NaArnold R. Isaacs, ratidza, December 15, 2022
Murondedzero yeAmerica, kurwiswa kwekupedzisira kwebhomba kuNorth Vietnam kwakaunza rugare. Iyo ingano yekuzvishandira
Sezvo vanhu vekuAmerica vapinda mumwaka wezororo, tinoswederawo pachiitiko chinokosha chenhoroondo kubva kuhondo yeUnited States muVietnam: makore makumi mashanu ekuyeukwa kwekupedzisira kwekurwisa mhepo kweUS kuNorth Vietnam, chirongwa chemazuva gumi nerimwe chakatanga husiku hwaZvita 50, 11, uye yakadzika munhoroondo se "Kisimusi bhomba."
Izvo zvakadzikawo munhau, zvisinei, kanenge mukudzokorora kwakawanda, iratidziro inobvira isiri yechokwadi yechimiro nerevo yechiitiko ichocho, nemigumisiro yacho. Iyo nhoroondo yakapararira yekuti kubhomba kwakamanikidza veNorth Vietnamese kuti vataurirane chibvumirano cherunyararo chavakasaina muParis mwedzi wakatevera, uye nekudaro simba remhepo reUS raive chinhu chakakosha mukupedza hondo yeAmerica.
Kutaura ikoko kwenhema, kwakaziviswa zvakatsiga uye zvakafara mukati mamakore 50 apfuura, hakusati kuchingopokanidza maidi asingarambiki enhau. Izvo zvine basa kune zvazvino, zvakare, nekuti zvinoramba zvichibatsira mukutenda kwakanyanyisa musimba remhepo rakakanganisa kufunga kweAmerican zano muVietnam uye kubvira ipapo.
Pasina panikiro, iyi vhezheni yengano ichaoneka zvakare muzvirangaridzo zvichauya nerinosvika zuva regore negore. Asi zvichida chiratidzo ichocho chichapawo mukana wekugadzirisa rekodhi pane zvakaitika mumhepo pamusoro peVietnam uye patafura yekukurukurirana muParis muna Zvita 1972 naNdira 1973.
Nyaya inotanga muParis muna Gumiguru, mushure memakore ekunetsana, nhaurirano dzerunyararo dzakangoerekana dzachinja apo US neNorth Vietnamese nhaurirano dzakapa chibvumirano chakakosha. Rutivi rweAmerica rwakasiya zvisina kujeka kuda kwaro kuti North Vietnam ibvise mauto ayo kubva kumaodzanyemba, chinzvimbo chaive chataurwa asi chisina kunyatsojeka muzvikumbiro zvakapfuura zveUS. Zvichakadaro vamiriri vaHanoi kekutanga vakasiya kusimbirira kwavo kuti hurumende yeSouth Vietnam inotungamirwa naNguyen Van Thieu inofanira kubviswa pasati papera chibvumirano cherunyararo.
Nezvipingaidzo zviviri izvozvo zvabviswa, hurukuro dzakakurumidza kuenda mberi, uye pakasvika Gumiguru 18 mativi ose akanga abvumira gwaro rokupedzisira. Kutevera shanduko shoma dzemaminiti ekupedzisira, Mutungamiri Richard Nixon vakatumira tambo kuMutungamiriri weNorth Vietnam, Pham Van Dong, vachizivisa. akanyora mundangariro dzake, kuti chibvumirano “chinogona kurangarirwa zvino chakakwana” uye kuti United States, pashure pokunge yagamuchira ndokusundira mberi misi miviri yapakuvamba, “inogona kuverengerwa” kuchisaina pamutambo wapamutemo pana Oct. 31. Asi kusaina ikoko hakuna kumboitika, nekuti US yakabvisa kuzvipira kwayo mushure memubatanidzwa wayo, Mutungamiri Thieu, avo hurumende yavo yakanga yabviswa zvachose munhaurirano, vakaramba kubvuma chibvumirano. Ndosaka hondo yeAmerica ichiri kuitika muna Zvita, zvisina tsarukano semhedzisiro yeUS, kwete yekuNorth Vietnamese, sarudzo.
Pakati pezviitiko izvozvo, Hanoi's sangano renhau rehurumende rakatepfenyura chiziviso musi wa26 Gumiguru vachisimbisa chibvumirano uye vachipa tsanangudzo yakadzama yezvirevo zvayo (zvichikurudzira kuzivisa kwaHenry Kissinger kwakakurumbira maawa mashomanana gare gare kuti "rugare rwaswedera"). Saka gwaro rekutanga rakanga risiri chakavanzika apo mativi maviri aya akazivisa kugadzirisa kutsva muna Ndira.
