NaVladimir Kozin - Nhengo, Russian Academy yeMauto Sayenzi, Moscow, Mbudzi 22, 2021
Musi waNovember 15, 2021, Bazi reZviviriro reRussia rakaita kuparadza kwakabudirira kwechitundumuseremusere chenyika chakamiswa uye chakamiswa chinonzi "Tselina-D", icho chakaiswa munzira kumashure muna 1982. Mukuru weRussia Defence Ministry, Sergei Shoigu, yakasimbisa kuti Russian Aerospace Forces zvechokwadi yakabudirira kuparadza satellite iyi nemazvo.
Zvimedu zvakaumbwa mushure mekurovera pasi chitundumuseremusere ichi hazvipi kutyisidzira kune zviteshi zve orbital kana mamwe masatellite, kana kazhinji kutaura kune zviitiko zvemuchadenga chero nyika. Izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa kune ese masimba emuchadenga ane hunyanzvi hwenyika nzira dzekuongorora uye kutonga kwekunze, kusanganisira USA.
Mushure mekuparadzwa kweiyo satellite yakanzi, zvidimbu zvaro zvakafamba zvichitevedza nzira kunze kwenzira dzedzimwe motokari dzenzvimbo dzinoshanda, zvagara zvichitariswa nekutariswa kubva kudivi reRussia uye zvinosanganisirwa mukatalogi huru yezviitwa zvemuchadenga.
Kufanotaura kwechero mamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi anoverengerwa mushure mekufamba kwega kwega kwepasi pamusoro pePasi kwaitwa zvine chekuita nemarara akaperekedzwa uye zvimedu zvichangobva kuwanikwa mushure mekuparadzwa kwe "Tselina-D" satellite ine inoshanda spacecraft uye International Space Station kana ISS "Mir". ”. Ministry of Defense yeRussia yakashuma kuti ISS orbit iri 40-60 km pazasi pezvidimbu zveyakaparadzwa "Tselina-D" setiraiti uye hapana kutyisidzira kuchiteshi ichi. Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yekuverengera kwese kutyisidzira kungangoitika, hapana nzira dzayo munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Anthony Blinken, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited States, akataura kuti kuedza kweRussia kune anti-satellite system yakashandiswa munyaya iyi kunoisa pangozi kuchengetedzwa kwekutsvakurudza muchadenga.
Moscow yakagadzirisa chisarudzo chake chisingachinjiki. "Chiitiko ichi chakaitwa zvakanyatsoenderana nemutemo wepasi rose, kusanganisira 1967 Outer Space Treaty, uye haina kunangana nemunhu," mutauriri weRussia Foreign Ministry akadaro. Russian Foreign Ministry yakadzokorora zvakare kuti zvimedu zvakaumbwa nekuda kwekuedzwa hazvikonzere kutyisidzira uye hazvikanganise kushanda kwezviteshi zve orbital, spacecraft, pamwe nenzvimbo yese yezviitwa zvakajairika.
Washington yakanyatso kukanganwa kuti Russia haisi iyo nyika yekutanga kuita zviito zvakadaro. Nyika dzeUnited States, China, neIndia dzine masimba ekuparadza zvitundumuseremusere zviri muchadenga, dzakamboedza zvakabudirira midziyo yadzo yekurwisa satellite maringe nemasatelliti avo.
Mienzaniso yekuparadzwa
Izvo zvakaziviswa nenyika dzakatumidzwa panguva yakakodzera.
Muna Ndira 2007, PRC yakaita bvunzo yepasi-based anti-missile system, panguva iyo yekare Chinese meteorological satellite "Fengyun" yakaparadzwa. Muedzo uyu wakakonzera kuumbwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwemarara emuchadenga. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti muna Mbudzi 10 wegore rino, iyo ISS orbit yakagadziriswa kuitira kudzivirira kuparara kweiyo Chinese satellite.
Muna Kukadzi 2008, nechombo chekudzivirira cheUnited States sea-based missile defense system "Standard-3", rutivi rweAmerica rwakaparadza "USA-193" reconnaissance satellite iyo yakanga yarasikirwa nekutonga panzvimbo yakakwirira ye247 km. Kuvhurwa kweiyo interceptor missile yakaitwa kubva kuHawaiian Islands nzvimbo kubva kuUS Navy cruiser Lake Erie, yakashongedzerwa neAegis kurwisa ruzivo uye control system.
