NaDavid Swanson, World Beyond War
Ini munguva pfupi yapfuura ndakakavhiringidza purofesa wehondo-yenyaya pamusoro wekuti "Hondo inombodiwa here?" (Video). Ndakakakavadzana nekupedza hondo. Uye nokuti vanhu vanofarira kuona kubudirira vasati vaita chimwe chinhu, zvisinei kuti sei zvisingamboitike kuti chinhu ichocho ndechokuti, ndakapa mienzaniso yeimwe hurumende dzakaparadzwa munguva yakapfuura. Imwe inogona kusanganisira miitiro yakadai sekumbayira kwevanhu, teka, kubatwa kwevanhu, kutongwa nematambudziko, ropa rekutsvaga, kutengesa, kana chirango chekufa mune urongwa hwemasangano evanhu akave akapararira mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika kana kuti vanhu vauya kuti kunzwisisa kunogona kubviswa.
Ichokwadi, muenzaniso unokosha uranda. Asi pandakafunga kuti uuranda hwainge hwabviswa, nharo yangu yakakurumidza kuparidzira kuti kune varanda vakawanda munyika mazuva ano kudarika kune vasati vasati vashanduki veupenzi vaifunga kuti vaizobvisa varanda. Iyi factoid inoshamisa yairehwa sechidzidzo kwandiri: Usaedza kuvandudza nyika. Haigoni kuitwa. Ichokwadi, zvinogona kunge zvisingabatsiri.
Asi ngationgororei chirevo ichi kwemaminetsi maviri anodikanwa kuti chirambe. Ngatitarisei pairi pasi rose uyezve neicho chisingadzivisike chinotarisa kuUS.
Pasi rose, paive nevanhu vangangosvika bhiriyoni rimwechete pasi rose muna1 apo danho rekubvisa rakatanga. Pakati pavo, angangoita matatu-makota kana mazana manomwe emamiriyoni evanhu vaive muhuranda kana serfdom yeimwe mhando. Ini ndinotora uyu mufananidzo kubva kuna Adam Hochschild's Kuviga Maketani, asi iwe unofanirwa kunzwa wakasununguka kuigadzirisa zvakanyanya usingachinje iyo poindi yandiri kutungamira. Vanobvisa nhasi vanotaura kuti, nevanhu vanosvika mabhiriyoni 7.3 munyika, pachinzvimbo chekuti pave nevanhu zviuru zvishanu nemazana mashanu ezviuru vari kutambura muhuranda hwaitarisirwa nemunhu, pane varipo mamiriyoni 21 (kana ini ndakaona zvirevo zvakakwirira se27 kana 29 mamirioni). Icho ichokwadi chinotyisa kune yega yega yeaya makumi maviri kana makumi maviri nemaviri emamiriyoni evanhu. Asi zvinonyatsoratidza kusava nematuro zvachose kwekuita zvechisimba here? Kana iko kushanduka kubva pa21% yenyika mukusungwa kusvika pa29% yakakosha? Kana kufamba kubva pamamirioni mazana manomwe nemakumi maviri nemakumi maviri nevanhu vakaitwa varanda kusingagutsi, chii chatingaite chekufamba kubva pamamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kuenda pa75 bhiriyoni vanhu vari kurarama rusununguko?
MuUnited States, maererano neCensus Bureau, paive nevanhu vanosvika mamirioni 5.3 muna1800. Pakati pavo, mamirioni 0.89 vakaitwa varanda. Pakazosvika 1850, kwaive nemamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri emamiriyoni evanhu muUS avo mamirioni 23.2 vakaitwa nhapwa, huwandu hwakakura asi huwandu hudiki. Pakazosvika 3.2, paive nemamiriyoni makumi mana nemazana mana evari vanhu avo mamirioni mana vakaitwa nhapwa - zvekare nhamba yepamusoro, asi chidiki muzana. Ikozvino pane makumi matatu nemakumi maviri nemaviri evanhu muUnited States, avo vanofungidzirwa 60,000 vari varanda (ini ndichawedzera 2.2 mamiriyoni kumufananidzo iwoyo kuitira kuti ndibatanidze avo vari mujeri). Ndiine mamiriyoni e2.3 varanda kana kuti akavharirwa muUnited States kunze kwe325 mamiriyoni, isu tiri kutarisa nhamba huru kupinda mu 1800 kunyange zvazvo iri duku kudarika 1850, uye muzana mishoma. Muna 1800, United States yaiva 16.8% muranda. Iye zvino i0.7% varanda kana kuti vasungwa.
Nhamba dzisina mazita hadzifanirwe kufungidzirwa kudzikisira kutya kune avo varikutambura uranda kana kuvharirwa. Asi zvakare havafanirwe kudzikisira mufaro weavo vasina kuitwa varanda vangadai vakave. Uye avo vanogona kunge vari vakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura nhamba yakaverengerwa imwe yakamira nguva munguva. Muna 1800, avo varanda havana kurarama kwenguva refu uye vakakurumidza kutsiviwa nevatsva vakaunzwa kubva kuAfrica. Nekudaro, kunyange isu tingatarisira, zvichibva pamamiriro ezvinhu muna 1800, kuona vanhu mamirioni makumi mashanu nematanhatu muUnited States vachiitwa nhapwa nhasi, vazhinji vacho vari muminda ine hutsinye, isu tinofanirwa zvakare kufunga nezve mamwe mabhirioni atinozoona achiyerera kubva kuAfrica kutsiva vanhu ivavo sezvavakaparara - vaive neabolitionists vasina kupokana neanayayers ezera ravo.
