Dombo Drones: Nhoroondo Pfupi Yehondo paNyika

Gar Smith World Beyond War # NoWar2017 Musangano,
Svondo 22-24 kuAmerican University kuWashington, DC.

Hondo ibasa rakaipisisa revanhu. Kubva muna 500 BC kusvika muna AD 2000 nhoroondo inonyora zvinopfuura chiuru [1000] zvehondo huru dzakanyorwa. Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, hondo dzinofungidzirwa kuva zana nemazana manomwe neshanu dzakauraya vanhu vanosvika mamirioni 1,022 - vanopfuura zvikamu zvitanhatu kubva muzana zvevanhu vese vakazvarwa mukati mezana ramakore rechi20 rose. WWII yakatora hupenyu hwemasoja gumi nemamiriyoni gumi nemana nemamiriyoni makumi matatu nematanhatu evagari vemo. Muhondo dzanhasi, 165 muzana yeavo vakaurayiwa vanhuwo zvavo - zvikuru vakadzi, vana, vakwegura, nevarombo.

IUS ndiyo inotungamira pasi pekutungamira kwehondo. Ndicho chikuru kutumira kunze kwenyika. Sekureva kwevanyori vezvakaitika kare veNavy, kubva muna 1776 kusvika 2006, mauto eUS akarwa muhondo dzekunze makumi maviri nemaviri. Pakati pa234 na1945, iyo US yakaparura 2014% yemakakatanwa makuru mazana maviri negumi nemasere epasirose. Kubva kudzoka kwePentagon kubva kuVietnam muna81, mauto eUS akananga kuAfghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines. , Somalia, Sudan, Siriya, Ukireni, Yemen, uye yaimbova Yugoslavia.

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Hondo pamusoro pemasikirwo ine nguva refu. Epic yeGirigamesh, imwe yengano dzekare pasi rose, inorondedzera nezveMesopotamiya murwi wekutsvaka kuuraya Humbaba - chikara chakatonga pamusoro penzvimbo inoera yeCedar Forest. Ichokwadi chekuti Humbaba aive muranda waEnlil, mwari wepasi, mhepo nemhepo hazvina kumisa Gilgamesh kuuraya uyu mudziviriri weNzvimbo nekutema misidhari.

Bhaibheri (Vatongi 15: 4-5) rinotaura nezvekurwiswa “kwechivhu” kwakajairika kuvaFiristia apo Samusoni “akabata makava mazana matatu akaasunga muswe-muswe ari maviri. Iye akabva asungirira tochi kune yega miswe. . . uye makava ngaasunungurwe muzviyo zvimire zvevaFiristiya. ”

Panguva yeHondo yePeloponnesian, Mambo Archidamus akatanga kurwisa Plataea nekugura miti yose yemichero yakapoteredza guta racho.

Muna 1346, maMongol Tartars akashandisa hondo yehutachiona kurwisa guta reBlack Sea reCaffa - nemitumbi inokonzeresa yevanorwara nedenda pamusoro pemadziro akavakirirwa.

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Kuisa chepfu mvura uye kuparadza zvirimwa nezvipfuyo inzira dzinoonekwa dzekudzora huwandu hwevanhu. Kunyangwe nanhasi, aya maitiro "akapiswa-pasi" anoramba ari nzira yakasarudzika yekubata nevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika muGlobal South.

Munguva yeAmerican Revolution, George Washington akashandisa nzira "dzakapisa-pasi" kurwisa maNative America akabatana nemauto eBritish. Minda yemichero nemichero yechibage yeIroquois Nyika dzakabviswa netarisiro yekuti kuparadzwa kwavo kwaizoita kuti maIroquois apararewo.