Muna Kurume 2019, India zvakare yakabudirira kuyedza anti-satellite chombo. Kukundwa kwe "Microsat" satellite yakaitwa neakakwidziridzwa "Pdv" interceptor.
Pakutanga, USSR yakadana, uye ikozvino Russia yave ichidaidza masimba emuchadenga kwemakumi emakore kuti asimbise zviri pamutemo padanho repasi rose kurambidzwa kwemauto ekunze kwekunze nekudzivirira nhangemutange yezvombo mairi uye kuramba kuendesa chero zvombo zvekurova mairi.
Muna 1977-1978, Soviet Union yakaita nhaurirano dzepamutemo neUnited States pane anti-satellite masisitimu. Asi nhumwa dzeAmerica padzakangonzwa nezvechishuwo cheMoscow chekutsvaga mhando dzezviitwa zvehutsinye munzvimbo dzinofanirwa kurambidzwa, kusanganisira masisitimu akafanana ari kutaurwa, zvakavavhiringidza mushure mechikamu chechina chehurukuro uye vakasarudza kusatora chikamu munhaurirano dzakadaro. process zvakare.
Tsanangudzo yakakosha: kubva panguva iyoyo, Washington haisati yabata uye haina chinangwa chekuita nhaurirano dzakadaro nechero nyika pasirese.
Uyezve, hurongwa hwakagadziridzwa hwechibvumirano chepasi rose pamusoro pekudzivirira kuiswa kwezvombo munzvimbo yekunze yakarongwa neMoscow neBeijing inogara ichivharwa neWashington kuUN uye kuMusangano weKubvisa Zvombo muGeneva. Kare muna 2004, Russia yakazvipira kuti isave yekutanga kuendesa zvombo mudenga, uye muna 2005, kuzvipira kwakafanana kwakaitwa nenyika dzenhengo dzeCollective Security Treaty Organisation dzaisanganisira dzinoverengeka nyika dzeyaimbova USSR.
Pakazara, kubvira pakatanga zera remuchadenga, iro rakatanga nekutangwa kweyekutanga setiraiti inonzi "Sputnik" neSoviet Union muna Gumiguru 1957, Moscow yakabatana kana yakazvimiririra kuisa pamberi pezvirongwa makumi maviri zvakasiyana munhandare yepasirese kudzivirira. nhangemutange yezvombo mudenga.
Maiwe, ese akavharirwa zvakabudirira neUnited States nevamwe vayo veNATO. Anthony Blinken anoita kunge akanganwa nezvazvo.
Washington zvakare inofuratira kucherechedzwa kweAmerican Center for Strategic and International Studies, iri muguta guru reAmerica, iro shumo muna Kubvumbi 2018 rakaziva kuti "United States inoramba iri mutungamiri mukushandiswa kwenzvimbo nekuda kwemauto."
Zvichipesana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, Russia iri kuita chirongwa chine chinangwa uye chakakwana kusimbisa simba rekudzivirira renyika, kusanganisira munzvimbo yepasi, ichifunga, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mamwe mamiriro akawanda.
X-37B ine mamwe mabasa
Ndezvipi? Russia inofunga kuti United States iri kutora matanho anoshanda ekuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma nzvimbo yayo yekurwisa.
Basa riri kuenderera mberi kugadzira nzvimbo-yakavakirwa missile network network, kugadzira uye kushandisa masisitimu ane pasi-based, gungwa-based uye air-based interceptor missile, hondo yemagetsi, inotungamirwa zvombo zvesimba, kusanganisira kuyedza isina munhu inodzokorodza nzvimbo shuttle X-37B. , iyo ine nzvimbo yakakura inotakura zvinhu pabhodhi. Zvinonzi chikuva chakadaro chinokwanisa kutakura mubhadharo unosvika 900 kg.
Parizvino iri kuita rwendo rwayo rwechitanhatu rwekufamba kwenguva refu. Mukoma wake wemuchadenga, akaita kubhururuka kwake kwechishanu muchadenga muna 2017-2019, akaramba achibhururuka muchadenga kwemazuva 780.
