Iyo 1983 Hondo Inotyisa: Iyo Cold War Inonyanya Kutyisa Nguva?

Mugovera wapfuura wanga uri wemakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe ekubhomba kweatomu kwaNyamavhuvhu 77, 6 kweHiroshima, nepo Chipiri ichirangarira kubhomba kwaNyamavhuvhu 1945 kweNagasaki, kunoratidzwa pano. Munyika umo makakatanwa pakati pemasimba ane zvombo zvenyukireya ari pakakwirira, kunogona kubvunzwa nokutendeseka kana tichasvika pachinzvimbo chechi9 pasina mabhomba enyukireya ashandiswa zvakare. Zvakakosha kuti tiyeuke zvidzidzo zveimwe yeCold War yepedyo yenyukireya apo, sezvanhasi, kurukurirano pakati pemasimba enyukireya yakaparara.

NaPatrick Mazza, The Raven, September 26, 2022

Iyo nyukireya yepedyo kufona kweAble Archer '83

Kumucheto ndisingazivi

Yakanga iri nguva yemakakatanwa akawedzera pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union, apo nzira dzekufambisa mashoko dzakanga dzichiipa uye rutivi rumwe norumwe rwaidudzira zvisizvo zvinokurudzira rumwe. Zvakaguma mune inogona kunge iri bhurashi repedyo nekuparadza kwenyukireya muCold War. Zvinotonyanya kutyisa, rimwe divi harina kuziva njodzi kutozosvikira zvaitika.

Muvhiki rechipiri raNovember 1983, NATO yakaitisa Able Archer, chiitiko chinomiririra kukwira kuhondo yenyukireya mukurwisana kweEurope pakati pekumadokero nemaSoviet. Hutungamiri hweSoviet, vachitya kuti US yaironga kurwisa kwenyukireya kwekutanga kuSoviet Union, yaifungidzirwa zvakasimba kuti Able Archer yakanga isiri kurovedza muviri, asi chivharo chechinhu chaicho. Mativi matsva echiitwa akasimbisa kutenda kwavo. Mauto enyukireya eSoviet akaenda kuchenjerera, uye vatungamiriri vanogona kunge vakafunga danho rekutanga. Mauto eUS, achiziva zviito zveSoviet zvisina kujairika asi asingazive zvazvinoreva, akaenderera mberi nechiitiko.

Iyo nguva inoonekwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda senguva yeCold War ine njodzi huru yekukonana kwenyukireya kubva muna 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, apo US yakatarisana neSoviet pamusoro pekuiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya pachitsuwa ichocho. Asi mukupesana nedambudziko reCuba, iyo US yaive blithe kune njodzi. Robert Gates, mutevedzeri wemukuru weCIA, akazoti, "Tinogona kunge tave padanho rehondo yenyukireya uye tisingatombozviziva."

Zvakatora makore kuti vakuru vekumadokero vanzwisise zvizere njodzi iyo nyika yakatarisana nayo muAble Archer '83. Havana kukwanisa kunzwisisa kuti vatungamiriri veSoviet vaitya kurorwa kwekutanga, uye vakarasa zviratidzo zvakabuda nguva pfupi mushure mekuita seSoviet propaganda. Asi mufananidzo wacho pawakawedzera kujeka, Ronald Reagan akaziva kuti kutaura kwake kwakapisa mukati memakore matatu ekutanga ehutungamiriri hwake kwakadyisa kutya kweSoviet, uye panzvimbo pacho akabudirira kutaurirana zvibvumirano nemaSoviet kuderedza zvombo zvenyukireya.

Nhasi zvibvumirano izvozvo zvakadzimwa kana pakutsigira hupenyu, ukuwo mhirizhonga pakati pekumadokero nenyika inotsiva Soviet Union, Russian Federation, iri pamwero usingaenzaniswi kunyangwe muCold War. Nhaurirano dzaparara uye ngozi dzenyukireya dziri kuwedzera. Zvichakadaro, kusawirirana kuri kuwedzera neChina, imwe nyika ine zvombo zvenyukireya. Mazuva mushure memakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe ekutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu 77, 6 bhomba reatomu reHiroshima uye Nyamavhuvhu 1945 immolation yeNagasaki, nyika yakaruramisa zvikonzero zvekubvunza kana tichasvika ku9th pasina zvombo zvenyukireya zvichishandiswa zvakare.

