Kubatanidzwa kweMasoja uye Humanitarianism Kunowedzera Geographies yeMhirizhonga.

By Peace Sciences Digest, June 24, 2022

Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza tsvakiridzo inotevera: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). Iyo geopolitics yemauto uye humanitarianism. Kufambira mberi muHuman Geography, 46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Kutaura Points

• Militarism uye humanitarianism, kunyanya Western humanitarianism, inoburitsa uye inoruramisa mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye pazviyero zvakasiyana zvinodarika zvakamiswa nzvimbo dzemakakatanwa kana nhandare dzehondo.
• "Zvirongwa zvekubatsira vanhu zvinowanzogara pamwe chete, uye dzimwe nguva mauto, mauto echinyakare," uye nekudaro kuwedzera nzvimbo dzehondo nekupinda mu "nzvimbo dzemuno nedzemumba idzo dzisingasviki kurwiswa nemauto mukukonana."
• Chiuto uye kubatsirana kwevanhu zvinoshanda pamwe chete munzvimbo dzakadai se“hondo norugare; kuvakazve nekusimudzira; kubatanidzwa uye kusabatanidzwa; [uye] kukuvara nekudzivirirwa”

Muono wakakosha weKudzidzisa Kudzidzira

• Kufungazve kwekuvaka runyararo uye kubatsirana kwevanhu kunofanirwa kusanganisa kubvisa rusaruraganda-chiuto paradigm, zvikasadaro kuedza uku hakuzongoperevedza pazvinangwa zvavo zvenguva refu yekushandura asi nekushingaira kuchengetedza hurongwa hunoparadza. Nzira yekuenda mberi ndeye decolonized, feminist, anti-racist peace agenda.

pfupiso

Matambudziko erubatsiro uye kukakavadzana kunoitika mune yakabatana, ine mativi mazhinji. Vanoita zverubatsiro vanowanzopihwa basa rekupa rubatsiro rwekushandisa uye zvinhu kune vanhu vanoda rubatsiro. Izvo zviito zvekuponesa hupenyu uye kuderedza kutambura mukupindura kumatambudziko zvinoitika mukati mekuda kwerubatsiro rwekusarerekera. Killian McCormack naEmily Gilbert vanopokana nepfungwa iyoyo humanitarianism ivavariro isina kwayakarerekera uye panzvimbo pacho chinangwa chekuburitsa "nzvimbo dzine chisimba dzakagadzirwa kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwechiuto." Nekuwedzera iyo geographical lens, vanyori vanoratidza sei militarism nerubatsiro, kunyanya rubatsiro rwevanhu vekuMadokero, runoburitsa nekururamisa mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye nezvikero zvakasiyana zvinodarika nzvimbo dzakatarwa dzemakakatanwa kana nhandare dzehondo.

Humanitarianism “yakavakirwa pavanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti vari munyika yose, midzimu muunganidzwa wemiitiro yebetsero nokutarisira inosundwa nechishuvo chokusatora rutivi cho‘kuita zvakanaka’ uye tsitsi dzezvematongerwe enyika pakutambura kwevamwe.”

Militarism "kwete nezvehondo chete, asi kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kukakavara nehondo mukati mevanhu, nenzira dzinopindira mune zvematongerwo enyika, dzinotorwa muhutsika uye tsika dzakabatanidzwa uye dzinowedzera kune dzimwe nguva dzinowanzoonekwa sedzinzvimbo dzevanhu."

