Sevamiriri gumi nevatanhatu vanomiririra mafambiro erunyararo kubva pasirese, takafamba kubva kuAsia, Pacific, Europe, uye North America kunounganidza Vancouver Vakadzi foramu paRunyararo neChengetedzo kuKorea Peninsula, chiitiko chakaitwa mukubatana neCanada Feminist Kunze kwenyika kusimudzira gadziriso yerunyararo padambudziko paKorea Peninsula. Masanctions uye kuzviparadzanisa vakatadza kumisa chirongwa cheNorth Korea chezvombo zvenyukireya uye panzvimbo pezvo zvakakuvadza zvakanyanya vagari vekuNorth Korea. Korenia Peninsula isina zvombo zvenyukireya inongowanikwa kuburikidza nekudyidzana chaiko, nhaurirano inovaka, uye kudyidzana. Isu tinoburitsa zvinotevera zvinongedzo kuVashandi vekunze vari kutora chikamu mumusangano waNdira 16 paSecurity uye Kugadzikana muKorea Peninsula:
- Pakarepo pinza mapato ese akakodzera muhurukuro, pasina maumbirwo, kushanda kuti uwane iyo yenyukireya isina-koreji peninsula;
- Abandon tsigiro yezano rekumanikidza kwakanyanya, simudza masanctions ane mhedzisiro inokanganisa vanhu vekuNorth Korea, shandai kugadzirisa hukama hwedipatimendi, bvisai zvipingaidzo zvekuita mugari-kune-mugari, uye musimbise kushandira pamwe kwevanhu.
- Wedzera mweya weOlympic trape uye simbisa kutangazve kweiyo nharaunda-yeKorea hurukuro nekutsigira: i) nhaurirano dzekuenderera mberi kumiswa kwekubatana kwemauto eUS-ROK mauto kumaodzanyemba, uye kuenderera mberi kumiswa kwenyukireya nemishini yekupotsa miedzo kuchamhembe, ii) mhiko yekusaita yekutanga kurova, nyukireya kana musangano, uye iii) maitiro ekutsiva Armistice Chibvumirano neKorea Runyararo chibvumirano;
- Teerera kune ese maSecurity Council mazano pane Vakadzi, Runyararo, uye Chengetedzo. Kunyanya, tinokukurudzira kuti uite United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, iyo inobvuma kuti kutora mukana kwevakadzi mumatanho ese ekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuvaka rugare kunosimbisa rugare uye chengetedzo kune vese.
Aya marongero ari pamusoro pechiitiko chedu chakareba chekudyidzana neNorth Koreans kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekudyidzana, uye kubva kuhunyanzvi hwedu hwehunyanzvi hwemauto, kurwisa kwenyukireya, masanctions ehupfumi, uye mutengo wevanhu vehondo yeKorea isina kugadziriswa. Musangano uyu chiyeuchidzo chinotishamisa kuti nyika dzakaunganidzwa dzine nhoroondo uye yehutsika mutoro wekugumisa Hondo yeKorea. Chivimbiso chekusaita yekutanga kurovera chinogona kuwedzera-kushungurudzika nekudzora kushushikana kwekurohwa uye njodzi yekusafunga zvisingaite izvo zvinogona kukonzera kusimudzira kwenyukireya kana kusaziva. Kugadzirisa Hondo yeKorea inogona kuve chiitiko chimwe chinonyanya kuita kuti umise kurwisa kweNortheast Asia, izvo zvinotyisidzira runyararo nekuchengetedzeka kwevanhu 1.5 bhiriyoni mudunhu iri. Kugadziriswa kwerunyararo kwedambudziko renyukireya reKorea ndiyo nhanho yakakosha yekubvisa zvachose zvombo zvepasi rose. 2
YEMAHARA PAZVINHU ZVINOGONESA KUTI VAVHIKI VARI
- Pakarepo pinza mapato ese akakodzera muhurukuro, pasina maumbirwo, kushanda kuti uwane iyo yenyukireya isina-koreji peninsula;