Saka, ndakanganisa here kutaura kuti huranda hwabviswa? Inoramba iri padiki padiki, uye isu tinofanirwa kuita zvese musimba redu kuti tiibvise zvachose - izvo zvinokwanisika kuitwa. Asi huranda hwakanyanya kubviswa uye zvirokwazvo hwakabviswa sepamutemo, chitupa, chinogamuchirwa mamiriro ezvinhu, kunze kwekuiswa mutirongo.
Ndine nharo yangu yakaipa here kusataura zvakaipa kuti pane vanhu vakawanda vari muuranda iye zvino kupfuura zvaiwanzove? Hungu, chokwadi, iye akanganisa, uye anonyanya kukanganisa kana tikasarudza kuongorora chokwadi chakakosha kuti vanhu vakawanda vakawedzera zvinoshamisa.
Bhuku idzva rinonzi Chikonzero chemuranda naManisha Sinha yakakura zvakakwana kupedza masangano akasiyana-siyana kana akadonhera pavari kubva pakakwirira yakakura, asi hapana peji rakaparadzwa. Iyi ndiyo nhoroondo yebato rekugumisa muUnited States (pamwe nemamwe maitiro eBrithani) kubva pakubva kwayo zvichikwira kuburikidza neAmerica Civil War. Chinhu chokutanga, chevakawanda, chinonditambudza pakuverenga kuburikidza neshoko iri rinokosha ndechekuti rakanga risisiri mamwe marudzi akakwanisa kupedza uhu hwuri kurwisana nehondo dzinouraya vevanhu; yakanga isiri guta reWashington, DC, iro rakaratidza nzira yakasiyana yekusununguka. IU.N. North North yakatanga neuranda. Ikokuchamhembe yakaparadza hutanda pasina hondo yehurumende.
Nechokumusoro kweUnited States mumakore makumi emakore ekutanga e8 enyika iyi yakaona zvese zvishandiso zvekusava nechisimba zvinobudirira kubudirira kwekubviswa uye kwehurumende yekodzero dzekutenderera iyo dzimwe nguva yakaratidza kufambisa kodzero dzevanhu inogona kunonoka kuSouth kusvikira zana remakore shure chisarudzo chinotyisa kuenda kuhondo. Nehutapwa hwakaguma mu 1772 muEngland uye Wales, republic repamusoro yeVermont yakarambidza chikamu muuranda mu 1777. Pennsylvania yakaipedza zvishoma nezvishoma mu1780 (yakatora kusvika 1847). Muna 1783 Massachusetts yakasunungura vanhu vose kubva muuranda uye New Hampshire yakatanga kupera zvishoma nezvishoma, sezvakaitwa Connecticut neRhode Island gore rakatevera. Muna 1799 New York yakapedzisa kupedza zvishoma (yakatora kusvika 1827). Ohio yakaparadza uranda mu1802. New Jersey yakatanga kubviswa mu1804 uye yakanga isati yapera mu1865. Muna 1843 Rhode Island yakapedzisa kubviswa. Mune 1845 Illinois akaregedza vanhu vekupedzisira ikoko kubva muuranda, sezvakaitwa nePennsylvania makore maviri gare gare. Connecticut yakagumisa kubviswa mu1848.
Ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvatingatora kubva munhoroondo yekuenderera mberi kwekugumisa uranda? Yakatungamirirwa, yakafuridzirwa, uye inotungamirirwa neavo vanotambura pasi neavo vakanga vapukunyuka kubva muuranda. Hondo yekugumisa hondo inoda hutungamiri hweavo vanotambudzwa nehondo. Uranda hwekudzimisa hutsika hwakashandisa dzidzo, tsika, kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana, zvigaro zvemutemo, boycotts, uye mutemo. Yakavaka masangano. Yakashanda munyika yose. Uye kukanganisa kwayo kumhirizhonga (iyo yakauya neMutemo weVashandi veFugitive uye yakatungamirira kuHondo Yenyika) yakanga isingakoshi uye inokuvadza. Hondo haana gumisa uranda. Kusada kwevanodzora kukonzeresa kwakazvichengeta ivo vakasununguka mune zvematongerwo enyika zvematongerwo enyika, zvine hungwaru, uye mukurumbira, asi vanogona kunge vakavhara mamwe matanho angangoitika kumberi (senge kuburikidza nekuregererwa kwakabhadharwa). Vakagamuchira kuwedzera kwekumadokero pamwe neanenge munhu wese, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba. Kubvumirana kwakaitwa muCongress kwakatora mitsara pakati pekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba yakasimbisa kupatsanurwa.
Abolitionists vaive vasina mukurumbira pakutanga kana kwese kwese, asi vaida kuisa njodzi mukukuvara kana kufa nekuda kwechakanaka. Vakapokana nechinhu "chisingadzivirike" nemaonero akabatana etsika akapokana nehuranda, hupfumi, rusaruro, rusaruraganda, hondo, nekusiyana kwekusaruramisira. Vakafanoona nyika iri nani, kwete nyika yepano ine shanduko imwe chete. Vakaratidza kukunda ndokuenderera mberi, sekungofanana nenyika idzo dzakabvisa mauto avo dzinogona kushandiswa nhasi semamodeli evamwe vese. Ivo vakaita zvidimbu zvidimbu asi vakazvipenda sematanho ekudzora zvizere. Ivo vaishandisa hunyanzvi uye varaidzo. Vakagadzira yavo midhiya. Vakaedza (senge nekutama kuenda kuAfrica) asi kana zviedzo zvavo zvikakundikana, havana kana kumborega.
