American capitalism muDesline
PaZvita 30, 1917 Seymour Melman akaberekerwa muNew York City. Iwo zanath Chirangaridzo chekuzvarwa kwake chinobatsira kuunza nhaka yake yekufunga mukutarisa. Melman ndiye ainyanya kukosha kuvaka patsva mufunge we makumi mavirith Century, inotsigira dzimwe nzira dzehondo, capitalism, uye kuora kwehukama nekusimudzira chirongwa chakarongeka chekuronga zvombo uye hutongi hwedemokrasi. Nhaka yake inoramba iri yekukosha kwakakosha nekuti nhasi United States parizvino inzanga mune zveupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika nehunhu tsika zvichikwira kupinda mugomba rakadzika. Kuvaka hupfumi uye kugarisana kwevanhu ipfungwa yekuti nzira dzakarongwa dzekugadzirisa hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika pamwe nemagariro masimba aripo mune mamwe masisitimu dhizaini uye masystem akafanana kuti awedzere zvigadzirwa izvi.
Izvo zvehupfumi zviitiko zvinonyatsozivikanwa, zvinotsanangurwa nehupfumi system umo vakapfuma 1% yehuwandu hwevanhu hwakadzora 38.6% yeupfumi hwenyika mu2016 maererano neFederal Reserve. Iko pasi pe90% yaingodzora chete 22.8% yeiyo hupfumi. Uku hupfumi hwehupfumi hunozivikanwa uye ndizvo yakabatana nehupfumi hwehupfumi hweUS iyo inoenderana nokuzvinyaradza uye kuderera kwe "hupfumi chaihwo." Melman akaongorora dambudziko iri rakasungirirwa kuWall Street hegemony uye manejimendi kurwiswa kwesimba revashandi mune yake yekirasi 1983 kudzidza Pundutso pasina Production. Pano Melman akaenzanisira kuti purofiti - uye nekudaro simba - raigona kuunganidzwa kunyangwe kudzikira kwebasa remaindasitiri nekugadzira. Muchokwadi, kukwira kwehutungamiriri pamusoro pehukama hunowanikwa nekuwedzeredzwa-kwesimba kwemaneja manejimendi kwakabatsira kudzikisira kukwikwidza uye kugona kwemafemu eUS.
Mune zvematongerwo enyika, bato reRepublican rakabuda seTrojan Horse nzanga, ichibatsira kudzosesa nyika yehupfumi nekusimudzira zvinangwa zvehondo yechisimba yenyika. Iyo 2018 chirevo chekudzivirira yakasainwa neMutungamiriri wenyika VaTrump yakapihwa madhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi mana nemazana mana emadhora ekushandisa kwePentagon uye yakapa mamwe mabhiriyoni mazana matanhatu emadhora ekushandisa muchiuto muAfghanistan, Iraq, Syria nekune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mari yakawanda yaiwanikwa yevarwi, varwi vejeti, ngarava uye zvimwe zvombo, kunyangwe zviripo mamirioni evagari vemuUS vanogara muhurombo (40.6 mamirioni muna 2016). Melman akataura nezvedambudziko rekutsungirira kwemashure-ehondo kwemauto eUS mune bhuku rake rine mukurumbira, Iyo Yekusingaperi Hondo Hupfumi, rakatanga kubudiswa muna 1974. Musoro wekabhuku kaiti “American Capitalism in Decline.” Hupfumi uhu hwakabuda senzira yekubatanidza masimba emauto anopiwa muchadenga, kutaurirana, zvemagetsi nemamwe maindasitiri anoshanda muhondo, tisingatauri mayunivhesiti, mabhesheni emauto nemasangano anoshanda anobatsira hupfumi hwemauto. Iyi Corporatist system, ichibatanidza nyika, makambani, masangano evashandi nevamwe vatambi yakatsanangurwa naMelman mu Pentagon Capitalism: Iyo Ezvematongerwo enyika Ehupfumi Hondo, bhuku re1971 rairatidza kuti nyika yaive maneja wepamusoro aishandisa sei kutenga uye simba rekutungamira kutungamira idzi "mitezo midiki"
Mutsika nemagariro, tinoona kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika mumashure-echokwadi, mune vezvematongerwo enyika vachiziva kunyepa kuti vafambise mberi zvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika nemafungiro anoita kuti chokwadi chisakosha. Chirevo chaDavid Leonhardt uye vaaishanda navo mu The New York Times akawanikwa kuti "mumwedzi yake yekutanga gumi, VaTrump vakataura kanokwana kuita zvakapetwa katanhatu nhema dzakataurwa naVaObama munguva yake yese yehutungamiriri." Dambudziko, zvisinei, nderekuti maitiro ehutongi hweUS anga akavakirwa pane dzakawanda ngano dzebipartisan. Basa raMelman raive rekuyedza kufumura ngano dzakadai.