- Wedzera mweya weOlympic trape uye simbisa rutsigiro rwekukurukurirana-kweKorea hurukuro nekutanga: i) kumisikidza kuenderera mberi kwekubatana kweUS-ROK mauto ekudzidzira kumaodzanyemba, ii) chivimbiso chekusaita yekutanga kurova, nyukireya kana musangano; uye iii) maitiro ekutsiva maArmistice Chibvumirano neKorea Runyararo chibvumirano;
2018 inoratidza Kucherechedzwa kwe65th kweArmistice Agreement, kumisikidzwa kwakaiswa savatungamiriri vemauto kubva kuDPRK, PRC, uye US vakamiririra US inotungamirwa UN Command.1 Kuunza pamwe vamiriri vemarudzi akatumira mauto, mauto, vanachiremba, vanamukoti nerubatsiro rwekurapa kumubatanidzwa wemauto akatungamirwa neU.S. panguva yeHondo yeKorea, Vancouver Summit inopa mukana wekuita mubatanidzwa mukubatsira kutsigira chibvumirano cherunyararo, kuzadzisa chivimbiso chakataurwa pasi peChinyorwa IV cheArmistice. Musi waChikunguru 27, 1953, Makurukota egumi nematanhatu vekunze vakasaina chisarudzo kuArmistice vachisimbisa kuti: "Tichatsigira kuedza kwesangano reUnited Nations kuunza raramo yakaenzana muKorea maererano nemisimboti yakagadzwa kare neUnited Nations, uye iyo inodaidza Korea yakabatana, yakazvimirira uye nerusununguko. ”Musangano weVancouver chiitiko chakamuka asi chinotemesa chekuti nyika dzakaunganidzwa vane mutoro wenhoroondo uye wetsika wekugumisa Hondo yeKorea.
Chivimbiso chekusaita shanyo yekutanga chinowedzera kuwedzera-kushungurudzika nekudzora zvakanyanya njodzi yekukwira kana kusabatwa zvisina kunaka uko kunogona kuguma nekukonzeresa kana kusaziva kwenyukireya. Sevanhu vanosaina kuChati yeUN, nyika dzenhengo dzinodikanwa kugadzirisa makakatanwa nenzira dzerunyararo.2 Uyezve, kurwiswa kwemauto kusati kwaitwa muNorth Korea, kunyangwe hazvo paine zvishoma, kwaizokonzeresa kurwiswa kukuru uye kuguma nekuzara. akajairwa kana ehondo yenyukireya paKorea Peninsula. Iyo US DRM Research Service inofungidzira kuti, mumaawa mashoma ekutanga ekurwa, akawanda se300,000 aizourawa. Pamusoro pezvo, hupenyu hwemakumi emamirioni evanhu hwaizove mungozi kumativi ese eKorea kupatsanurana, uye mazana emamirioni akawanda achapindirwa zvakananga mudunhu nepese.
Kugadzirisa Hondo yeKorea inogona kunge iri chiito chimwe chete chinomisa mhirizhonga yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, 3 iyo inotyisidzira runyararo nekuchengetedzeka kwevanhu 1.5 bhiriyoni mudunhu iri. Kuwanda kwemauto kuvaka kwakakanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu vanogara padyo nemauto eU.S., kuOkinawa, Japan, Philippines, South Korea, Guam neHawaii. Chiremerera, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kodzero yekuunganidza kuzvisarudzira kwevanhu munyika idzi dzakatyorwa nemauto. Nyika dzavo nemakungwa zvavanovimba nazvo kuti vararame uye zvinotakura tsika nemagariro kukosha, zvinodzorwa nemauto uye zvakasvibiswa nemabasa emauto. Mhirizhonga yebonde inoitwa nevari muchiuto kunharaunda dzinogara vanhu, kunyanya vakadzi nevasikana, uye kutenda mukushandiswa kwesimba kugadzirisa gakava kwakasimudzirwa zvakanyanya kuchengetedza kusaenzana kwemadzitateguru uko kunogadzira nzanga pasi rese.
- Abandon tsigiro yezano rekumanikidza kwakanyanya, simudza masanctions ane mhedzisiro inokanganisa vanhu vekuNorth Korea, shandai kugadzirisa hukama hwedipatimendi, bvisai zvipingaidzo zvekuita mugari-kune-mugari, uye musimbise kushandira pamwe kwevanhu.
