Kutanga kweMagumo

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 2, 2020

Kutanga kana Mugumo angave akave mavambo ekuguma.

Kana iwe uchifungidzira vanhu varipo zana muzana kubva zvino munharaunda inosanganisira makosi ezvakaitika kare, unogona kutarisira, uchidzivirira shanduko huru, kuti mabhuku ezvinyorwa zveUS acharondedzera izvi senguva yerunyararo, pamwe nekucherechedza kutadza kwaTrump kubatsira maVenzuelan nesimba guru revanhu. , uye zvirokwazvo vachipa mitsara mishoma kuuranda hwaTrump kuna Vladimir Putin.

Pachave paine vatsvagiri uye mapurofesa, avo vanenge vaunganidza zvinyorwa zvese zvemashoko, zvinyorwa zvese, vhidhiyo clip, kureurura pamubhedha werufu, uye kuongorora pakavanda. Vachave vasimbisa kupfuura pamumvuri wekusahadzika kuti Donald J. Trump aive nemakaro anokatyamadza asina mhosva ane mhosva yekuwedzera kwemhosva uye kushungurudzwa uyo asina kumbobvira ashandira Putin, uyo aigara akatsamwisa Putin nezvirango, makwikwi ehupfumi, kubvarurwa kwezvibvumirano nezvibvumirano, kudzingwa kwevashandi, kubhomba kwemauto eRussia, nehondo isingaperi yehondo uye kuwedzera kweNATO. Uye ruzivo irworwo haruzovi nebasa.

Aya ndiwo mashandiro enhoroondo yeUS. Mukushayikwa kwemafambiro akakurumbira akasimba zvakakwana kubvarura zvidhori zvemarble uye kuburitsa kunyadziswa neruzhinji, zvidzidzo zvezvakaitika kuUS zvinosiya zvese zvavanogona uye nekungwarira kuumba chero chinhu chakakura zvekuti hachingadziviriki. Muenzaniso wekare wekupedzisira ndeye nuking yeHiroshima neNagasaki. Guta rekupedzisira rinonyanya kudzivirirwa nekutarisa kune yekare, isingagoni kunzvengwa, saka inonyeperwa nezvayo.

Nei maUS nhoroondo vadzidzisi muzvikoro zvepuraimari zveUS nhasi - muna 2020! - udza vana kuti mabhomba enyukireya akadonhedzwa paJapan kuponesa hupenyu - kana kuti "bhomba" (singular) kudzivirira kutaura Nagasaki? Nguva pfupi mushure mezviitiko izvi, hurumende yeUS yakagadza komisheni yepamutemo yekuongorora mubvunzo uyo wakapedzisa zvakapesana, uchibvumirana nemumiriri weUS kuJapan panguva iyoyo, vazhinji vevasayendisiti vaive kumashure kwemabhomba akange ayedza kudzivirira kushandiswa kwavo, uye vazhinji vevakuru vakuru mumauto eU.S. panguva iyoyo, avo vese vaitenda kuti hondo yanga yatopera, kuti Japan ingadai yakatozvipira kana ichibvumidzwa kuchengeta mambo wayo uye ingadai yakazvipira pasina mvumo isina nuks, uye kunyangwe isina Kupinda kweUS uye hakuna Soviet kupinda. Kurwiswa kweSoviet kwakarongwa pamberi pemabhomba, asina kutongwa navo. IUS yanga isina hurongwa hwekupinda kwemwedzi, uye hapana hurongwa pasikero yekuisa pangozi huwandu hwehupenyu uhwo vadzidzisi vauchakuudza kuti waponeswa. Hupenyu, nenzira, haisi iyo yakasarudzika chivakwa chemasoja eUS. Vanhu vechiJapan vaivewo nehupenyu.

Vatsvagiri uye mapurofesa vakadurura humbowo kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Vanoziva kuti Truman aiziva kuti hondo yapera, kuti Japan yaida kuzvipira, kuti Soviet Union yakanga yave kuda kupinda. Vanoziva kuputika kweNagasaki kwakasimudzwa kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 75^th kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 9^th kunze kwekutya kuti Japan inogona kuzvipira zvisati zvaitika. Ivo vakanyora kushorwa kwese kubhomba mukati memasoja eU.S. uye hurumende nenzanga yesainzi, pamwe nechishuwo chekuyedza mabhomba iro basa rakawanda nemari zvakapinda, pamwe nekukurudzira kutyisidzira nyika uye kunyanya maSoviet, pamwe nekuvhurwa uye kusanyara kuisa zero kukosha pahupenyu hweJapan.