Kuenzanisa magwaro maviri anoratidza mune nhema uye chena kuti bhomba raDecember harina kuchinja nzvimbo yaHanoi. VeNorth Vietnam havana chavakabvuma muchibvumirano chekupedzisira chavakange vasati vabvuma muchikamu chekutanga, bhomba risati raitika. Kunze kwekuchinja kushoma kwemaitiro uye mashoma ekudzokororwa kwekushongedza mumazwi, zvinyorwa zvaGumiguru naZvita ndezvezvinangwa zvinoshanda zvakafanana, zvichiita kuti zvive pachena kuti bhomba rakaita. kwete shandura sarudzo dzaHanoi chero nzira ine musoro.
Tichifunga iyo rekodhi-yakajeka rekodhi, ngano yekubhomba kweKisimusi sekubudirira kukuru kwemauto kwakaratidza simba rinoshamisa rekugara muUS kuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye mukurangarira veruzhinji.
Nyaya inotaurira pane iyo ndiyo webhusaiti yepamutemo ye Pentagon yeVietnam yekurangarira makore makumi mashanu. Pakati pemienzaniso yakawanda pane iyo saiti iAir Force "fact sheet" iyo inotaura chinhu pamusoro pegwaro raGumiguru rechibvumirano cherunyararo kana kubviswa kweUS kubva kuchibvumirano ichocho (izvo hazvina kutaurwa kumwe kumwe panzvimbo yekurangarira, kana). Pane kudaro, inongotaura kuti "sezvo hurukuro dzakaenderera mberi," Nixon akaraira mushandirapamwe wemhepo waDecember, mushure mezvo "North Vietnamese, iye zvino asisina dziviriro, akadzokera kunhaurirano uye akakurumidza kugadzirisa." Pepa racho rinobva rataura mhedziso iyi: “Naizvozvo mauto emuchadenga eAmerica akaita basa guru mukupedza hondo refu.”
Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatumirwa panzvimbo yekurangarira zvinoti nhumwa dzaHanoi "unilaterally" kana "muchidimbu" dzakaparadza hurukuro dzepashure paGumiguru - izvo, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa, zvaive nezvekuchinja zviga izvo US yakange yatogamuchira - uye kuti bhomba raNixon. yaida kuvamanikidza kudzokera kutafura yekutaurirana.
Muchokwadi, kana paine akabuda muhurukuro anga ari maAmerican, vangangove vakuru venhaurirano. Nhoroondo yePentagon inopa zuva chairo rekubviswa kweNorth Vietnamese: Zvita 18, zuva rimwechete rakatanga bhomba. Asi hurukuro dzacho dzakatozopera mazuva akati wandei izvi zvisati zvaitika. Kissinger akabva Paris musi wa13; vabatsiri vake vepamusoro vakabhururuka kunze kwezuva kana kuti gare gare. Musangano wekupedzisira wepro forma pakati pemativi maviri aya wakaitwa muna Zvita 16 uye pawapera, veNorth Vietnam vakati vaida kuenderera mberi “nekukurumidza sezvinobvira.”
Ndichiongorora iyi nhoroondo nguva pfupi yapfuura, ndakashamiswa nemwero wekuti rondedzero yenhema inoratidzika kunge yakakurira nyaya yechokwadi. Chokwadi chave chichizivikanwa kubvira pakaitika zviitiko izvozvo, asi zvakaoma zvikuru kuwana muzvinyorwa zvanhasi. Ndichitsvaga pamhepo kuti "runyararo rwave pedyo" kana "Linebacker II" (iyo codename yekubhomba kwaZvita), ndakawana akawanda manyoro anotaura mhedziso dzakafanana dzinorasika dzinoonekwa panzvimbo yekurangarira Pentagon. Ini ndaifanira kutarisisa zvakanyanya kuti ndiwane masosi aitaura chero akanyorwa echokwadi anopesana neiyo ngano shanduro.
Zvingave zvakawandisa kubvunza, asi ndinonyora izvi ndine tariro yekuti zuva rekurangarira rinouya richapawo mukana wekutarisa zvakanyanya kumashure pane yakakosha shanduko muhondo isina kubudirira uye isingafarirwe. Kana vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanokoshesa chokwadi uye veAmerica vane hanya nezvenyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika dzazvino vachatora nguva yekuzorodza ndangariro dzavo nenzwisiso, zvichida vanogona kutanga kupikisa ngano yacho nenhoroondo yakarurama yezviitiko izvozvo hafu yezana remakore rapfuura. Kana izvo zvikaitika richave sevhisi ine musoro kwete kuchokwadi chenhoroondo chete asi kune yechokwadi uye yakadzikama maonero emazuva ano ekudzivirira nzira - uye, kunyanya, yezvingaitwa nemabhomba kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvenyika, uye zvavasingakwanise. .
