka. Tiye Okinawa Dugong semuenzaniso, vari mungozi yezvipenyu zvekuOkinawa, Japan vane kunzwa kwakanyanya uye vari kutyisidzirwa nekumisikidzwa kwemauto muHenoko neOura Bay avo kusvibiswa kweruzha kunokonzera kushungurudzika kwakanyanya kuwedzera kutyisidzira kwezvipenyu zvatove mungozi. Mumwe muenzaniso iSango reHoh Rain, Olympic National Park inova musha wemarudzi gumi nemaviri emhuka, dzakawanda dzacho dzinenge dziri kutyisidzirwa uye dziri mungozi. Ichangobva kudzidza inoratidza kuti kusvibiswa kweruzha nguva dzose kunogadzirwa nendege dzemauto kunokanganisa runyararo rweOlympic National Park, kuchikanganisa kuenzana kwenzvimbo.
Nyaya ye Subic Bay uye Clark Air Base
Mienzaniso miviri mikuru yekuti mabhesi emauto anokanganisa sei nharaunda pamagariro evanhu uye ega ega Subic Naval Base neClark Air Base, iyo yakasiya nhaka ine muchetura uye yakasiya nzira yevanhu vakatambura nemhedzisiro. chibvumirano. Mabhesi maviri aya anonzi ane yaiva nemiitiro yaikuvadza mhoteredzo pamwe chete nokurasa kwetsaona uye kuraswa muchetura, zvichibvumira migumisiro inokuvadza neine ngozi kuvanhu. (Asis, 2011).
Panyaya ye Subic Naval base, chigadziko chakavakwa kubva 1885-1992 nenyika dzakawanda asi kunyanya neUS, yakanga yatosiiwa asi yakaramba ichityisidzira Subic Bay nenzvimbo dzayo dzekugara. Somuenzaniso, an chinyorwa muna 2010, yakataura imwe nyaya yemurume akwegura wekuPhilippines akafa nechirwere chemapapu mushure mekushanda uye akaiswa pachena kunzvimbo yavo yekurasira (kunoenda marara eNavy). Pamusoro pezvo, muna 2000-2003, pakanga paine makumi matatu nevasere vakafa uye vaifungidzirwa kuti vane chekuita nekusvibiswa kweSubic Naval Base, zvisinei, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwerutsigiro kubva kuhurumende yePhilippine neAmerica, pakanga pasisina imwe ongororo yakaitwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Clark Air Base, nzvimbo yeuto reUnited States yakavakwa muLuzon, Philippines muna 1903 uye gare gare yakasiyiwa muna 1993 nekuda kwekuputika kweMt. Pinatubo ine chikamu chayo cherufu uye zvirwere pakati pevagari vemo. Maererano ne nyaya imwe chete kare, yakakurukurwa kuti pashure Kuputika kweMt. Pinatubo muna 1991, kubva pa500 vapoteri vekuPhilippines, vanhu makumi manomwe nevatanhatu vakafa apo vamwe 76 vakarwara nekuda kwechepfu yeClark Air Base kunyanya kuburikidza nekunwa kubva mumatsime akasvibiswa nemafuta negirisi uye kubva muna 144-1996, vana gumi nevapfumbamwe vakarwara. vanozvarwa vaine mamiriro asina kunaka, uye zvirwere zvakare nekuda kwematsime ane utachiona. Imwe nyaya uye ine mukurumbira wakashata inyaya yaRose Ann Calma. Mhuri yaRose yaive chikamu chevapoteri vakaoneswa kusvibiswa mubhesi. Kubatwa nekuremara kwepfungwa kwakanyanya uye Cerebral Palsy hazvina kumubvumira kufamba kana kutaura.
US Band-aid mhinduro: “Kurima mauto”
Kuti varwise mutengo unoparadza wezvakatipoteredza wemauto eUS, sangano iri rinopa zvigadziriso zvebhendi senge 'kusvibira mauto', zvisinei maererano naSteichen (2020), kumeresa mauto eUS haisiriyo mhinduro nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:
- Simba reSolar, mota dzemagetsi, uye kusarerekera kabhoni inzira dzinoyemurika dzekushandisa mafuta, asi izvo hazviite kuti hondo ive shoma kana kudzvanyirira - hairegi hondo. Nokudaro, dambudziko richiripo.
- Mauto eUS ane kabhoni-yakanyanya uye akabatana zvakanyanya neindasitiri yemafuta emafuta. (semuenzaniso mafuta ejet)
- IUS ine nhoroondo yakakura yekurwira oiri, nekudaro, chinangwa, marongero, uye zviitiko zvemauto zvinoramba zvisina kuchinjika kuti ienderere mberi nehupfumi hunofuridzirwa.
- Muna 2020, bhajeti yemauto yaive 272 nguva yakakura kupfuura bhajeti remubatanidzwa rekushandisa simba uye simba rinodzokororwa. Mari yakapihwa mauto ingadai yakashandiswa kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze.
Mhedziso: Mhinduro dzenguva refu
- Kuvharwa kwekuisa mauto mhiri kwemakungwa
- Kuparadzana
- Paridza tsika yerunyararo
- gumisa hondo dzose
Pfungwa yezvigaro zvemauto sevanoparira matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza kazhinji inosiiwa kunze kwehurukuro. Sezvakataurwa na Munyori Mukuru weUN Ban Ki-Moon (2014), "Mhoteredzo yakagara iri vanhu vakanyarara muhondo uye kurwisana nezvombo." Kuburitsa Carbon, makemikari ane chepfu, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kurasika kwezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kusaenzana kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kusvibiswa kweruzha zvinongori zvishoma zvezvakawanda zvakashata zvekumisikidzwa kwemauto - uye zvimwe zvisati zvawanikwa nekuferefetwa. Iye zvino kupfuura nakare kose, kudiwa kwekuzivisa vanhu ndiko kukurumidza uye kwakakosha mukuchengetedza ramangwana repasi nevagari varo. Ne'kusvibirira mauto' zvichiratidza kusashanda, pane kudanwa kwekubatana kwevanhu nemapoka pasi rese kuronga dzimwe nzira dzekupedza kutyisidzira kwezvigaro zvemauto kune zvakatipoteredza. Nerubatsiro rwemasangano akasiyana, akadai World BEYOND War kuburikidza neNo Bases Campaign, kuzadzikiswa kwechinangwa ichi kuri kure nekusagoneka.
Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro World BEYOND War pano.
Chiratidzo Chiziviso Chorugare pano.