Asi vaifanira kunyora zvese izvi here? Pane chero basa rakadaro raidikanwa here? Ko Truman haana kuudza veruzhinji nekukurumidza mushure memhosva kuti kurudziro yaive yekutsiva kuJapan? Haana kutaura chinhu chimwe chete ichocho kusvikira afa? Haana here kubvuma pachena kune hutsinye, rusaruraganda, kuvenga maJapan iyo yaive yakajairika tsika yemari? Vanhu havana kuziva nekukurumidza here kuti kuda kwake kuti akabhomba nzvimbo yechiuto kwete guta kwaive nhema dzakatarisana? Havana kuverenga vanhu nhoroondo yaJohn Hersey yevakapona muHiroshima uye ndokuona kuti pakanga pasina chakaipisisa kupfuura kuputika kwemabhomba kwaigona kunge kwakadzivirirwa nedzidziso? Mhedziso chaiyo yanga isingawanikwe nekukasira, pane kuda makumi emakore ekutsvaga? Asi zvainge zvisiri kungogamuchirwa, kusingadiwe, kunze-kwe-nhanho pamwe neboka rekufunga - sekungonongedza kuti anovenga Donald Trump haashande Russia?

Asi boka reboka rakagadzirwa sei? Ndiani akabatsira vanhu kupinda mungano dzinodiwa? Zvakanaka, pano, munyori anozivikanwa Greg Mitchell achangobva kutiitira tsitsi huru nenyaya yekuti muhombe wekugadzirwa kweHollywood wakagadzirwa sei. Kutanga kana Mugumo yakaburitswa neMGM muna1947 uye yakasimudzirwa zvakanyanya seyakakura blockbuster. Yakabhomba. Yakarasikirwa nemari. Izvo zvakanaka kune nhengo yeruzhinji rweUS zvaive pachena kuti zvaisafanira kuona yakaipa uye inofinha pseudo-zvinyorwa nevatambi vachitamba masayendisiti uye vanodziya vaive vaburitsa fomu nyowani yekuuraya vakawanda. Kuita kwakakodzera kwaive kudzivisa chero kufunga kwenyaya iyi. Asi avo vaisakwanisa kuzvidzivirira vakapiwa glossy hombe-screen ngano. Unogona kuitarisa pamhepo mahara, uye sekutaura kwaMark Twain, inokodzera peni yega yega.

Iyi firimu inovhura nezvinotsanangurwa naMitchell sekupa mbiri kuUK neCanada nemabasa avo mukugadzira muchina wekufa - zvinofungidzirwa kuti inyengeri kana nzira dzekunyepedzera dzekukumbira kumusika mukuru weiyo bhaisikopo. Asi zvinoratidzika kunge zviri kupomera kudarika kukwikwidza. Uku kuedza kwekuparadzira mhosva. Iyo firimu inosvetuka nekukurumidza kupomera Germany nezve kukurumidza kutyisidzira kwekukanganisa nyika kana United States isina kutanga yazvituka. (Unogona kunyatsoomerwa nhasi kuti vanhu vadiki vatende kuti Germany yakazvipira pamberi paHiroshima.) Ipapo mutambi aiita yakaipa Einstein fungidziro anopomera runyorwa rurefu rwemasayendisiti kubva pasirese. Ipapo mumwewo munhu anoratidza kuti vakomana vakanaka vari kurasikirwa nehondo uye zvirinani kuti vakurumidze kugadzira mabhomba matsva kana vachida kuhwina.

Kakawanda tinoudzwa kuti makuru mabhomba achaunza rugare uye kupedza hondo. Anoteedzera weDRR anotomboisa chiito cheWoodrow Wilson, achiti bhomba reatomu rinogona kupedza hondo (chimwe chinhu chinoshamisira nhamba yevanhu vanotenda kuti chaiita, kunyangwe mukutarisana nemakore 75 apfuura ehondo). Tinoudzwa nekuratidzwa zvese zvisina maturo, senge iyo US yakasiya mapepa kuHiroshima kunyevera vanhu (uye kwemazuva gumi - "Ndiwo mazuva gumi yambiro kupfuura yavakatipa kuPearl Harbor," hunhu hunodudza) uye kuti MaJapan akapfura ndege iyo payakasvika pachinangwa chayo. Muchokwadi, iyo US haina kumbodonhedza kabhuku kamwechete paHiroshima asi - mune yakanaka SNAFU fashoni - yakadonhedza matani emapepa kuNagasaki zuva rakatevera Nagasaki kubhombwa. Zvakare, gamba remufirimu anofa netsaona achitamba nebhomba kuti rigadzirire kushandiswa - chibayiro chakashinga kuvanhu pachinzvimbo chevakabatwa muhondo - nhengo dzeuto reUS. Iyo firimu zvakare inotaura kuti vanhu vakabhomba "havangamboziva chakavarova," kunyangwe ivo vanogadzira mafirimu vachiziva nezve kutambudzika kunorwadza kweavo vakafa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kumwe kutaurirana kubva kuvagadziri vemamuvhi kuna chipangamazano wavo uye mupepeti, General Leslie Groves, kwaisanganisira aya mazwi: "Chero chirevo chinokonzeresa kuti Mauto aite sebenzi chinobviswa." Wow, izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvakave zvirimo clip zhinji zvichizadza pasi!

