Dambudziko reAnglophone muCameroon: Maonero matsva

NaHippolyte Eric Djounguep, Chivabvu 24, 2020

Kunetsana kwechisimba pakati pevakuru veCameroonia uye vanoparadzanisa matunhu maviri anotaura Chirungu kubva Gumiguru 2016 iri kuramba ichiwedzera. Matunhu aya aive pasi pesimba reLigi yeMarudzi (SDN) kubva muna 1922 (zuva rekusainwa kweChibvumirano cheVersailles) uye kudzidziswa kweUN kubva muna1945, uye kwaitungamirwa neGreat Britain kusvika 1961. Zvirinani zvichinzi " Dambudziko reAnglophone ”, kunetsana uku kwakatora vanhu vakawanda: vanosvika zviuru zvina, vakafa mazana manomwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemana makumi masere nemapfumbamwe vakapotera misha pamusoro pevapoteri mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu, uye zviuru makumi matatu nezvishanu zviri muNigeria, vanotsvaga hupoteri 4,000.

UN Security Council yakaita musangano wezve mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muCameroon kekutanga musi wa13 Chivabvu, 2019. Kunyangwe kudanwa kweMunyori Mukuru weSangano reUnited Nations kuti vanhu vadzimise mvumo yekupindura mhinduro yakakwana kuCovid-19, kurwa kuri kuramba kuchikanganisa jira rekushamwaridzana mumatunhu eCameroon. Dambudziko iri chimwe chikamu chekusawirirana kwakaratidzira Cameroon kubvira 1960. Ichi chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha, kuyerwa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwevatambi vanobatanidzwa uye kusiyana kwavo sekuwanda kwayo. Zvitambi zvinofungidzirwa kubva kukona zvichiri kuratidza zvisiri izvo zvakaputswa zvinongedzo zvakazadzwa nemifananidzo uye anorronistic anomiririra yekare yekoloni, uye maonero ayo mumakore apfuura haana kuzadzika.

Mhirizhonga yakafukidzwa ne priori yakadzikamiswa zvine chekuita nezvechokwadi

Kufunga kwemhirizhonga mu Africa kunovakwa nehuwandu hwenhanzvira, dzimwe dzingowanzove dzakaburitswa neredhiyo nedzimwe nzira dzekufambisa ruzivo. Maitiro ari kuita vezvenhau kuratidzira dambudziko re anglophone muCameroon nepepanhau renyika dzese uye kunyangwe venhau venhau vachiri kuratidza hurukuro iyo iri kurwisa kuzvibvisa pachiono chinofungidzirwa kuti chiri kutariswa. Kutaura dzimwe nguva kwakazara nezviratidziro, rusaruro uye rusaruro rusununguko rusununguko nhasi. Mamwe ma media uye mamwe mageji edziviriro yezivo munyika uye kunyangwe mu Africa anochengetedza hutachiona uye maparadise ayo anotendera uyu mufananidzo wechikoloni uye wekumashure muAfrica kubudirira Nekudaro, izvi zvimisikidzo zvisirizvo zve nyika ye Africa zvakavharira kana kukanganisa basa rekutarisirwa kwechimwe chikamu chezvenhau: vazivi uye vadzidzi vasingazvibvumidze kutakurwa neichi chiratidzo-chekuona koloni nekusimudzira ruzivo rwakadzama nenhau dzinoita kuti Africa, iyo kondinendi inoumbwa nenyika makumi matanhatu neshanu, yakaoma sedzimwe nyika dzese pasi.

Dambudziko re anglophone muCameroon: ungaikodzera sei?

Dambudziko reAnglophone rinoratidzwa mune mamwe midhiya enhau materu uye mimwe migero yekutepfenyura seyerimwe reboka rezviitiko zvakanzi "njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga" - kugona kuri nyore uye kusarudzika kwezviitiko zvemagariro izvo zvinowanzoitika muAfrica izvo vanoziva vezvenhau. Vasingazive zvakakwana, ivo "vanopomera" hutongi hweYaounde (guta guru reCameroon) umo "hurefu uye hutongi husina kunaka hwakaunza hondo". Musoro wenyika yeRepublic of Cameroon mumunhu Paul Biya anogara achitaurwa pazviito zvese zvisina kunaka: "kushomeka kwezvematongerwo enyika", "hutongi husina kunaka", "kunyarara kwemutungamiri wenyika", nezvimwewo Zvakakosha kuisa pachiedza chemwenje kana huchokwadi kana kukomba kweakataurwa chokwadi asi kusavapo kweimwe tsananguro dzedzimwe hurukuro.

Mubvunzo wedzinza?

Kuitwa kwechisimba kwehondo iyi mukondinendi ye Africa kunoitika kuburikidza nekubviswa kwemadzinza chinhu chakakosha chehurukuro yekoloni kuAfrica inoenderera nanhasi. Icho chikonzero kukakavara uku pakupedzisira kuchionekwa sechinhu chega chechisikigo chiri zvakanyanya pane imwe axis inopesana nemasikirwo netsika uye yatinoona kukweverwa kwakasiyana mune rimwe bhuku. "Dambudziko reAnglophone" rinowanzo tsanangurwa sechiitiko chisingagoni kutsanangurwa zvine musoro kana padyo. Iyo poindi yekuona iyo inofarira zvisikwa zvikonzero mukutsanangurwa kwehondo kazhinji inovandudza yakakosha hurukuro. Izvi zvinosimbisa nekusanganisa pamwe nekutaura mufananidzo weapocalyptic, matinowana madingindira akadai se "gehena", "kutuka" uye "rima" kunyanya.

