NaDavid Swanson, July 23, 2019
Mutaundi rangu muUnited States - sezvisiri kunyanya kusawanzoitika - tine zviyeuchidzo zvikuru munzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzevanhu dzinocherekedza humwe hwezviitiko zvakaipisisa zveupombwe hwekare. Nehurombo, ese mashanu eaya makuru echivezi anopemberera nekukudza izvi zvakapfuura zvinotyisa, pane kutiyeuchidza kuti tisazvidzokorora. Yunivhesiti yeVirginia iri kuvaka chirangaridzo kune vanhu vakaita nhapwa vakavaka iyo University yeVirginia. Naizvozvo, tichava nemhemberero shanu dzezvakaipa, uye imwe yambiro yekuyeuchidza nezvazvo.
Makumi maviri emakona mashanu anopemberera kufa kwekusimudzira kumadokero kondinendi. Vaviri vanopemberera kurasikirwa uye pro-uranda chikamu cheUS Civil War. Mumwe anokudza mauto akapinda mune imwe yeanoparadza zvakanyanya, achiparadza, uye kuuraya kuuraya pane chikamu chidiki chepasi chakagadzirwa nevanhu. MuUnited States vanhu vanoidana "hondo yeVietnam."
MuVietnam inonzi Hondo yeAmerica. Asi kwete muVietnam chete. Iyi yaive hondo yakarova kwazvo kuLaos neCambodia neIndonesia. Kuti uwane yakanyatsotsvaga uye yakapihwa zvine simba pamusoro pazvo, tarisa bhuku idzva, IUnited States, Southeast Asia, uye Nhoroondo Yechirangaridzo, Yakarongedzwa naMark Pavlick naCaroline Luft, nemipiro yakabva kuna Richard Falk, Fred Branfman, Channapha Khamvongsa, Elaine Russell, Tuan Nguyen, Ben Kiernan, Taylor Owen, Gareth Porter, Clinton Fernandes, Nick Turse, Noam Chomsky, Ed Herman, naNgo Vinh Murefu.
United States yakadonhedza ma6,727,084 matani emabhomba pa60 kune 70 mamirioni avanhu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia, kupfuura zvakapetwa katatu zvaakakanda muAsia neEurope zvakasanganiswa muHondo yechipiri. Panguva imwe chete, iyo yakatanga kurwisa kwakakura kwakaenzana neine artillery. Iyo zvakare yakapfira kubva kumhepo makumi emamirioni emalita eAgent Orange, tisingatauri napalm, ine magumo anoparadza. Madhiri anoramba aripo nhasi. Makumi emamirioni mabhomba anoramba asina kuzivikanwa, uye achiwedzera njodzi, nhasi. Chidzidzo che2008 chakaitwa neHarvard Medical School uye Institute for Health Metrics uye Ongororo paUniversity yeWashington vanofungidzira kufa kwemhirizhonga kwemamiriyoni e3.8, kurwa uye kwevanhu, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, mukati memakore ekubatanidzwa kweUS kuVietnam, kusingaverenge mazana emazana mune imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi: Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia. Mamwe mamirioni 19 akakuvadzwa kana kuitwa vasina pekugara muVietnam, Laos, neCambodia. Mamirioni mazhinji zvakare akamanikidzwa kurarama hupenyu hune njodzi nehurombo, nekukanganiswa kuchiripo nanhasi.
Mauto eU.S. akaita 1.6% yevanofa, asi kutambudzika kwavo kunotonga mafirimu eUS nezvehondo, vakatambura zvakanyanya uye zvakakura sekuratidzwa. Zviuru zvevarwi kubva pavakazviuraya. Asi chimbofungidzira izvo zvinorehwa neiyo chaiyoiyo yekutambudzika kwakasikwa, kunyangwe vanhu, uchisiya hanya nedzimwe mhando dzese dzakakanganiswa. Chirangaridzo cheVietnam muWashington DC chinonyora mazita e58,000 pamamita e150 pamadziro. Ndiwo mazita e387 pamita imwe. Kunyorawo mazita e4 mamirioni zvaizoda 10,336 mamita, kana chinhambwe kubva paLincoln Chirangaridzo kuenda kumatanho eUS Capitol, uye nekudzoka zvakare, uye nekudzoka kuCapitol kamwe zvakare, uyezve nekudzoka sekumamuseum yose ye Washington Washington. Sezvineiwo, pane chete hupenyu hunorarama.
MuLaos, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenyika chinoramba chakashatiswa nekuvapo kwakanyanya kwemabhomba asina kufakwa, ayo achiri kuuraya huwandu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mamwe mabhomba emamiriyoni e80 emabhomba uye zviuru zvemabhomba akakura, matombo, zvidhinha, makomba, uye zvimbambaira. Kubva pa1964 kuenda ku1973, United States yaibata bhomba rimwechete kunamatira kune varombo, vasina zvombo, mhuri dzekurima nguva dzese kwemaminetsi makumi maviri nemana / manomwe - nechinangwa chekubvisa chero chikafu chaigona kupa chero mauto (kana chero ani zvake). United States yakanyepedzera kunge ichiendesa rubatsiro rwevanhu.