Imwe yengano dzakadaro dzakambundirwa neveRepublican neDemocratic Parties yaive pfungwa yekuti simba remauto rinogona kushandiswa pasina chero miganhu. MuVietnam, Iraq neAfghanistan, iyo US yakaedza kukunda mashandiro eguerilla umo mauto aipikisa akaiswa munzvimbo dzevanhu. Kurwisa nzvimbo dzakadai kwakashora hunhu hwemauto eUS nekufungidzira kwesimba remauto kuchikanganisa masimba ezvematongerwo enyika eUS mudunhu riri kurwiswa. MuVietnam, iyo US yakarasika mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kumukira kurwisa iyo hondo kwakakonzera kumukira kwemhuri. MuIraq, kupidigurwa kwaHussein kwakasundidzira Iraq kupinda muIranian orbit, nyika inova zita guru mhandu yevakuru veUS. MuAfghanistan, iyo US inoenderera mberi nekurwa nehondo yayo yakarebesa nezviuru zvakafa uye "hapana magumo pakuonekwa. ” Kana zvasvika kune hugandanga, Melman akaona zviito zvehugandanga zvakasungwa nekuzviparadzanisa, vanhu vakagurwa uye vari kure nekudyidzana kwevanhu. Zviripachena kubatanidzwa munharaunda kunogona kugadzirisa mamiriro akadaro, asi kuderera kwehupfumi uye kusavapo kwekubatana kwakangowedzera kutyisidzira kwegandanga (chero kwakatangira kwakasiyana).
Imwe ingano yakakosha yaive kugona kuronga uye kuchengetedza "post-maindasitiri nzanga." A ripoti in Indasitiri Svondo (Nyamavhuvhu 21, 2014) yakacherekedza kuti pakati pa2001 na2010, hupfumi hweUS hwakaburitsa 33% yemabasa ayo ekugadzira (anenge mamirioni 5.8), ayo aimiririra kudzikira kwe42% pakudzora kuwedzera kwevashandi. Mushure mekudzora kwekuwedzera kweiyo inoshanda-zera revanhu panguva ino, Germany yakarasikirwa chete ne11% yemabasa ayo ekugadzira. Nepo nyanzvi dzichipokana kana tengeserana or kushandisa michina uye kugadzirwa kwakakosha mukukonzera kurasikirwa kwakadai kwemabasa, otomatiki munyika yenyika inoshumira kuchengetedza sangano repamba rebasa rinonyatso chengetedza mabasa ekugadzira kupfuura mamwe. Muchokwadi, kubatanidzwa kweotomation uye mushandirapamwe evashandi inogona kuchengetedza mabasa, pfungwa yakagadzirwa naMelman mune rake guru rekupedzisira, Mushure memabhizimusi: Kubva kuManagerialism kuenda kubasa Democracy. Kutsigira kwaMelman kwekumisikidza mabasa epamba kuburikidza nekudyara kunoitika muzvivakwa zveveruzhinji zvinosanganisira nzira dzesimba dzisingaenzaniswi uye kutakurwa kwevanhu vazhinji zvakarambawo ngano dzakabatana dzekudyidzana kwenyika uye misika yemahara - ese ari maviri akatadza kuburitsa hunyanzvi hwehukama nyika inopindura kuchengetedza zvizere uye basa rakasimba.