Hondo yevagari vemuAmerican yakaratidza zvaGeneral Sherman “Kurwisa kuburikidza neGeorgia” uye mushandirapamwe waGeneral Sheridan muVirginia Shenandoah Valley, mbiri dzakapiswa “dzakapiswa” dzakanangana nekuparadza zvirimwa, zvipfuyo nepfuma. Mauto aSherman akaparadza mahekita gumi emamiriyoni eGeorgia apo mapurazi eShenandoah akashandurwa kuita nzvimbo dzakasviba nemoto.

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Munguva yezvinotyisa zvakawanda zveHondo Yenyika I, mamwe emamiriro ezvinhu akaipa kupfuura mamwe ose akaitika muFrance. PaHondo yeSomme, apo 57,000 maBritish british akafa nezuva rokutanga rokurwisana, High Wood yakasara dutu rinopisa rematombo akaiswa mumatanda.

MuPoland, mauto eGerman akasimudza masango kuti ape matanda ekuvakisa mauto. Mukuita uku, vakaparadza pekugara pashoma nyati dzeEurope - idzo dzakakurumidza kutemwa nepfuti dzemauto eGerman ane nzara.

Mumwe akapona akatsanangura nzvimbo yehondo senzvimbo ye “mbeveve, zvitubu zvemiti yakaputsika izvo zvinoramba zvakanamatira pane kwaimbova nemisha. Dzichivhurwa netumapazi twemakwande anoputika, dzakamira sezvitunha zvakamira. ” Makore zana mushure mekuuraya, varimi veBelgian vachiri kufukunura mapfupa evarwi vakadeura ropa vakafa muFlanders Field.

WWI yakakonzera kukanganisa mukati meUnited States zvakare. Kudyisa hondo, 40 mamiriyoni ehekeri akakurudzirwa kunomirima kune dzimwe nyika zvisingabatsiri mune zvekurima. Mahombekombe, matanda, nemasango akadonherwa kuti agadzire mapurazi. Nzvimbo dzakasvibirira dzakatsiviwa neminda yegorosi. Masango akanga akajeka-akachekwa kuti ashumire nguva yehondo. Kunyanya kudyarwa kwevhu yekotoni yakavhunika yakazoguma yakazara nekuoma nekukura.

Asi chakakosha zvikuru chakauya nemafuta anogadzirwa nemafuta ehondo. Nenguva isipi, mauto emazuva ano akanga asisada oats uye uswa hwebhiza nemahesera. Pakuguma kweWWI, General Motors akanga avaka mauto emasoja e-9,000 [8,512] uye akachinja pfuma yakawanda. Simba remhepo raizova rimwezve mutambo-shanduko.

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Nekutanga kweHondo Yenyika II, nyika dzekuEurope dzakatangwazve nemhirizhonga. Mauto eGerman akazadza 17 muzana yemapurazi epasi eHolland nemvura yemunyu. Allied mabhomba akatyora madamu maviri kuGerman Ruhr Valley, achiparadza ma7500 maeka epurazi reGerman.

MuNorway, mauto akadzoka aHitler akaparadza zvivakwa, migwagwa, zvirimwa, masango, mvura, uye mhuka dzesango. Makumi makumi mashanu muzana emhuka dzeNorway dzakaurawa.

Makore makumi mashanu mushure mekupera kweWWII, mabhomba, mabhomba, nemigodhi zvakanga zvichiri kuwanikwa kubva muminda uye mumvura yeFrance. Mamiriyoni emahekeri anoramba ari pamiganhu uye hurumende yakavigwa inoramba ichitaura kuti pane dzimwe nguva varwere.

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Chiitiko chinoparadza zvakanyanya muWWII chakabatanidza kuputika kwemabhomba maviri enyukireya pamusoro pemaguta eJapan eHiroshima neNagasaki. Mabhora emoto akateverwa ne "mvura nhema" yakarova avo vakapona kwemazuva, ichisiya mhute isingaonekwe yemwaranzi inopinda mumvura nemumhepo, ichisiya nhaka inotonhorera yekenza uye shanduko muzvirimwa, mhuka, uye vana vachangozvarwa.