Inofanira kuongororwa sei?

Kuongorora uku kunowanzoitika uye dzimwe nguva kunosarudzwa mune mamwe midhiya uye chikamu chakakosha chemigero yekufambisa ruzivo. Kubva pakutanga kwekumanikidzwa kwedambudziko reAnglophone muna Gumiguru 1, 2017, zvakanzwisiswa kuti "izvi zvingangokonzeresa kupatsanurwa nyowani kwezvematongerwo enyika zveCameroonia uye nekupararira kwemauto emuno akadzika midzi mukuvimbika kwemadzinza kana gehena rehondo pakati pemadzinza". Africa yave kutarisa Cameroon. Asi chenjera: mazwi akadai se "dzinza" uye "dzinza boka" akaremerwa nemafungidziro uye akagashira mazano, uye osimbisa hunhu hweicho chaihwo hwezvinhu. Aya mazwi, mukunzwisisa kwevamwe vanhu, ari padyo nehutsinye, hutsinye uye chinyakare. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti, mune imwe rondedzero, kurwa hakupikisane nemapoka akasarudza sarudzo yehondo kukuvadza mumwe, asi vanoita kunge vanovamanikidza sezvo ivo vari mune vamwe "vakadzidziswa".

Litany yemashoko asina kunaka

Izvo zvinowanzoitika nezve "Anglophone dambudziko" inzvimbo yemhirizhonga, kuvhiringidzika, kupamba, kupopota, kuchema, ropa, kufa. Hapana chinoratidza kurwa pakati pemapoka akashongedzerwa nezvombo, vakuru vanoitisa mashandiro, kuyedza nhaurirano yakatangwa nemabelgigerents, nezvimwewo. Mubvunzo wekukodzera kwawo haugone kupembedzwa sezvo "gehena" iri risina chikonzero. Mumwe aigona kunzwisisa kuti "Cameroon inokonzeresa zvakakomba pakuedza kwemasangano epasi rese kubatsira Africa kugadzirisa hondo dzayo". Kunyanya kubvira "maererano neshumo ichangoburwa yeUN, dambudziko reAnglophone muCameroon nderimwe rematambudziko akaipisisa, achibata vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni maviri".

Mifananidzo inotambudza futi

Ichokwadi, chimwe chikamu chevezvenhau chinotaura kuti "kukakavara muCameroon kunotyisa uye kwakaoma". Uku kutambura ndekwechokwadi uye kunoramba kuripo kune kukuru kusingataurike. Zvakare, nhoroondo dzese dzekutambudzika uku, zvikonzero zvatisingatsanangure, zvakanyanya kunzwira tsitsi pamberi pechakakomba chakajairika kuAfrica uye chisina munhu ane mhosva nazvo. Kubva pakuongororwa kwenyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yekuFrance, Pierre Bourdieu, achitaura nezvemifananidzo yenhau dzeterevhizheni kubva pasi rose, nhoroondo dzakadai dzinopedzisira dzaita "kuteedzana kwenyaya dzinoita sedzisinganzwisisike dzinoguma dzakafanana (…) 'zviitiko zvakaonekwa zvisina tsananguro, zvichanyangarika pasina mhinduro' . Kutaura kwe “gehena,” “rima,” “kuputika,” “kuputika,” kunobatsira kuisa iyi hondo muchikamu chakaparadzana; iyo yematambudziko asingatsanangurike, zvine musoro zvisinganzwisisike.

Mifananidzo, kuongororwa uye makomendi zvinoratidza kurwadziwa uye kusuwa. Muhutongi hweYaounde, kushomeka kwehunhu hwesununguko, kutaurirana, pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika, nezvimwe. Hapana chaanacho chikamu chemufananidzo waanopihwa kwaari. Izvo zvinokwanisika kumutsanangura iye zvakare se "akajeka kuronga", "anokwanisa kuronga", maneja ane humwe hunyanzvi. Mumwe anogona kuratidza zviri pamutemo kuti chokwadi chekukwanisa kuchengetedza hutongi kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu nemashanu kunyangwe paine kumonyoroka kwakawanda uye kutendeuka kunogona kumuwanisa iye izvi zvikwanisiro.

Kubatana pane zvitsva zvitsva

Kusarudzika kwedambudziko reAnglophone muCameroon, mhinduro yekupindirana nedzimwe nyika kuigumisa uye kusavapo mune dzimwe nhepfenyuro matauriro emazwi evatambi vari mukukonana uye nemazwi asinganzwisisike anoratidza iko kusimbirira kwehukama uye post- simba rakazvimirira. Asi chinetso chiri mukuvandudzwa kwekudyidzana kutsva. Uye ndiani anoti mushandirapamwe mutsva anoti chiratidzo chitsva che Africa. Saka zvakafanira kuita zvematongerwo enyika uye kuyambuka maziso ku Africa kuti vatore matanda uye vatungamire isina fungidziro yedzinza, zvimisikidzo, zvisizvo uye pamusoro pezvose zvinopfuura uku kufunga kwe "senghorian kuti" manzwiro ari negro uye chikonzero chiHellene ".

