NaDavid Swanson
Hondo dzinogona kunge dziri dzekuAmerican kudzidza jogirafi, asi vanogara vachidzidza nhoroondo yekuti geography yakaumbwa sei nehondo? Ndangoverenga Siria: A History of the Last Century Years naJohn McHugo. Inorema kwazvo pahondo, inogara iri dambudziko nemataurirwo atinoitwa nhoroondo, nekuti zvinoita kuti vanhu vave nehondo. Asi zvinojekesawo kuti hondo yaisawanzoitika muSyria.
Siria yakaumbwa uye inoramba iripo nanhasi yakatsamwiswa nechibvumirano cheSykes-Picot cha1916 (umo Britain neFrance vakapatsanura zvinhu zvisiri zvavo), iyo 1917 Balfour Declaration (umo Britain yakavimbisa maZionist nyika haina 'inozivikanwa sePalestine kana yeSyria yeSyria), uye 1920 San Remo Musangano uko Britain, France, Italy, neJapan vakashandisa mitsara yekumisidzana kugadzira Chiremera cheFrance cheSyria neRebhanoni, yeBritish Mandate yePalestine (kusanganisira Joridhani) , uye neBritish Mandate yeIraq.
Pakati pe1918 ne1920, Siria yakaedza kusimbisa hurumende yepamutemo; uye McHugo anofunga kuti kuedza kuve yeSiriya yakapedzisira yasvika pakuzvisarudzira. Zvechokwadi, izvo zvakaguma neSan Remo Conference apo boka revatorwa vaigara muimba yeItaly ndokufunga kuti France inofanira kuchengetedza Siria kuvaSiria.
Saka 1920 kusvika 1946 yaive nguva yehutongi hweFrance uye kudzvinyirira uye chisimba chine hutsinye. Sangano reFrance rekuparadzanisa nekutonga rakaguma nekuparadzaniswa kweRebhanoni. Zvido zveFrance, sekutaurwa kwazvinoitwa naMcugo, zvinoita kunge zvaive purofiti uye zvakanakira maKristu. Chisungo cheFrance chepamutemo che "mvumo" yaive yekubatsira Siria kusvika padanho rekugona kuzvitonga. Asi, pachokwadi, maFrench aive asina kufarira kuita kuti maSyria azvitonge, maSyria vangadai vasina kuzvitonga zvakashata kupfuura zvakaitwa nevaFrance, uye kunyepedzera kwese kwaive pasina mutemo wepamutemo kana kutarisa kwevaFrench. Nekudaro, kuratidzira kweSyria kwakakwidza kuKodzero dzeMunhu asi zvakasangana nemhirizhonga. Kuratidzira uku kwaisanganisira maMuslim nemaKristu nemaJuda, asi maFrance vakasara vachidzivirira vashoma kana kunyepedzera kuvadzivirira ivo vachikurudzira kupesana kwemasekete.
Musi waApril 8, 1925, Lord Balfour akashanyira Dhamasiko uko varatidziri zviuru gumi vakamukwazisa vachishevedzera "Pasi nechibvumirano cheBalfour!" VaFrance vaifanira kumuperekedza kunze kweguta. Pakati pema 10,000 maFrance akauraya varwi vevapanduki zviuru zvitanhatu uye akaparadza dzimba dzevanhu zviuru zana. Muma1920 maSyria akagadzira kuratidzira, kuramwa mabasa, uye kurohwa kwemabhizinesi eFrance. Muna 6,000 varatidziri vana vakaurayiwa, uye vanhu zviuru makumi maviri vakaenda kumariro avo vasati vatanga kuratidzira. Uye zvakadaro vaFrance, vakaita seBritish muIndia nehumwe umambo hwavo, vakasara.
Nechokumugumo kweHondo Yenyika II, France yakakurudzira "kupedza" kugara kwavo muSyria vasina kuigumisa, chimwe chinhu senge kugara kweU.S. Afghanistan kweAfghanistan uko "kwapera" kuchiri kuenderera. MuRebhanoni, vaFrance vakasunga mutungamiri uye mutungamiriri asi vakamanikidzwa kuvasunungura mushure mekuramwa uye kuratidzira muRebhanoni neSyria. Kuratidzira muSyria kwakakura. France yakachengetedza Dhamasiko ichiuraya vangangoita mazana mana. VaBritish vakapinda. Asi muna 400 maFrance nemaBritish akabva kuSyria, nyika umo vanhu vakaramba kubatana nekutonga kwekunze.
Nguva dzakaipa, pane kunaka, tarisa pamberi. MaBritish uye ramangwana-maIsrael akaba Palestine, uye mafashama evapoteri akananga kuSyria neRebhanoni muna 1947-1949, kwavasati vadzoka. Uye iyo (yekutanga?) Hondo Yemashoko yakatanga. Muna 1949, neSyria irwo nyika chete yaisafanira kusaina ruvoko neIsrael uye kuramba kubvumidza pombi yemafuta yeSaudi kuyambuka nyika yayo, mauto ehondo akaurayiwa muSyria nekubatanidzwa kweCIA - pamberi pa1953 Iran na1954 Guatemala.