Zviri pamutemo, United States inoti ichi chitundumuseremusere chisina munhu chinoita mabasa ekumhanya-mune matekinoroji emapuratifomu emuchadenga anogona kushandiswa zvakare. Panguva imwecheteyo, pakutanga, apo X-37B yakatanga kubudiswa muna 2010, yakaratidzwa kuti basa rayo guru raizova kuendeswa kweimwe "nhumbi" mu orbit. Chete haina kutsanangurwa: rudzii rwekutakura? Zvisinei, mameseji ese aya angori ngano yekuvharisa mabasa echiuto ayo mudziyo uyu wakaitwa muchadenga.
Pahwaro hwedzidziso dziripo dzemauto-strategic space, mabasa chaiwo anonyorerwa nharaunda yehungwaru yeUS nePentagon.
Pakati pavo inogadzirwa sekuita mabasa munzvimbo, kubva muchadenga uye kuburikidza nayo kuti ive nemakakatanwa, uye kana kukundikana kwekudzivirira - kukunda chero anomukira, pamwe nekuona kuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvido zvakakosha zveUnited States pamwe nevabatsiri. uye vadyidzani. Zviripachena kuti kuti iite mabasa akadai, Pentagon inoda mapuratifomu anogona kushandiswazve munzvimbo, izvo zvinoratidza nzira inovimbisa yekuenderera mberi kwehondo nePentagon pasina zvirambidzo.
Sekureva kwedzimwe nyanzvi dzemauto, chinangwa chinonzwisisika chemudziyo uyu ndechekuedza matekinoroji enguva yemberi yekubira nzvimbo, iyo inobvumira kuongorora zvinhu zvemuchadenga uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kuvadzivisa nemaanti-satellite masisitimu ane mabasa akasiyana, kusanganisira ne 'hit-to. -kuuraya 'kinetic maitiro.
Izvi zvinosimbiswa nekutaura kweMunyori weUS Air Force, Barbara Barrett, uyo muna Chivabvu 2020 akaudza vatori venhau kuti panguva yechitanhatu yeX-37B nzvimbo yekutumwa, huwandu hwekuyedza huchaitwa kuyedza kugona kushandura simba rezuva. muredhiyo frequency microwave mwaranzi, iyo gare gare inogona kuendeswa kuNyika muchimiro chemagetsi. Itsananguro inopokana zvikuru.
Saka, chii changa chichiitwa nemudziyo uyu uye chiri kuramba chichiita muchadenga kwemakore akawanda kudaro? Zviripachena, sezvo iyi nzvimbo yepuratifomu yakagadzirwa neBoeing Corporation nekutora chikamu chakananga mukutsigira kwayo mari nekusimudzira neAmerican Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency kana DARPA, uye inoshandiswa neUS Air Force, mabasa eX-37B ndeaya. hapana nzira dzine chekuita nekunzvera kune runyararo kwekunze.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti michina yakadai inogona kushandiswa kuendesa missile defense uye anti-satellite systems. Hongu, haina kubviswa.
Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kushanda kweichi chitundumuseremusere cheAmerica kwenguva yakareba kwakakonzera kushushikana kwete kudivi reRussia neChina chete, asiwo kune vamwe vanobatana neUS muNATO maererano nebasa rayo rinogona kuita sechombo chemuchadenga uye chikuva kuendesa zvombo zvekurova muchadenga, kusanganisira misoro yenyukireya kuti igare muX-37B inotakura zvinhu.
Kuedza kwakakosha
Iyo X-37B inogona kuita mabasa anosvika gumi akavanzika.
Chimwe chazvo chakazadzika munguva pfupi yapfuura chinofanira kutaurwa kunyanya.
Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mumakore makumi maviri aGumiguru 2021, kupatsanurwa kwechitundumuseremusere chiri kumhanya zvakanyanya kubva mufuselage yeiyi "shuttle", iyo isingakwanise kuitisa radar kuongorora, yakanyorwa kubva kuX-37B iyo parizvino. kufamba muchadenga, izvo zvinoratidza kuti Pentagon iri kuyedza rudzi rutsva rwechimbo-chakavakirwa chombo. Zviripachena kuti rudzi urwu rwekuita kweUnited States haruenderani nezvinangwa zvakataurwa zvekushandiswa kwerunyararo kwekunze.