Dzimwe nguva, yaingova nyaya yekutambisa. Mabhomba anobhururuka kubva kuThailand kuenda kuVietnam dzimwe nguva anotadza kubhomba Vietnam nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze, nekudaro angangokanda mabhomba avo kuLaos pane kuita kwakanyanya kutadzika nemutoro uzere muThailand. Kunyange zvakadaro dzimwe nguva zvaive zvekuda kuisa yakanaka inouraya michina yekushandisa. Mutungamiri Lyndon Johnson paakazivisa nezvekupera kwemabhomba muNorth Vietnam mu1968, ndege dzakabhomba Laos pachinzvimbo. "Hatina kungobvumira ndege idzi ngura," akatsanangura kudaro mumwe mukuru mukuru. Varombo nhasi muLaos havagone kuwana hutano hwakanaka kana vakakuvara nemabhomba ekare, uye vanofanira kurarama vakaremara mune hupfumi vashoma vanozoisa mari nekuda kwemabhomba ese. Vanosuwa vanofanira kutora kune njodzi basa rekutengesa simbi kubva kumabhomba avanobudirira kuseta.
Kambodiya yakabatwa zvakaipisisa sezvaiitwa naLaos, ine migumisiro yakafanana uye inofungidzira. Mutungamiri Richard Nixon akaudza Henry Kissinger avo vakaudza Alexander Haig kugadzira "mushandirapamwe mukuru wemabhomba." . . chero chinofamba pamusoro pechinhu chero chinofamba. ”Rakaoma-ruoko rwekoko rwakatambanuka Khmer Rouge rwakakura kubva pa10,000 mu1970 kusvika kumauto e200,000 mu1973 kuburikidza nekuwana vanhu vakatarisana nekukuvara nekuparadza mabhomba eUS. Na 1975 ivo vaizokunda iyo pro-US hurumende.
Hondo yaive pasi muVietnam yaive yakaityisa zvakaenzana. Kuurayiwa kwevanhu, kushandiswa kwevarimi kuzviitira chinangwa, nzvimbo dzisina moto umo munhu wemuVietnam anonzi "muvengi" - idzi dzaisava nzira dzisina kujairika. Kubvisa huwandu hwevanhu chaive chinangwa chikuru. Izvi - uye kwete mutsa - akafambisa kugamuchirwa kwakanyanya kwevapoteri kupfuura kwakaitwa munguva dzehondo dzichangopfuura. Robert Komer yakurudzira United States "kukwirisa zvirongwa zvevapoteri nemaune nechinangwa chekunyima VC yenzvimbo yekunyora."
Hurumende yeUS yakanzwisisa kubva pakutanga kuti mubato wemauto echikuru waida kurudzira paVietnam wakange usina rutsigiro rwakakurumbira. Izvo zvakare yaityira "kuratidzira maitiro" ehurumende yakasarudzika ichishora hutongi hweUS uye kuwana budiriro yemagariro pamwe nehupfumi. Mabhomba aigona kubatsira neizvozvo. Mumashoko evanyori venhau vemauto eU.S. vanyori vePentagon Papers, "zvakanyanya, tiri kurwisa huwandu hwekuzvarwa kweVietnam." Asi, zvakadaro, kurwa uku kwaive kusingabatsire uye kwakangoburitsa vakawanda "makomisheni," kuchida kuwedzera kuwedzera mhirizhonga. kurwisa navo.
Munoita sei kuti vanhu vanozvifunga ivo sevakanaka uye vakanaka kushambadzira mari yavo nerutsigiro rwavo uye vakomana vavo kuuraya varombo varombo nevacheche vavo nehama dzekare? Huye, isu tine mapurofesa chii, kana isu tisingakwanise kuita zvakadai zvekuita? Mutsetse wakakwenenzverwa muU.S.-huchenjeri hunyanzvi hwekuziva kuti United States yakanga isiri kuuraya varimi asi, panzvimbo pezvo, kuisa nyika mumagariro nekuvandudza nyika nekuchinjisa varimi munzvimbo dzemaguta kuburikidza nekushandisa zvakanaka mabhomba. Yakawanda se60 muzana yevanhu vari mumatunhu epakati peVietnam vakaderedzwa kudya bark nemidzi. Vana nevakuru vaive vekutanga kufa nenzara. Avo vakaendeswa kumatirongo eUnited States uye vakashungurudzwa uye vakaedzwa, pakupedzisira, vaAsia chete, kuti zvikonzero hazvina kunyatsove izvo zvinogombedzera.
Mamirioni muUnited States akapokana nehondo uye akashanda kumumisa. Handizive chero zvivakwa kwavari. Vakakunda vhoti yepedyo muUS Congress paAugust 15, 1973, kupedza bhomba reCambodia. Ivo vakamanikidza kupera kubhizimusi rose rinotyisa. Ivo vakamanikidza chirongwa chinofambira mberi chehurongwa hwepamba kuburikidza neNixx White House. Ivo vakamanikidza Congress kuti ibate Nixon ichizvidavirira nenzira inoita kunge isiri yekune dzimwe nyika kuUS Congress nhasi. Sevarwiri verunyararo mumakore achangopfuura vakacherekedza 50th yekupemberera kweimwe neimwe kuedza kwerunyararo, mubvunzo mumwe chete wakazvipa kune nyika yeUS zvakazara: Ivo vachazombofunda rini? Vachafunda riini?