Chikonzero chikuru chekuti bhaisikopo rinofinha, ndinofunga, hachisi chekuti mabhaisikopo akamhanyisa zviitiko zvawo gore rega rega kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, akawedzera ruvara, uye akaronga marudzi ese ezvishandiso, asi kungoti chikonzero chero munhu angafunga bhomba vatambi vanotaura zvese nezvehurefu hwese hwemufirimu chinhu chikuru chakasiiwa kunze. Hatisi kuona zvazvinoita, kwete kubva pasi, chete kubva kudenga.

Bhuku raMitchell, rinonziwo Kutanga kana Mugumo, zvakada kufanana nekutarisa masoseji akagadzirwa, asiwo zvakati fananei nekuverenga zvinyorwa kubva kukomiti iyo yakabatanidza pamwechete chimwe chikamu cheBhaibheri. Iyi ingano yekutanga yeMapurisa eGlobal mukugadzira. Uye zvakashata. Zvinototyisa. Pfungwa chaiyo yefirimu yakabva kuna musayendisiti aida kuti vanhu vanzwisise njodzi, kwete kukudza kuparara. Uyu musayendisiti akanyorera Donna Reed, iye mudzimai akanaka anoroora Jimmy Stewart mukati Hupenyu Hunoshamisa, uye akaita kuti bhora rikunguruke. Ipapo rakatenderedza ronda rinoyerera kwemwedzi gumi nemashanu uye voila, iyo cinematic turd yakabuda.

Pakange pasina kana mubvunzo wekutaura chokwadi. Iyo firimu. Iwe unogadzira zvinhu. Uye iwe unozvigadzira zvese munzira imwechete. Iyo script yeiyi bhaisikopo yaive mune dzimwe nguva mhando dzese dzisina maturo dzisingagare, senge maNazi achipa maJapan bhomba reatomiki - uye maJapan vachimisikidza rabhoritari yemasayendisiti eNazi, chaizvo senge kumashure chaiko munyika chaiko pane izvi chaizvo nguva iyo mauto eUS aigadzira marabhoritari emasayendisiti eNazi (tisingatauri kushandisa masayendisiti eJapan). Hapana chimwe cheichi chinonyanya kusetsa kupfuura Murume ari muHome Castle, kutora muenzaniso wapfuura wemakore makumi manomwe neshanu echinhu ichi, asi ichi chaive chekutanga, ichi chaive seminal. Vagadziri vemamuvhi vakapa ekupedzisira ekugadzirisa kutonga kumauto eU.S. uye neWhite House, uye kwete kune vesaenzi vaive nehunhu. Mazhinji mabheji akanaka akamboita kwenguva pfupi mune iyo script, asi akaverengerwa nekuda kwepropaganda chaiyo.

Kana paine kunyaradzwa, zvinogona kunge zvakatonyanya. Paramount aive mumujaho wenyukireya wemafirimu neMGM uye akashandisa Ayn Rand kunyora iyo hyper-patriotic-capitalist script. Mutsetse wake wekuvhara waive "Munhu anokwanisa kusunga zvakasikwa - asi hapana munhu anogona kusunga murume." Neraki isu tese, hazvina kushanda. Nehurombo, kunyangwe yaHersey Bhokisi raAdano kuva bhaisikopo riri nani pane Kutanga kana Mugumo, bhuku rake rinotengesa zvakanyanya paHiroshima harina kukwezva kune chero ma studio senge nyaya yakanaka yekugadzira bhaisikopo. Nehurombo, Dr Strangelove yaisazoonekwa kusvika muna 1964, panguva iyi vazhinji vaive vakagadzirira kusahadzika nezvekushandisa kwe "bhomba" asi kwete kushandiswa kwekare, zvichiita kuti mibvunzo yese yekushandisa mune ramangwana ive isina kusimba. Hukama uhwu nezvombo zvenyukireya hwakafanana nehondowo zvacho. Veruzhinji veUS vanogona kubvunza hondo dzese dzeramangwana, uye kunyangwe idzo hondo dzakanzwikwa nezvadzo mumakore apfuura 75, asi kwete Hondo Yenyika II, zvichipa mibvunzo yese yehondo dzeramangwana kushaya simba. Muchokwadi, kuongorora kwazvino uno kunowana kuda kutyisa kutsigira ramangwana renyukireya neruzhinji rweUS.