Munguva yakadai, zvakakosha kuyeuka zvidzidzo zveAble Archer '83, pamusoro pezvinoitika kana kusawirirana pakati pemasimba makuru kunomuka apo kutaurirana kunoparara. Sezvineiwo, makore achangopfuura akaona kudhindwa kwemabhuku akati wandei anonyura zvakadzama mudambudziko iri, zvakakonzera kuti rivepo, uye zvakazoitika. 1983: Reagan, Andropov, uye Nyika iri paBrink, naTaylor Downing, uye The Brink: Mutungamiri Reagan uye Nuclear War Scare ya1983 naMark Ambinder, taura nyaya kubva kumakona akasiyana. Able Archer 83: Chakavanzika NATO Kudzidzira Kwakada Kukonzera Hondo Yenyukireya naNate Jones kutaurisa kwakawanda kwenyaya inoperekedzwa neyekutanga sosi zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva mudura repachivande.

Advantage kutanga kuramwa

Viktor Surikov, mhare yeSoviet building a missile building, akazoudza mubvunzurudzo weU.S. Department of Defense John Hines, kuti neruzivo urwu, veSoviet vakanga vachinja kuronga hurongwa hwekuramwa basa. Dai vaifunga kuti US iri kugadzirira kutanga, vangadai vakatangisa. Muchokwadi, ivo vakatevedzera fungidziro yakadaro muZapad 1983 chiitiko.

Ambinder anonyora, "Sezvo nhangemutange yezvombo yakawedzera, zvirongwa zvehondo yeSoviet zvakashanduka. Vakanga vasisatarisire kupindura kune yekutanga kuramwa kubva kuUS Pane kudaro, zvirongwa zvese zvehondo huru zvakafunga kuti maSoviet aizowana nzira yekutanga kurova, nekuti, zviri nyore, divi rakatanga kurwisa raizove nemukana wakanakisa wekukunda. .”

VaSoviet vakatenda kuti US yaivewo. "Surikov akati aitenda kuti vagadziri vemitemo yenyukireya veUS vainyatsoziva kuti pakanga paine misiyano yakakura mukukuvadzwa kweUnited States mumamiriro ezvinhu apo United States yakabudirira kurova zvombo zveSoviet uye masisitimu ekudzora isati yatanga . . , "Jones anonyora. Hines akabvuma “kuti United States ‘zvamazvirokwazvo yakanga yaita ongororo yakadaro’ yokuramwa basa kwokutanga kwokurwisana neSoviet Union.”

IUS zvechokwadi yaive ichiita "kutanga pane yambiro" masisitimu epanguva yekurwiswa kwaionekwa sekunge kwava pedyo. Kutyaira nzira dzenyukireya kwaive kutya kukuru pakati pevatungamiriri kumativi ese kuti vangave vekutanga kunangwa pakurwisa kwenyukireya.

“ . . . sezvo Hondo Yemashoko ichifambira mberi, masimba makuru ose ari maviri akazviona seaiwedzera panjodzi yekurwisa kwenyukireya kunoparadza,” anonyora kudaro Jones. Rimwe divi raizoedza kukunda hondo yenyukireya nekubvisa hutungamiriri husati hwapa mirairo yekutsiva. “Kana US ikakwanisa kudzima hutungamiriri pakutanga kwehondo, inogona kutaura mitemo yekumisa kwayo . . ,” Ambinder anonyora kudaro. Apo vatungamiri veRussia hondo yemazuva ano isati yatanga vakazivisa nhengo yeUkraine NATO "mutsara mutsvuku" nokuti zvombo zvinokandwa ipapo zvinogona kurova Moscow mumaminetsi mashomanana, kwaiva kudzokorora kwekutya ikoko.