Dzimwe nzira dzeSosaiti Inopararira Mukadzika
Melman anotenda mushanduko mukufunga nekuita kwakanangana nekugadziriswazve kwehupenyu hwehupfumi pamwe nechengetedzo yenyika. Akatenda kuti sarudzo yepakati pekudzikira kwehupfumi yaive yedemokrasi musangano enzvimbo dzebasa. Akafarira Mondragon Industrial Cooperatives mudunhu reBasque kuSpain semuenzaniso wakanaka kune imwe nzira. Aya makoporasi akapfuura zvinopfuura zvidiki, uye vangangove vari panjodzi, vamire vega "socialism mune imwe yakasimba" modhi yemabhizimusi emunharaunda. Mondragon ine maratidziro akasiyanisa mitsara yemabhizinesi, kwete kungogadzira sisitimu inodzora mukutarisana nekudzikiswa kwekudiwa mumatunhu, asi zvakare kusimudzira mukana wematanho emabasa zvekuti vashandi vanogona kuchinjika zviri nyore kubva kune rimwe basa vachienda kune rimwe pakarasika basa. . Mondragon inosanganisa tekinoroji yunivhesiti, rekuvandudza bhangi pamwe nemubatanidzwa mune imwechete yakasanganiswa system.
Melman akatenda kuti kuderera kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi kunogona kudzoserwa nekudzora zvakanyanya bhajeti remauto eUS iro raimiririra mukana wakakura wemari kuhupfumi hwenyika. Rimwe divi remadhora zana emadhora emadhora raive homwe yakakura yekusimudzira iyo Melman yaifunga kuti ingangoshandiswa kuvandudza simba reUS nekufambisa zvivakwa uye kudzoreredza mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuora kwehupfumi kunozviratidza mumabhiriji anodonha, nzira dzakasviba dzemvura, uye nzira dzakazara dzekufambisa . Akabatanidza maguta epasi-kusimudzira uye kushaikwa kwekugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza nemabhajeti emauto.
Chirongwa chekuda kugadzirira chaida zvinhu zvina zvakakosha, zvakatsanangurwa naMelman mu Dhiyabhorosi Sangano: Kurwisana Nekutendeuka. Kutanga, iye akarwira chirongwa chakazara chevanhu vese uye chakazara disarmament (GCD) muzvakawanda-gare gare disaliti zvibvumirano zverudzi rwakafarirwa neMutungamiriri John F. Kennedy uye akarondedzerwa mumukurumbira wake June 10, 1963 American University kero. Panzvimbo pekudaidzwa kunonzi "nhu dzinotyisa" zvombo, nyika dzese dzino tarisa bhajeti ravo remauto uye masimba emagetsi ekuratidzira. Kupesana nemaitiro ekuderedza kuwanda ayo anokumbira mubvunzo kuti nei nyika dzakaita seNorth Korea dzichitevera zvombo zvenyukireya (kudzivirira kurwisa kwemauto eUS). Ichi chaive chirongwa che kwete kwete chete nyukireya asiwo zvakajairwa zvombo kuderedzwa.
Chechipiri, zvibvumirano zvekupakata zvombo zvinosanganiswa nehurongwa hwekudzikisira bhajeti remauto uye kumwe kupihwa mari kwevanhu. Kuderedzwa uku kunogona kubhadhara kuvandudzwa kwesimba rinodiwa, kusanganisira kukosha kwekuvakazve huwandu hwekutakura pamwe nemasisitimu esimba, dingindira rakatorwa na uyu munyori, Brian D'Agostino uye Jon Rynn mune akateedzana ezvidzidzo. Dzimwe nzira dzekudyara kwehurumende munzvimbo dzinodiwa nevanhu dzinogona kupa dzimwe misika inodiwa kubatsira kushandurwa kwemauto anoshandira muchiuto kuita zviitwa zveveruzhinji zvinobatsira.
Chechitatu, kushandurwa kwemafekitori emauto, mabhesheni, marabhoritari nemasangano akabatana semayunivhesiti anogona kupa nzira yekudzorera zviwanikwa zvakashata uye nekupa chengetedzo kune avo vanotyisidzirwa nekuderedzwa kwebhajeti remauto. Shanduko yaisanganisira kuronga kwekumberi uye kugadzirisa zvakare vashandi, mainjiniya, mamaneja uye tekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, pane imwe nguva munguva yepashure-yeVietnam Hondo, iyo Boeing-Vertol kambani (iyo yakaita maherikoputa akashandiswa muHondo yeVietnam) yakabudirira kugadzira mota dzepasi pevhu dzinoshandiswa neChicago Transit Authority (CTA).