Makurukota ekunze anofanirwa kugadzirisa kukanganisika kwekuwedzera kweUNSC pamwe nekunetsana kwakatarisana neDPRK, iyo yakawedzera nehuwandu. Nepo vanotsigira zvirango vachivatora senzira ine rugare kuita zvechiuto, zvirango zvinechisimba uye zvinokanganisa huwandu hwevanhu, sezviri kuratidzwa nezvirango zvakanangana neIraq mu1990s, zvakakonzera kufa kwepamberi kwemazana ezviuru zvevana veIraq.4 UNSC inotsigira kuti zvirango zveUN pamusoro peNorth Korea hazvisi kunangana nehuwandu hwevanhu, 5 asi humbowo hunoratidza zvinopesana. Sekureva kwe 2017 UNICEF mushumo, 28 muzana yevana vese vane makore mashanu uye vari pasi vanotambura pakati nepakati kusvika pakanyanya kushungurudzika.6 Kunyange UNSC Kugadzirisa 2375 ichiziva "zvinodikanwa zvisina kufanira" zvevagari veDPRK, inoisa mhosva kune izvi zvisina kufanira zvinodiwa. nehurumende yeDPRK uye haitaure nezve zvinogona kuitika kana kukanganisa chaiko kwezvirango ivo pachavo.
Kuwedzera, masanctions aya arikutarisa hupfumi hwevanhu muDPRK uye nekudaro anogona kunge aine mhedzisiro yakaipa pakurarama kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kwezvekutengesa machira kunze kwenyika uye pakutumirwa kwevashandi kunze kwenyika zvese zviri kukanganisa nzira uko vagari vemuDPRK vanowanzo wana zviwanikwa zvekutsigira kurarama kwavo. Uye zvakare, matanho achangoburwa ane chinangwa chekudzora kupinza kwaDPRK zvigadzirwa zvemafuta zvinowedzera njodzi dzakaipisisa dzevanhu.
Sekureva kwaDavid von Hippel naPeter Hayes,: vanhu vanomanikidzwa kufamba kana kusatombofamba zvachose, uye kusunda mabhazi pane kuatasva. Kuchave nemwenje mushoma mudzimba nekuda kweparafini shoma, uye pasiti yekugadzira magetsi. Kuchave nekuparadzwa kwemasango kunogadzira biomass uye marasha anoshandiswa mumagetsi ekumhanyisa matori, zvichikonzera kukukurwa kukuru, mafashama, zvirimwa zvishoma zvekudya, uye nzara yakawanda. Pachave nedhiziri shoma yekupompa mvura yekudiridzira minda yemupunga, kugadzira zvigadzirwa muzvikafu, kutakura chikafu nezvimwe zvinodiwa mumba, uye kutakura zvigadzirwa zvekurima kumisika zvisati zvaparara. ”7 Mutsamba yake, UN Humanitarian Resident Coordinator. yeNorth Korea inodudza mienzaniso makumi mana nemaviri apo masanctions akatadzisa basa rekubatsira vanhu, 42 iyo yakasimbiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura nemumiriri weSweden weUN.8 UN, masangano epasi rese, uye maNGO muDPRK kwemakore akati wandei vakasangana nematambudziko ekuwedzera mashandiro, sekushayikwa kwenyika emabhangi masisitimu ayo ayo ekuchinjisa mashandiro emari. Ivo vakatarisanawo nekunonoka kana kurambidzwa kupokana nekupihwa kwakakosha kwemidziyo yekurapa uye zvigadzirwa zvemishonga, pamwe ne Hardware yekurima uye nzira dzekupa mvura.