Ambinder inoita yakanyatso kudzika mukati mekuti mativi ese ari maviri akararama sei nekutya kuderedzwa uye akaronga kuchengetedza kugona kutsiva. IUS yaiwedzera kushushikana kuti ngarava dzeSoviet missile dzepasi pemvura dzaive dzisingaonekwe uye dzaigona kukanda chombo kubva kumahombekombe kuti chirove Washington, DC mukati memaminitsi matanhatu. Jimmy Carter, achinyatsoziva mamiriro acho ezvinhu, akaraira kuti iongororwe uye akaisa hurongwa hwekuona kuti anotsiva achakwanisa kuraira kutsiva uye kurwa kunyangwe White House yake yarohwa.

Kutya kweSoviet kunowedzera

"VaSoviet vaidavira kuti Pershing IIs aigona kusvika kuMoscow," Ambinder anonyora, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvingave zvisina kudaro. "Izvi zvaireva kuti hutungamiriri hweSoviet hunogona kunge huri kure nemaminetsi mashanu kubva pakudzingwa chero nguva kana vangoiswa. Brezhnev, pakati pevamwe, akanzwisisa izvi mudumbu rake. "

Muhurukuro huru kuvatungamiriri venyika dzeWarsaw Pact muna 1983, Yuri Andropov, uyo akatsiva Brezhnev mushure mekufa kwake muna 1982, akadana zvombo zvinokandwa izvi “'denderedzwa idzva mumujaho wezvombo' rakanga rakasiyana chaizvo nerekare," Downing anonyora kudaro. "Zvakanga zviri pachena kwaari kuti zvombo izvi zvakanga zvisiri zve 'kudzivisa' asi 'zvakagadzirirwa hondo yeramangwana,' uye zvakagadzirirwa kupa US kukwanisa kutora hutungamiri hweSoviet 'muhondo yenyukireya ine nyukireya' iyo America yaitenda. vaigona 'kupukunyuka ndokukunda mukurwisana kwenyukireya kwenguva refu.'

Andropov, pakati pevatungamiriri veSoviet vepamusoro, ndiye aitenda nemoyo wese kuti US yaida hondo. Mukutaura kwakavanzika muna Chivabvu 1981, paakanga achiri mukuru weKGB, akashora Reagan uye "zvakashamisa vazhinji veavo vaivepo, akati pane mukana wakasimba wekurova kwenyukireya kwekutanga neUS," Downing anonyora. Brezhnev aive mumwe weavo vaive mumba umu.

Ipapo ndipo apo KGB nemumwe wayo wemauto, GRU, vakashandisa danho repamusoro rehungwaru hwepasi rose kuhwihwidza zviratidzo zvekutanga zveUS nekumadokero zvaigadzirira hondo. Inozivikanwa se RYaN, chirevo cheRussia chekurova zvombo zvenyukireya, yaisanganisira mazana ezviratidzi, zvese kubva pakufamba kunzvimbo dzemauto, kunzvimbo dzehutungamiriri hwenyika, kuenda kunotyaira ropa uye kunyangwe iyo US yaifambisa makopi ekutanga eDeclaration of Independence uye. Constitution. Kunyange vasori vakanga vasina chokwadi, kurudziro yekuburitsa mishumo yaidiwa nehutungamiriri yakaunza kumwe kurerekera kwechokwadi, ichida kusimbisa kutya kwevatungamiriri.

Pakupedzisira, mameseji eRYaN akatumirwa kuchiteshi chemumiriri weKGB muLondon panguva yeAble Archer '83, yakaburitswa nemumiririri maviri, yaizoratidza kusahadzika vatungamiriri vekumadokero kuti maSoviet aitya sei panguva iyoyo. Chikamu ichocho chenyaya chichauya.