Panguva yacho Kutanga kana Mugumo yakanga ichinyorwa uye yakadhirowewa, hurumende yeUS yanga ichibata nekuviga zvimedu zvese zvayingawane zvemapikicha chaiwo kana zvinyorwa zvemasaiti emabhomba. Henry Stimson aive aine yake Colin Powell nguva, achisundidzirwa kumberi kuti aite pachena nyaya yacho nekunyora kwekudonhedza mabhomba. Mamwe mabhomba aive achikurumidza kuvakwa nekuvandudzwa, uye vanhu vese vakadzingwa mudzimba dzezvitsuwa zvavo, vakanyeperwa, uye vakashandiswa semidziyo yemapepa enhau mavanoratidzwa sevatori vechikamu vanofara mukuparadzwa kwavo.

Mitchell anonyora kuti chimwe chikonzero Hollywood yakadzosera kumauto yaive kuitira kuti ishandise ndege dzayo, nezvimwewo, mukugadzira, pamwe nekushandisa mazita chaiwo evatambi vari murungano. Ndinozviona zvakaoma kwazvo kutenda kuti zvinhu izvi zvaive zvakakosha zvakanyanya. Iine bhajeti risingaperi yairasira muchinhu ichi - kusanganisira kubhadhara vanhu vayanga ichipa veto simba - MGM ingadai yakagadzira yavo pachavo isingafadzi props uye yayo yega howa gore. Zvinonakidza kufungidzira kuti rimwe zuva avo vanopikisa kuuraya vanhu vazhinji vanogona kutora chimwe chinhu senge chivakwa chakasarudzika cheUS Institute ye "Runyararo" uye inoda kuti Hollywood isangane nerunyararo mafambiro kuitira kuti itore firimu imomo. Asi zvirokwazvo iro rerunyararo harina mari, Hollywood haina kufarira, uye chero chivakwa chinogona kuenzaniswa kumwe kunhu. Hiroshima angadai akafananidzirwa kumwe kunhu, uye mufirimu haina kuratidzwa zvachose. Dambudziko guru apa raive ideology uye tsika dzekuzviisa pasi.

Paive nezvikonzero zvekutya hurumende. FBI yaisora ​​vanhu vaibatanidzwa, kusanganisira vemasayendisiti vanoshuvira saOppenheimer uyo akaramba achibvunza nezve firimu, achichema kutyisa kwayo, asi asingatombo shinga kupokana nayo. Red Scare nyowani yaingove kurova mukati. Vane simba vaishandisa simba ravo kuburikidza neyakajairika nzira dzakasiyana siyana.

Se kugadzirwa kwe Kutanga kana Mugumo mhepo kusvika pakupera, inovaka kumhanyisa kwakafanana kwakaita bhomba. Mushure mekunyorwa kwakawanda uye mabhiri uye kudzokororwa uye kushanda uye mbichana-kutsvoda, pakanga pasina nzira iyo studio yaisakwanisa kuiburitsa. Payakazobuda, vateereri vaive vashoma uye wongororo dzakasanganiswa. Iyo New York zuva nezuva PM akawana iyo firimu "ichikurudzira," iyo yandinofunga yaive yakakosha poindi. Basa rakaitwa.

Mhedziso yaMitchell ndeyekuti bhomba raive "ratidziro yekutanga," uye kuti United States inofanira kubvisa mutemo wayo wekutanga kuramwa. Asi zvirokwazvo pakanga pasina chinhu chakadaro. Kwaingova kuramwa basa chete, stereki yekutanga neyekupedzisira. Pakanga pasina mamwe mabhomba enyukireya aizouya achibhururuka achidzoka se "ratidziro yechipiri." Zvino, nhasi uno, njodzi ndeyekungwarira sekushandisa kwemaune, kungave kwekutanga, kwechipiri, kana kwechitatu, uye chinodikanwa ndechekupedzisira kujoina huwandu hwehurumende dzenyika dziri kutsvaga kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvese pamwechete.