Kubudirira kwezvirango kunopesana neDPRK zvinotaridzika kupiwa chokwadi chekuti kuvhurwa kwenhaurirano pakati peUS neNorth Korea kunoenderana pamusoro pekuzvipira kweDPRK kudhenha. Iyi mamiriro haigadziri izvo zvinokonzeresa chirongwa cheDPRK yenyukireya, kureva chimiro chisina kugadziriswa cheKorea Hondo uye kuenderera mberi nekuwedzera kusawirirana munzvimbo, iyo inokonzeresa chirongwa cheDPRK yenyukireya uye mune chikamu chingatariswe senge yakakosha kurudziro. kuti iwane kugona kwenyukireya. Panzvimbo pezvo, tinodaidzira kubatanidzwa, kusanganisira hurukuro chaiyo, hukama hwakagadzikana, uye kutanga kwemushandira pamwe, matanho ekuvaka anovimba ane mukana wekuumba nekuchengetedza nharaunda yakagadzikana yezvematongerwo enyika kuti ibatanidze uye inobatsira matunhu mudunhu uye nekudzivirira uye kugadziriswa kwekutanga kwekukonana kunogona kuitika.
- Teerera kune ese maSecurity Council mazano pane Vakadzi, Runyararo, uye Chengetedzo. Kunyanya, tinokukurudzira kuti uite United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, iyo inobvuma kuti kutora mukana kwevakadzi mumatanho ese ekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuvaka rugare kunosimbisa rugare uye chengetedzo kune vese.
Iko Kuongororwa kwepasi rese kuongorora makore gumi nemashanu ekugadziriswa kwe1325 UNSCR kunopa humbowo hwakakwana hwekuti vakadzi vakaenzana uye zvine mutsindo kutora mukana murunyararo nekuchengetedzwa kwakakosha kuti kuve nerunyararo.
Ongororo iyi, inotora makumi matatu emakore emakumi mana emafambiro erunyararo, inoratidza kuti ye182 yakasaina rugare, chibvumirano chakawanikwa mune zvese asi nyaya imwe chete apo mapoka evakadzi vakapesvedzera runyararo. Musangano wevashumiri unotevera kuburitswa kweCanada yeNational Action Plan paUNSCR 1325, ichiratidza kuzvipira mukuiswa kwevakadzi pazviitiko zvese zverunyararo. Musangano uyu ndiyo mukana kune hurumende dzese kuti dzive nechokwadi chekuti vakadzi vatore chikamu pamatafura ese maviri. Nyika idzodzo dziripo paMusangano uye neWomeninist Foreign Policy dzinofanirwa kugovera mari kumasangano evakadzi uye mafambisirwo esimba ravo kuti vatore mukana.
NEI TINODA KUTI RUNYAYA YEMAHARA IVE KUPEDZESA KOREAN HONDO
2018 inoratidza makumi manomwe emakore kubvira pakaziviswa nyika mbiri dzeKorea dzakasiyana, iyo Republic of Korea (ROK) kumaodzanyemba neDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) kuchamhembe. Korea yakanyimwa sununguko mushure mekusunungurwa kubva kuJapan, mudzvinyiriri wayo, uye panzvimbo pezvo yakakamurwa nemasimba eCold War. Hondo dzakatanga pakati pehurumende dzeKorea dzaikwikwidza, uye kupindira kwemauto ekunze kwakaburitsa Hondo yeKorea. Mushure memakore matatu ehondo, vanopfuura mamirioni matatu vafa, uye kuparadzwa kwakazara kweKorea Peninsula, moto wakamiswa wakasainwa, asi hauna kuzombopinduka kuita chibvumirano cherunyararo, sekuvimbiswa kwavakaita kusaina kuArmistice Chibvumirano. Isu sevakadzi vanobva kumarudzi akapinda muHondo yeKorea, isu tinotenda makore makumi matanhatu neshanu kureba kwazvo kuti moto usamiswe. Kusavapo kwechibvumirano cherunyararo kwakasunga kufambira mberi kurusununguko, kodzero dzevanhu, budiriro, uye kubatanazve kwemhuri dzeKorea dzakaparadzaniswa zvinorwadza kuzvizvarwa zvitatu.