Reagan anowedzera kupisa

Rhetoric yaReagan yaireva kutendeuka kubva kudétente kwatotanga pasi peCarter Administration nekupinda kweSoviet muAfghanistan. Mumusangano wavo wekutanga nevatori venhau, vakati “détente yanga iri nzira imwe chete yakashandiswa neSoviet Union kuita zvinangwa zvayo . . . "Aireva kuti hazvibviri kugarisana," anonyora Jones. Gare gare, achitaura kuParamende yeBritain muna 1982, Reagan akadana “kufora kworusununguko noutongi hwezvido zvevanhu kuchasiya Marxism-Leninism iri murwi wenhau . . . “

Hapana kutaura kunoratidzika kuva kwakapesvedzera zvikuru kufunga kweSoviet, kunyanguvezvo, kupfuura kwaakaita muna March 1983. Sangano rokumisa zvombo zvenyukireya rakanga richikurudzira mamiriyoni kuti asundire kumisa zvombo zvenyukireya zvitsva. Reagan aitsvaga nzvimbo dzekupikisa izvozvo, uye imwe yakazvipa muchimiro chegungano regore reNational Association of Evangelicals. Hurukuro iyi haina kuongororwa neDhipatimendi reHurumende, iro rakambodzikisira rhetoric yaReagan. Uyu aive akazara simbi Ronald.

Mukufunga nezve nyukireya, Reagan akaudza boka, vakwikwidzi veCold War havagone kunzi vakaenzana. Munhu aisagona kufuratira “zvishuvo zvechisimba zvoumambo hwakashata . . . uye nokudaro zvibvise mugakava riri pakati pechakanaka nechakaipa nechakanaka nechakaipa.” Akabvisa muzvinyorwa zvepakutanga, achidana Soviet Union kuti "inonyanya kukoshesa uipi munyika yanhasi." Ambinder anoshuma kuti Nancy Reagan gare gare “akanyunyuta kumurume wake kuti akanga anyanyisa. 'Ihwo humambo hwakaipa,' Reagan akapindura. "Inguva yekuivhara."

Maitiro aReagan uye rhetoric "zvakavhundutsa hutungamiriri hwedu," Jones anodzokorora Oleg Kalugin, mukuru weUS KGB mashandiro kusvika 1980.

Misanganiswa zviratidzo

Reagan akatenda kuti aingogona kuwana kuderedza zvombo zvenyukireya nekuvavaka kutanga, saka akamisa diplomacy yakawanda kwemakore maviri ekutanga ekutonga kwake. Pakazosvika 1983, akanzwa akagadzirira kubatanidzwa. Muna Ndira, akaita chirevo chekubvisa zvombo zvese zvepakati, kunyangwe veSoviet vakatanga kuzviramba, vachifunga kuti vakatyisidzirwa neFrench neBritish nukes. Zvino muna Kukadzi 15 aive nemusangano weWhite House nemumiriri weSoviet Anatoly Dobrynin.

“Mutungamiriri wenyika akati akanga asinganzwisisike kuti maSoviet aifunga kuti 'aipenga.' 'Asi ini handidi hondo pakati pedu. Izvozvo zvaizounza njodzi dzisingaverengeki,'” Ambinder anorondedzera kudaro. Dobrynin akapindura nemanzwiro akafanana, asi akashevedzera kuvakwa kwemauto kwaReagan, kukuru munhoroondo yerunyararo yeUS kusvika panguva iyoyo, se "kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yedu." Muzvinyorwa zvake, Dobrynin akabvuma kuvhiringidzika kweSoviet pa“kurwisa kwakasimba kwevoruzhinji kwaReagan paSoviet Union” nepo “achitumira muchivande . . . zviratidzo zvekutsvaga hukama hwakajairika. "

Chiratidzo chimwe chakauya zvakajeka kuvaSoviet, kunyanya mukududzira kwavo. Vhiki mbiri mushure mekutaura kwe "empire empire", Reagan akakurudzira "Star Wars" kudzivirira missile. Sekuona kwaReagan, raive danho raikwanisa kuvhura nzira yekubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Asi kumaziso eSoviet, zvaiita senge nhanho imwe chete yekurova kwekutanga uye "inokunda" hondo yenyukireya.

"Nekuita senge kuti US inogona kutanga kurova pasina kutya kutsiva, Reagan akagadzira dambudziko rekupedzisira reKremlin," Downing anonyora. "Andropov aive nechokwadi chekuti chirongwa chekupedzisira ichi chakaunza hondo yenyukireya pedyo. Uye yaive United States yaizozvitanga. "