Kuburitsa masimba emuchadenga ekupindirana kwehumanitarianism uye mauto mune ino chinyorwa chedzidziso, vanyori vanoteedzera mitsetse mishanu yekubvunza. Chekutanga, vanoongorora maitirwo ekubatsira vanhu kunodzora hondo nekunetsana. Mutemo weInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL), semuenzaniso, unoratidzika kudzikamisa mhedzisiro yehondo zvichibva pakufunga kwepasirese kwetsika kunoda kuchengetedzwa kwevasiri varwi. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, ukama hwemasimba enyika husina kuenzana hunosarudza “ndiani anogona kuponeswa uye ndiani angaponesa.” IHL inofungidzirawo kuti misimboti ye "kuenzana" maererano nemaitirwo ehondo kana "mutsauko" pakati pevagari vemo nevarwi vanoita kuti hondo ive nerubatsiro, asi izvi zviri pamutemo kufa chaiko munzvimbo dzakananga zvichienderana nehukama hwemakoloni uye capitalist yesimba. Tsika dzerubatsiro dzinobva dzaburitsa mhando itsva dzemhirizhonga nekushandura nyaya dzemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika dzine chekuita nenzvimbo dzakaita semiganhu, majeri, kana misasa yevapoteri kuita nyaya dzekuchengetedza.

Chechipiri, vanyori vanoongorora kuti kupindira kwemauto kunogadziriswa sei sehondo dzevanhu. Yakatsanangurwa muBasa reKudzivirira (R2P) musimboti, kupindira kwemauto kunokodzera kuchengetedza vagari vemo kubva kuhurumende yavo. Kupindira kwemauto uye hondo muzita revanhu zvivakwa zvekuMadokero zvichibva pane zvinofungidzirwa chiremera chetsika nezvematongerwo enyika kuMadokero pamusoro penyika dzisiri dzeMadokero (kunyanya nyika dzeMuslim-zhinji). Kupindira kwemauto echivanhu ioxymoron pakuti vanhuwo zvavo vanouraiwa vachinyepedzera kudzivirira hupenyu. Nzvimbo dzemhirizhonga dzinowedzerwa kune hukama hwevakadzi (semuenzaniso, pfungwa yekusunungura vakadzi kubva mukutonga kweTaliban muAfghanistan) kana kutsamira murubatsiro kubva mumatambudziko akakonzerwa nehondo (semuenzaniso, kukomba muGaza).

Chechitatu, vanyori vanokurukura kuti mauto emauto anoshandiswa sei kugadzirisa matambudziko evanhu uye nekudaro kushandura nzvimbo dzekubatsira vanhu kuita nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza. Mauto echiuto anowanzo kupa rubatsiro rwekugadziriswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzematambudziko (semuenzaniso, kubuda kwezvirwere, kutamiswa kwevanhu, njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza), dzimwe nguva pre-epupu, zvichikonzera kuchengetedzeka kweindasitiri yerubatsiro (ona zvakare. Peace Sciences Digest chinyorwa Akazvimiririra uye Makambani Ekuchengetedza Mauto Anokanganisa Kuedza Kwekuvaka Runyararo) uye nzira dzekutama. Hunhu hwekuMadokero hwehukoloni hwekutonga uye kusabvisa hunoonekwa kana zvasvika pa "kudzivirirwa" kwevanobva kune dzimwe nyika nevapoteri avo "vari vese vanozoponeswa, uye avo vanodziviswa kufamba."

Chechina, muhurukuro yavo yezviitwa zvekubatsira vanhu zvakatorwa nemauto, vanyori vanoratidza kuti mapurojekiti emauto ehumambo akabatana sei nenzvimbo dzakaita sekupindira mune zvekurapa, zvirongwa zvezvivakwa, kusimudzirwa kwebudiriro yehupfumi hwekuMadokero, uye kusvibira kwemauto. Izvi zvaizivikanwa mukutenderera kwekuparadza nebudiriro munzvimbo dzakaita sePalestine, Afghanistan Guatemala, neIraq. Muzviitiko zvese, "zvirongwa zvekubatsira vanhu zvinowanzogara pamwe chete, uye dzimwe nguva buttress, mauto echinyakare," uye nekudaro kuwedzera nzvimbo dzehondo nekupinda mu "nzvimbo dzemuno nedzemumba dzinowanzo pfuura nemauto mukupokana."