Kupatsanurwa kwechinhu chakatumidzwa nzvimbo kwakatangirwa nekufambiswa kweX-37 zuva rapfuura.
Kubva muna Gumiguru 21 kusvika 22, iyo yakaparadzaniswa yechadenga mota yaive iri chinhambwe chisingasviki 200 metres kubva paX-37B, iyo yakazoita maneuver kuti ibve kure neyakaparadzaniswa itsva spacecraft.
Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kweruzivo rwechinangwa, zvakaonekwa kuti spacecraft yakagadzikana, uye hapana zvinhu zvakawanikwa pamuviri wayo zvinoratidzira kuvepo kwemaantennas ayo anogona kupa mukana wekuitisa radar surveillance. Panguva imwecheteyo, chokwadi chekusvika kwechadenga chitsva chakapatsanurwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemuchadenga kana kuita kwe orbital maneuvers hazvina kuburitswa.
Nokudaro, maererano nedivi reRussia, United States yakaita chiyedzo chekuparadzanisa chitundumuseremusere chine kumhanya kukuru kubva kuX-37B, iyo inoratidza kuyedzwa kwerudzi rutsva rwechombo chine nzvimbo.
Zviito zvakadaro zvedivi reAmerica zvinoongororwa muMoscow sekutyisidzira kugadzikana kwemaitiro uye hazvienderane nezvinangwa zvakataurwa zvekushandiswa kwerunyararo kwekunze. Uyezve, Washington inotarisira kushandisa nzvimbo yekunze senzvimbo yekugona kutumirwa kwezvombo-ku-muchadenga kurwisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana mu orbit, pamwe nechimiro chezvombo zvekusvika-pamusoro-soro muchimiro chezvombo zvehondo. iyo inogona kushandiswa kurwisa kubva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana pasi-based, air-air-based uye gungwa-based targets dziri panyika.
Ikozvino US space policy
Kubva 1957, vatungamiri vose veAmerica, pasina kunze, vave vachishingaira muhondo uye kushandisa zvombo zvekunze. Mumakore achangopfuura, kubudirira kwakanyanya munzira iyi kwakaitwa neaimbove Mutungamiriri weRepublican, VaDonald Trump.
Musi waKurume 23, 2018, akabvumidza yakagadziridzwa National Space Strategy. Musi waChikumi 18 wegore rimwe chetero, akapa rairo chaiyo kuPentagon kuti igadzire Space Force senge yakazara-yakazara yechitanhatu brunch yeArmed Forces, uku achisimbisa kusada kuve neRussia neChina senyika dzinotungamira muchadenga. Musi waZvita 9, 2020, iyo White House yakazivisawo itsva National Space Policy. Musi waZvita 20, 2019, kutanga kwekusikwa kweUS Space Force kwakaziviswa.
Mune idzi dzidziso dzehurongwa hwemauto, maonero matatu akakosha ehutungamiriri hwemauto-wezvematongerwo enyika eAmerica pakushandiswa kwekunze kwezvinangwa zvehondo akaziviswa pachena.
Chekutanga, zvakaziviswa kuti United States ine chinangwa chokutonga mudenga iri yoga.
Chechipiri, kwakataurwa kuti vaifanira kuchengeta “rugare runobva panzvimbo ine simba” mudenga.
Chechitatu, zvakataurwa kuti nzvimbo mumaonero eWashington iri kuita nhandare inogona kuita zvemauto.
Idzi dzidziso dzemauto, sekureva kweWashington dzakafanana nekuita ku "kutyisidzira kuri kukura" muchadenga kunobva kuRussia neChina.
Pentagon ichagadzira nzvimbo ina dzinokosha dzezviitwa zvemuchadenga kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zvakataurwa uchipokana nekutyisidzira kwakaonekwa, zvinogona uye matambudziko: (1) kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwekutonga kwemauto munzvimbo; (2) kubatanidzwa kwesimba remauto munzvimbo yenyika, yakabatana uye yakasanganiswa mauto ehondo; (3) kuumbwa kwenzvimbo ine hunyanzvi muzvido zveUnited States, pamwe ne(4) kuvandudzwa kwekubatana munzvimbo dzekunze nevabatsiri, vanodyidzana, mauto-industrial complex nemamwe hushumiri nemadhipatimendi eUnited States.