Pamberi peNuclear Test Ban Chibvumirano chisati chasainwa muna1963, iyo US neUSSR yakanga yaburitsa mabhomba 1,352 epasi pevhu, mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu emuchadenga, uye kuputika kusere kwegungwa - kwakaenzana nesimba remabhomba akakura mazana matatu nemazana mana nemazana mana. Muna 520, National Cancer Institute yakayambira kuti munhu wese paPasi akaoneswa huwandu hwekudonha kwakakonzera makumi ezviuru zverufu rwegomarara.

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Mumazana makumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana remakore re20th, mauto ehondo anoshamisa akanga asingagumi.

Kwemwedzi makumi matatu nenomwe mukutanga kwema37, iyo US yakarova North Korea nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu emabhomba uye makumi matatu nemaviri nemakumi mashanu nemashanu ematani epasalm. IUS yakaparadza 1950 maguta eKorea, zvikoro zviuru zvishanu, zvipatara zve635,000, dzimba mazana matanhatu, uye zvakauraya zvimwe makumi matatu muzana yevanhu nekumwe kufungidzira. Air Force Gen. Curtis LeMay, mukuru weStrategic Air Command munguva yeKorea Hondo, akapa fungidziro yakaderera. Muna 32,557, LeMay akaudza Hofisi yeAir Force Force Nhoroondo kuti: "Kwemakore matatu kana kupfuura, takauraya - chii - makumi maviri muzana yevagari." Pyongyang ane chikonzero chakanaka chekutya iyo US.

Muna 1991, US inodonha matani emadhora e88,000 muIraq, ichiparadza misha, masimba emagetsi, madhamasiko makuru nemadziro emvura, zvichikonzera hurongwa hwehutano hwakakonzera kufa kwevana veIraqi mamiriyoni.

Utsi hunobva kuminda yemafuta yaipisa yeKuwait yakashanduka masikati nousiku uye ikaburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hwetosi ine chepfu iyo yakadzikira kumhepo kwemazana emakiromita.

Kubva ku1992 kusvika ku2007, kuAmerica ku bhomba kwakabatsira kuparadza 38 muzana yenzvimbo yemasango muA Afghanistan.

Muna 1999, kubhomba kweNATO kwechigadzirwa chemafuta muYugoslavia kwakatumira makore emakemikari anouraya mudenga ndokuburitsa matani ekusvibisa munzizi dzaive pedyo.

Hondo yeAfrica yeRwanda yakadzinga vanhu vangangoita mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu kupinda muVirunga National Park. 750,000 mamaira akaenzana akabvutwa uye 105 maira mamaira aka "bviswa pachena."

MuSudan, masoja ekutiza uye vanhu vese vakapararira muGaramba National Park, vachirasika mhuka. MuDemocratic Republic of the Congo, hondo yakagadzirisa iyo nzara yakagarikana kubva ku22,000 kusvika ku5,000.

Munguva yaro 2003 inopinda muIraq, Pentagon inobvuma kuti ipararire huwandu hwe175 toni ye uranium yakazara yeuranium pamusoro penyika. (IU.S. inobvuma kuti yakarwisa Iraq neimwe mamiriyoni e300 mu1991.) Izvi zvakashata zvinotyisa zvakakonzera zvirwere zvekenza uye zviitiko zvevana vanotyisa muFarlujah nemamwe maguta.

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Paakabvunzwa chakakonzera Hondo yeIraq, aimbova Mutungamiriri weCENTCOM Gen. John Abizaid akabvuma kuti: “Ichokwadi nezvemafuta. Hatigoni kuramba izvozvi. ” Hechino chokwadi chinotyisa: Pentagon inoda kurwa hondo dzemafuta kurwa hondo dzemafuta.