Chechishanu, vanyori vanoratidza kubatana pakati pekubatsira vanhu uye kugadzira zvombo. Nzira dzehondo dzakabatanidzwa nehurukuro dzevanhu. Mamwe matekinoroji ezvombo senge drones anoonekwa seane hunhu. Kuuraya nekurova kwezvidhoma - kunyanya tsika yekuMadokero - kunoonekwa sekune hunhu uye "kuvhiya," nepo kushandiswa kwemabhemba kunoonekwa sehupenzi uye "hutsinye." Saizvozvo, zvombo zvisingaurayi zvakagadzirwa pasi pechiratidziro chekubatsira vanhu. Zvombo izvi zvinoshandisa hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji uye nhaurirano yerubatsiro kuwedzera nzvimbo dzemhirizhonga munhau dzemumba nedzepasirese (semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwetaser kana gasi rinobvarura nemapurisa nemauto ekuchengetedza akazvimirira).

Iri bepa rinoratidza kupinzwa kweWestern humanitarianism uye mauto kuburikidza nemalenzi enzvimbo uye chiyero. Chiuto uye kubatsirana kwevanhu zvinoshanda pamwe chete munzvimbo dzakadai se“hondo norugare; kuvakazve nekusimudzira; kubatanidzwa uye kusabatanidzwa; [uye] kukuvara nekudzivirirwa”

Kuzivisa Kudzidzira

Chinyorwa ichi chinopedzisa kuti hukama hwevanhu-chiuto "hachisi chidiki chinokonzeresa kusimba kwehondo mukati menguva nenzvimbo, sese 'zvisingaperi' uye 'kwese'." Kupararira kwechiuto kunocherechedzwa nemasangano ekuvaka runyararo, runyararo nechengetedzo mari, masangano evagari vemo, uye masangano epasirese asiri ehurumende (INGOs). Nzvimbo isinganyanyozivikanwa, zvisinei, inosanganisira mabatiro anoita vatambi ava nemabasa avo sechikamu chechirongwa cheruzivo rwekuMadokero cherubatsiro uye chekuvaka runyararo icho chinowanzotsamira pa. gadziriro chena ropafadzo uye kufambira mberi neocolonialism. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ehukama hwesimba repasi rose, hukama hwevanhu-chiuto ndicho chokwadi chisingagoneke kutariswa pasina kuongorora zvimwe fungidziro huru.

Structural white ropafadzo: "Sitimu yehutongi hwevachena inogadzira uye inochengetedza masisitimu ekutenda anoita kuti zvazvino kunaka kwerudzi nekuipa kuite kunge kwakajairika. Iyo sisitimu inosanganisira zvinokurudzira zvine simba zvekuchengetedza ropafadzo yevachena nemhedzisiro yayo, nemhedzisiro yakaipa yekuedza kukanganisa ropafadzo yevachena kana kuderedza mhedzisiro yayo nenzira dzine musoro. Iyo sisitimu inosanganisira yemukati neyekunze kuratidzwa pamunhu, kudyidzana, tsika, uye masangano.

Runyararo uye Chengetedzo Funders Boka (2022). Kudzidza Series "Decolonizing Runyararo uye Chengetedzo Philanthropy" [handout].

Neocolonialism: "Muitiro wekushandisa hupfumi, kudyidzana kwepasirese, kusimba kwetsika, uye rubatsiro rwemamiriro ekunze kupesvedzera nyika pane nzira dzekare dzekoloni dzekutonga kwakananga kwemauto kana kutonga kwakananga kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Neocolonialism. (nd). Yakadzorerwa June 20, 2022, kubva https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Tinobvuma nekuongorora sei nzvimbo dzemhirizhonga dzinogadzirwa nemauto seyakakosha pakukosha kwebasa rekubatsira vanhu uye rekuvaka runyararo? Isu tinoita sei mubasa rekubatsira vanhu uye rekuvaka runyararo pasina kubvumira mauto kuti atarise maparamita ekuita uye kubudirira?