Iyo space strategy nepolicy yehutongi hweAmerica hwazvino inotungamirwa neMutungamiriri Joseph Biden haina kunyanya kusiyana nemutsetse wemuchadenga unoteverwa neMutungamiriri wenyika, VaDonald Trump.
Mushure mekunge Joseph Biden atora chigaro chemutungamiri muna Ndira gore rino, United States yakaramba ichigadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvombo zvemuchadenga, kusanganisira zvinoenderana nezvirongwa gumi nezviviri zvekushandisa nzvimbo yekunze nekuda kwemauto, apo zvitanhatu zvacho zvinopa kugadzirwa kwemauto. marudzi akasiyana-siyana ehurongwa hwakadaro, uye pahwaro hwevamwe vatanhatu vanozotonga kune orbital space grouping pasi.
Hungwaru hwePentagon uye ruzivo rwezvinhu zviri muchadenga zvinoramba zvichivandudzwa zvizere, pamwe nekupihwa mari kwezvirongwa zvenzvimbo yemauto. Kwegore rezvemari 2021, kugoverwa kwezvinangwa izvi kwakaiswa pamadhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemashanu.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzekuMadokero dzeRussia dziri kufarira kuumba zvimwe zvikumbiro nedivi reUS panyaya dzenzvimbo dzemauto nechikonzero chekuti United States haina kugadzirira kutaurirana nezvenzvimbo dzemauto. Mafungiro akadaro anotyisidzira kuchengetedzeka kwenyika yeRussian Federation, kana yakagamuchirwa.
Uye ichi chikonzero.
Zviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaitwa kusvika zvino neWashington pamusoro pehondo uye kushandisa zvombo zvekunze zvinoratidza kuti hutungamiri hwemauto eAmerica nezvematongerwo enyika hahuoni nzvimbo senhaka yepasi rose yevanhu, kuitira kutonga kwemabasa ayo, zviri pachena, akabvumirana nemutemo wepasi rose. tsika nemirairo yehunhu hwakanaka inofanira kutambirwa.
United States yakagara yaona maonero akasiyana-siyana - kushandurwa kwekunze kwekunze munzvimbo yekurwisana.
Muchokwadi, United States yakatogadzira yakawedzera Space Force ine ambitious anogumbura mabasa.
Panguva imwecheteyo, simba rakadaro rinotsamira padzidziso inogumbura yekudzivisa chero vangangove mhandu vari muchadenga, yakakweretwa kubva kuAmerican zano rekudzivirira nyukireya, iyo inopa yekutanga kudzivirira uye yekutanga kurwisa kwenyukireya.
Kana muna 2012 Washington yakazivisa kusikwa kwe "Chicago triad" - nzira yekurwisa yakasanganiswa muchimiro chemusanganiswa wezvombo zvenyukireya, zvinhu zvinorwisa missile uye zvakajairwa kurova zvombo, saka zviri pachena kuti United States iri kugadzira nemaune. multi-component "quattro" inorova midziyo, kana chimwe chinhu chakakosha chemauto chawedzerwa ku "Chicago triad" - izvo zvombo zvekurova muchadenga.
Zviri pachena kuti panguva yekubvunzurudza kwepamutemo neUnited States panyaya dzekusimbisa kugadzikana kwehutano, hazvibviri kufuratira zvinhu zvose uye mamiriro ezvinhu akatsanangura ane chokuita nekunze. Izvo zvinodiwa kuti udzivise sarudzo, ndiko kuti, nzira yakaparadzana yekugadzirisa dambudziko rakawanda rekutonga kwezvombo - uchidzikisira rudzi rumwe rwezvombo, asi uchipa kusimudzira mukuvandudzwa kwemamwe marudzi ezvombo, izvo, pakutanga kwehondo. Rutivi rweAmerica, ruchiri munzvimbo yakafa.