Pentagon inoyera kushandiswa kwemafuta mu "marita-maira-mamaira" uye "mapipa-neawa-imwe" uye huwandu hwemafuta akatsva anowedzera chero Pentagon ichienda kuhondo. Pakukwirira kwayo, iyo Hondo yeIraq yakagadzira anopfuura mamirioni matatu ematani metric e-kudziya kwepasi-pasi CO2 pamwedzi. Heino musoro usingaonekwe: Kushatiswa kwemauto chinhu chikuru chinotyaira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.

Uye heino chisimba. Mauto akapiswa nemauto epasi ave anoparadza zvekuti isu pari zvino tinozviwana tave kurarama - chaiko - paNyika Yakapiswa. Kusvibisa kwemaindasitiri uye mashandiro emauto akaendesa tembiricha kunzvimbo yekusvikira Mukutsvaga purofiti nesimba, makambani ekuwedzera pamwe nemauto eumambo vakazivisa zvine mutsindo kurwa nehupenyu. Iye zvino, nyika iri kurova kumashure - iine mhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa.

Asi Mupanduki Nyika haina kuita serimwe simba rakatarisana neuto revanhu. Dutu rimwe chete rinogona kuburitsa chibhakera chakaenzana nekubviswa kwemabhomba eatomiki zviuru gumi. Hurricane Harvey's airstrike kuTexas yakakonzera $ 10,000 bhiriyoni mukukuvara. Hurricane Irma tebhu inogona kudarika $ 180 bhiriyoni. Mari yaMaria ichiri kuwedzera.

Kutaura nezvemari. Worldwatch Institute inoshuma kuti kuendesa patsva zvikamu gumi nezvishanu zvemari yakashandiswa pazvombo pasirese zvinogona kubvisa zvakawanda zvezvikonzero zvehondo nekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Saka nei hondo ichiramba? Nekuti iyo US yave Corporate Militocracy inodzorwa neArms Indasitiri uye Fossil Fuel Kufarira. Sokutaura kunoita aimbova Congressmember Ron Paul: Kushandisa kwemauto zvakanyanya "kunobatsira nhete nhete yevakabatana-vanobhadharwa uye vanobhadharwa zvakanaka. Vakuru vanotya kuti rugare rungazopedzisira rwavapo, zvinova zvichavaipira pundutso yavo. ”

Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti kufamba kwazvino kwezvakatipoteredza kwakamuka, muchidimbu, mukupindura zvinotyisa zvehondo yeViet Nam - Agent Orange, napalm, kapeti-bhomba - uye Greenpeace yakatanga kuratidzira chirongwa cheyukireya chakarongwa padhuze neAlaska. Muchokwadi, zita rekuti "Greenpeace" rakasarudzwa nekuti rakabatanidza "nyaya mbiri huru dzenguva yedu, kupona kwenzvimbo yedu uye rugare rwepasi."

Mazuva ano kupona kwedu kunotyisidzirwa nemapuranga epfuti uye migomo yemafuta. Kuti tisimbise mamiriro ekunze, tinofanirwa kumira kutambisa mari muhondo. Hatigone kukunda hondo yakanangana nenyika chaiyo yatiri kurarama. Tinofanira kuisa pasi zvombo zvedu zvehondo uye kupamba, kutaurirana nekuremekedza kuzvipira, uye kusaina Chibvumirano chisingaperi cherunyararo nePlanet.

Gar Smith ndiye mutori wenhau anotsvaga mupiro-mupiriri, editor emeritus of Earth Island Journal, mubatanidzwa we Environmentalists Against War, uye munyori we Nuclear Roulette (Chelsea Green). Bhuku rake idzva, Hondo neIndaneti Reader (Just World Mabhuku) ichaburitswa muna Gumiguru 3. Aive mumwe wevatauri vazhinji pa World Beyond War musangano wemazuva matatu pamusoro pe "Hondo neZvakatipoteredza," Gunyana 22-24 paAmerican University muWashington, DC. (Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, sanganisira vhidhiyo yekuchengetedza yezviratidziro, shanya: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)