Mukuedza kwekubatana, Runyararo Direct nevadyidzani vakatora mimwe yemibvunzo yakakosha mumishumo yavo yakasarudzika, Nguva Yekubvisa Rubatsiro uye Mujaho, Simba uye Kuvaka Runyararo. Iyo yekutanga yakawana "systemic rusaruraganda munzvimbo dzakakura dzekubatsira vanhu, kusimudzira nekuvaka runyararo," nepo yekupedzisira ichikurudzira "bazi rekuvaka runyararo kugashira hurongwa hwekubvisa koloni uye kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwesimba repasirese." Mishumo iyi inokurudzira zvikuru kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwemasimba masimba pakati peGlobal North neGlobal South vatambi mumamiriro ekuvaka runyararo nerubatsiro. Mazano chaiwo echikamu chekuvaka runyararo akapfupikiswa mutafura inotevera:

Mazano akakosha evatambi vekuvaka runyararo mu Mujaho, Simba, uye Kuvaka Runyararo ripoti

Iwo akanakisa kurudziro, ayo anoshandura, anogona kutoitwa zvakanyanya kana vavaki verunyararo, vanopa, maINGO, nezvimwewo, vakatora nzvimbo dzakakura dzehondo dzakakurukurwa muchinyorwa chino pamoyo. Militarism uye rusaruraganda, uye munyaya yeUnited States "nhoroondo yakareba yekuwedzera kweumambo, rusarura rwemaitiro, uye kutonga kwehupfumi nehondo" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) inofanira kuonekwa separadigm yakakura. Kufungazve kwekuvaka runyararo uye kubatsirana kwevanhu kunofanirwa kusanganisa kubvisa rusaruraganda-chiuto paradigm, zvikasadaro kuedza uku hakuzongoperevedza pazvinangwa zvavo zvenguva refu yekushandura asi nekushingaira kuchengetedza hurongwa hunoparadza. Iyo nzira yekuenda mberi ndeye decolonized, feminist, anti-racist peace agenda (ona, semuenzaniso, Chiratidzo cheRunyararo rweMukadzi or Kubvisa Rusaruraganda uye Militarism muUS Foreign Policy). [PH]

Mibvunzo Yakasimudzwa

• Mapato ekuvaka runyararo neanobatsira vanhu anokwanisa kuzvishandura anoenderana nedecolonized, feminist, uye anti-racist trajectories, kana iko kupindirana pakati pechiuto nekubatsira vanhu chipingamupinyi chisingakundike?

Kuenderera Kuverenga

Center for International Policy uye Shamwari Komiti paNational Legislation. (2021). Kubvisa rusaruraganda uye mauto muUS mutemo wekunze. Dzoreredzwa June 18, 2022, kubva https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). Kubvisa rusaruraganda uye mauto muUS mutemo wekunze. Kukurukurirana kunopera. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Yakadzorerwa June 18, 2022, kubva https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

Paige, S. (2021). Inguva ye decolonise rubatsiro. Runyararo Rwakananga, Adeso, Mubatanidzwa Wekuvaka Runyararo, uye Vakadzi Vemavara Vanosimudzira Runyararo uye Chengetedzo. Yakadzorerwa June 18, 2022, kubva https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

Peace Direct, Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), uye United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). (2022). Rudzi, simba, uye kuvaka runyararo. Maonero uye zvidzidzo kubva mukubvunzana kwepasirese. Yakadzorerwa June 18, 2022, kubva https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

White, T., White, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Decolonizing international development [Mapepa ePolicy nevakadzi veRuvara, 7th Edition]. Vakadzi Veruvara Kufambisa Runyararo uye Kuchengeteka. Yakadzorerwa June 18, 2022, kubva

Misangano

Vakadzi Veruvara Kufambisa Runyararo uye Kuchengeteka: https://www.wcaps.org/
Feminist Peace Initiative: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Peace Direct: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Mashoko Akakosha:  kuderedza kuchengeteka, mauto, rusaruraganda, hondo, rugare

Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Marbury Brown