Asi United States neSyria vakatadza kuumba mubatanidzwa nekuti United States yainge yakabatana neIsrael uye yaipesana nekodzero dzevaPalestine. Siriya yakawana zvombo zvayo zvekutanga zveSoviet muna 1955. Uye iyo US neBritain vakatanga chirongwa chenguva refu uye chichienderera mberi chekugadzira nekudzokorora zvirongwa zvekurwisa Siria. Muna 1967 Israeri yakarwisa ikaba Golan Heights iyo yagara zvisiri pamutemo kubvira ipapo. Muna 1973 Siria neEjipitori vakarwisa Israeri asi vakatadza kudzosa Golan Heights. Siria zvido mukutaurirana kwemakore mazhinji anouya zvaizotarisa pakudzoka kwevaPalestine kunyika yavo uye kudzoka kweGolan Heights kuSyria. Zvido zveUS mukutaurirana murunyararo panguva yeCold War zvaive zvisina runyararo uye kugadzikana asi mukukunda nyika kudivi rayo kurwisa Soviet Union. Pakati pema1970 Hondo yevagari vemo muRebhanoni yakawedzera kumatambudziko eSyria. Runyararo hurukuro dzeSyria dzakapera nemusarudzo ya1996 yaNetanyahu semutungamiriri weIsrael.
Kubva muna1970 kusvika 2000 Siria yaitongwa naHafez al-Assad, kubva 2000 kusvika nanhasi nemwanakomana wake Bashar al-Assad. Siriya yakatsigira US muGulf War I. Asi muna 2003 US yakaratidza kurwisa Iraq ikazivisa kuti nyika dzese dzinofanira kuva "nesu kana kupikisana nesu?" Siria haina kukwanisa kuzvizivisa "neUnited States" apo kutambura kwevaPalestine kwaive paTV husiku hwese muSyria uye United States yanga isiri neSyria. Muchokwadi, iyo Pentagon mu2001 yaive neSyria pane Pamazita yenyika nomwe yakaronga "kutora".
Mhirizhonga, chisimba, kuparadza, mapoka echitendero, kutsamwa, uye zvombo zvakashambadza nzvimbo yacho neAmerica kupinda muIraq mu2003 yakaunza Siria uye zvechokwadi yakatungamirira pakusikwa kwemapoka akaita se ISIS. Zuva reArab muSiriya rakashandura zvechisimba. Kurwisana kwevahedheni, kuwedzera kwekuda kwemvura uye zvigadzirwa, zvombo uye varwisi vanopiwa nemakwikwi emunharaunda uye enyika yose vakaunza Siria mugehena mhenyu. Pamusoro pe200,000 vakafa, vanopfuura mamiriyoni e3 vakasiya nyika, mamiriyoni matanhatu nehafu vakapinda mumusha, 4.6 mamiriyoni ari kurarama uko kurwisana kunoenderera mberi. Dai iyi yaiva njodzi chaiyo, kuisa pfungwa kune rubatsiro rwebatsiro kunogona kuwana rufaro, uye kana zvishoma hurumende yeUnited States haifaniri kuisa pfungwa yekuwedzera mhepo kana mafungu. Asi iyi haisi njodzi chaiyo. Icho, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, hurumende yehondo inzvimbo yakashongedzerwa neUnited States, neRussia kune rumwe rutivi rwehurumende yeSyria.
MuC2013 kumanikidzwa kwevanhu vakabatsira kudzivirira kuparidzira kukuru kweAmerica kuAmerica, asi zvombo uye vadzidzisi vairamba vachiyerera uye kwete mapindukiro yakateverwa. Muna 2013 Israel yakapa kambani rezinesi yekutsvaga gasi nemafuta paGolan Heights. Na2014 vekuWestern "nyanzvi" vaitaura nezvehondo inoda "kumhanya nenzira yayo," nepo US ichirwisa vamwe vapanduki veSyria vachimisikidza vamwe avo dzimwe nguva vaipa zvombo kune avo vairwiswa neUS uye vaive vachipiwa mari nevakapfuma Gulf US vabatsiri uye vakasimudzirwa nevarwi vakasikwa kubva mu infernos iyo United States yainge yaunza kuIraq, Libya, Pakistan, Yemen, Afghanistan, nezvimwewo, uye ndivanani vairwiswawo neIran izvo zvinopesana neUnited States. Pakazosvika 2015, "nyanzvi" dzaitaura nezve "kupatsanura" Siria, izvo zvinotiunzira denderedzwa rakazara.
Kudhirowa mitsara pamepu kunogona kukudzidzisa jogirafi. Izvo hazvigone kukonzeresa kuti vanhu varasikirwe zvakanamatira kune vanhu nenzvimbo dzavanoda uye vanogara navo. Kubata nekurwisa matunhu epasi anogona kutengesa zvombo uye vavhoterwa. Haikwanise kuunza runyararo kana kugadzikana. Kupomera ruvengo rwekare uye zvitendero zvinogona kuhwina uye kupa pfungwa yekukwirira. Izvo hazvigone kutsanangura kuurayiwa kwevanhu vazhinji, kupatsanurwa, nekuparadzwa kuri muchikamu chikuru chakatumirwa kudunhu rakatukwa nezviwanikwa zvedi zvaishuiwa uye padyo nevamiririri vechiuto vane girafu dzvene idzva vanonzi mutoro wekudzivirira asi ndiani asingadi taura wavanonyatsonzwa kuti vane mutoro uye zvavari kunyatso chengetedza.