ZVINYORWA:
1 Seyipfungwa yekugadziriswa kwenhoroondo, iyo UN Command haisi sangano reUnited Nations, asi mubatanidzwa wemauto unotungamirwa neUnited States. Musi waChikunguru 7, 1950, United Nations Security Council Resolution 84 yakakurudzira nhengo dziri kupa mauto nekumwe kubatsirwa kuSouth Korea "dzive nechokwadi chemauto uye nerumwe rubatsiro kuwanikwe kune wakabatana command pasi peUnited States." Nyika dzinotevera dzakatumira mauto kunobatana neUS- akatungamira mubatanidzwa wemauto: Briteni Commonwealth, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand neTurkey. South Africa yakapa zvikamu zvemhepo. Denmark, India, Norway neSweden zvakapa zvikamu zvekurapa. Italy yakatsigira chipatara. Mu 1994, UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali akajekesa, "Council Security haina kumisikidza mvumo yekubatana sechisimba chinotsigira pasi pehutongi hwayo, asi yakangokurudzira kuumbwa kwemirairo yakadai, ichitsanangura kuti ive pasi pesimba remunhu. Nyika dzakabatana. Naizvozvo, kusarudzika kwegwaro rakabatana hakusi pasi pechisungo chesangano reUnited Nations asi inyaya iripo mukugona kweHurumende yeUnited States. ”
2 Iyo Charter inorambidza kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwesimba kunze kwezviitiko apo yakapihwa mvumo neChengetedzo yeKanzuru kana mune zviitiko zvekudikanwa uye zvakaenzana kuzvidzivirira. Kuzvidzivirira pachako-kutanga kunobvumirwa chete kana uchitarisana nekutyisidzira kuri pedyo, apo kukosha kwekuzvidzivirira kuri "pakare, kwakawandisa, kusiiwa kusarudzika kwenzira, uye hakuna nguva yekufungidzira" maererano nesemina Caroline formula. Izvo zvaizove sekutyora kwemutemo wetsika dzepasi rose kurwisa North Korea chero bedzi isingazvirwisi uye chero bedzi kuchine nzira dzedhipatimendi dzinofanira kuteedzerwa.
3 Maererano neStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), mu2015 Asia yakaona "kuwedzera" kwakawanda mumashandisirwo euto. Pavanhu gumi vekushandisa mari yepamusoro muchiuto, nyika ina dziri muNortheast Asia uye dzakashandisa zvinotevera mu2015: China $ 215 bhiriyoni, Russia $ 66.4 bhiriyoni, Japan $ 41 bhiriyoni, South Korea $ 36.4 bhiriyoni. Wepamusoro-soro anoshandisa mari muchiuto, United States, anoshandisa mana ese aya eNortheast Asia masimba aine $ 596 bhiriyoni.
4 Barbara Crossette, "Iraq Sanctions Kuuraya Vana, UN Reports", 1st yaDecember 1995, muNew York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/01/world/iraq-sanctions-kill- watoto- un-Report.html
5 UNSC 2375 “… haikonzerwe kuve nematambudziko akashata evagari vemu DPRK kana kukanganisa zvakaipa kana kudzoreredza zviitiko izvozvo, kusanganisira zviitiko zvehupfumi pamwe nekubatana, rubatsiro rwekudya uye rubatsiro rwevanhu, izvo zvisingarambidzwe (.........) uye basa remasangano ekunze uye asiri ehurumende anoita mabasa ekubatsira muDPRK kubatsira neruzhinji rwevanhu DPRK. "
6 UNICEF "Nyika yeVana Venyika 2017." Https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/SOWC_2017_ENG_WEB.pdf
7 Peter Hayes naDavid von Hippel, "Zvirango kuNorth Korea mafuta anopinza kunze kwenyika: kukanganisa uye kushanda", NAPSNet Special Reports, Gunyana 05, 2017, https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/sanctions-on- kuchamhembe-korean-mafuta-kupinza-zvinokanganisa-uyekushanda /
8 Chad O'Carroll, "Kunetseka Zvakanyanya pamusoro peSanctions 'Kubata kuNorth Korea Aid Work: UN DPRK Rep", Zvita 7, 2017, https://www.nknews.org/2017/12/sential-concern-about-sanctions -impact-on-kuchamhembe-korea-kubatsira-kushanda-un-dprk-rep /
9 Kunetsekana pamusoro pekusarongeka kwevanhu nezvirango zvakamutswa neNhume yeSweden kuUNSC mumusangano wechimbichimbi muna Zvita 2017: "Matanho akatorwa nekanzuru haana kumbobvira afirwa kuita zvisina kunaka pakubatsira vanhu, saka munguva pfupi yapfuura vanotaura kuti masanctions arikuve neonline conseq