Chirevo chinopfuura chinosuruvarisa uye kwete pasina maavatat. Basa raSenghor harifanirwe kudzikisirwa kune iri rekunze-kwechirevo chirevo. Nehurombo, nyika zhinji dzehutongi nehudzvanyiriri dzemu Africa dzave dzichitambira kwemakumi emakore pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi pamwe nekusarura kuri kutsvaira Africa, avo vanobva kuchamhembe kusvika kuSouth Africa. Dzimwe nzvimbo hadzina kuponeswa uye hadzipukunyuke huwandu hukuru hwepakutanga uye zvinomiririra: hupfumi, rubatsiro, tsika, mitambo uye kunyange geopolitiki.

Mumagariro evagari vemuAfrica, ayo anonyanya kutarisisa pane izvo zvinopihwa kuti zvionekwe pane izvo zvinopihwa kuti unzwe, "izwi rekuratidzira" rekujekesa inzira yakakosha yekugovana chimwe chinhu chinonakidza, chine hunyanzvi uye chehunhu. Tsime rehupenyu rinowanikwa mune yekutanga "hongu" izvo zvinetswa, shanduko uye shanduko dziri kuitika munyika. Izvi ndizvo zvinodiwa zvinotsigira zvinotarisirwa. Chiratidzo chesimba risingadzorwe, mutauri wenhau unoda kujekesa nhau muzvinhu zvacho zvese kuitira kusimudzira kwakanaka uye kwakabatana.

Kuyerera kweruzivo kwakagadziridzwa mupepanhau repasi rese, tsvagiridzo ine hunhu hunonzwisisika nekuda kwekudzika kwekuwongorora zvinhu zvese zvinotitorera kure nesu uye zvinotisunungura kubva kune chero hanya yekuzviruramisa. Vanodaidzira kurega ruzivo ruchinje nyika, "psychoanalyzing" maitiro ekuvaunza mukuenderana nepasi rose. Nekudaro, sekureva kweshoko rekutaura kwenhepfenyuro, "ongororo panguva imwechete yekugamuchira, kuvimbisa nekutumira"; kuchengetedza imwechete chete yematanda matatu hazvingarangariri kunyatso kuenderera kwekuongorora. 

Zvisinei, mbiri yose inoenda kune humwe hunhu hwepepanhau repasi rese, vezvedzidzo uye vesaenzi vanomisikidza basa rekupa chiratidzo uye neshoko rinotaura kuti zvimisikidzo uye zvishuwo zvekubuda muAfrica kubva pamaparadigimu akasakara uye akasakara. Hausi mubvunzo kune vekupedzisira kuti vaite mashiripiti chiito chingamanikidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuti afarire Africa; uye hazvireve kuti ese mapurojekiti ekondinendi anotenderwa. Sezvo ichireva kune ruzivo ruzivo rwunoita kuti zvinhu zvese zvive zvitsva, nekuti zvinoumba chivimbo mune ramangwana, iwo manyuko echokwadi erunyararo netariro; vanovhura iro ramangwana uye vanofambisa hupenyu hwakavandudzwa zvine simba. Vanopupurirawo kuvepo kwemufaro mukundikana pamwe nekubudirira; mukufamba kwakasimba uye mukudzungaira. Izvo hazvipe izvo kusava nechokwadi kwehupenyu hwevanhu kana njodzi dzezvirongwa kana mabasa, asi kutsigira kuvimba mune ramangwana riri nani. Nekudaro, hausi mubvunzo wekuvhiringidza misiyano yechokwadi nejecxtaposition kana kwekutenda nemaitiro emunhu (zvakapusa kuwanda) kana kwekubatanidza kubatana kwezvepfungwa nekumisikidzwa kune vese kutendiswa uye yakasarudzika tsika (kufanana).

Ichi chifananidzo che Africa hachisi chekunze chete uye neruzivo chete; iyo zvakare inogadzirwa pamwe uye dzimwe nguva yakarongedzwa kubva mukati mekondinendi. Hausi mubvunzo wekuwira mugomba "gehena, ndevamwe". Mumwe nemumwe uye munhu anotarisana nebasa rake.

Hippolyte Eric Djounguep mutori venhau uye muongorori wezvematongerwo enyika emagazini yeFrance Le Point uye mupi weBritish neHuffington Post. Iye ndiye munyori wemabhuku akati wandei anosanganisira Cameroun - crise anglophone: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) uye Médias et Conflits (2012) pakati pevamwe. Kubva 2012 Akaita shanyo dzesainzi pamusoro pesimba rekupokana muAfrican Great Lakes mudunhu, mune Nyanga ye Africa, mudunhu reLake Chad uye kuIvory Coast.