Chekupedzisira, kudzora zvombo kwaifanirwawo kupa imwe nzira yekuchengetedza iyo yaizochengetedza chengetedzo kunyangwe panguva yekuderera kwemari yemauto yepasi rose. Melman akatsigira mhando yemapurisa epasi rese anobatsira mukuchengetedza runyararo uye mamwe mishoni inoenderana. Akaziva kuti iyo yemakore-akawanda zvombo zvemaitiro zvaizoramba zvichisiya munzvimbo dzekudzivirira masystem sezvo mamwe maitiro anogumbura akatanga kudzikiswa kumashure. Melman akaziva kuti nhimbe dzekuBritain dzekurwisa zvombo dzaive dzakabatana zvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakaita kuti kuruboshwe ruve nyore wezvematongerwo enyika kurudyi. Mukupesana, iyo GCD nzira ichiri kusiya nzvimbo yekutapudza kwakazara pasina kupunzika kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakabatana nezvakataurwa kuti nyika dzakasiiwa dziri panjodzi yekurwiswa. Kuongorora uye kuongorora masisitimu kwaizochengetedza kuti kutemwa kunogona kuitwa kuchengetedzeka uye chero kubiridzira kungave kuri kuona nenyika dzichiedza kuvanza masisitimu ezvombo.
Pfungwa uye Simba Rokuronga
Iko simba rakabvepi kudzikisira hupfumi uye nekuchinja mamiriro akashata? Melman akatenda kuti vashandi vega-vanozvirongera kuburikidza nemakopani zvakapa nzira yakakosha yekuumba kuunganidzwa kwepakutanga kwesimba rehupfumi iro raizokanganisa mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika. Akatenda kuti kana makoporasi angosvika pane imwe nhanho vanozoita senge nzira yekumanikidza kutungamira tsika yezvematongerwo enyika kune zvinowedzera zvine mutsigo uye zvinogara zvichipesana nezvikara, zvehondo uye zvehukama.
Chipingamupinyi chakakura kuhutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika hazvina kuiswa muzvipingaidzo zvehunyanzvi kana zvehupfumi, zvakadaro. Mune akateedzana ezvidzidzo zvakaburitswa muma1950, senge Dynamic Factors Mukugadzirwa Kwechigadzirwa uye Kuita Chisarudzo-Kuita uye Kugadzira, Melman akataridza mashandiro emafemu ekushandira pamwe angave anobudirira uye anoshanda kupfuura mabhizimusi akajairika. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti kuzvidzora kwevashandi kwakadzora kudiwa kwekutarisirwa kunodhura kwemaneja. Chimwe chikonzero ndechekuti vashandi 'vaive neruzivo rwekutsikisa nekuronga pasi pechitoro, nepo zivo yemaneja yaive kure kure nekudaro isingashande. Vashandi vakadzidza nekuita uye vaive neruzivo rwekuronga basa, asi nzira yekuparadzanisa yakavharira ruzivo rwakadai sevashandi vakavharirwa kubva pasimba rekutora zvisarudzo kunyangwe zvazvo vashandi vaive "nebasa" rebasa ravo.
Kana vashandi vakagona kuronga masimba ehupfumi padanho repasi, saka nharaunda dzaigona kuronga masimba ezvematongerwo enyika padanho remuno. Nekudaro, Melman akaunganidza "iyo US Mushure meCold War: Kuzviti Runyararo Rwakaparadzaniswa," musangano waMay 2, 1990 mutaundi renyika umo maguta mazhinji akasangana mumisangano yakatarisana kumeso kutema bhajeti remauto nekudyara mumadhorobha anodikanwa uye ecological investments mune runyararo hupfumi. Political democracy mune iyi kesi yakawedzeredzwa newairesi network kutepfenyura pamusoro pePacifica uye nemakumi ematanho enzvimbo dzakabatana.
Mhinganidzo yakakosha yekuwedzera hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji yaive muhurongwa hwedzidzo nekufamba kwemagariro izvo zvakakundikana kugamuchira nhaka yekuzvitonga pamwe nehupfumi hwenyika. Mibatanidzwa yevashandi, nepo ichikosha mukufambisira mberi zvido zvevashandi, yaive yatarisana nemubhadharo wakamanikana kana zvirongwa zvekubatsirana munharaunda. Ivo vaigara vachizviramba kubva pamibvunzo ine chekuita nekuti basa raive rakarongeka sei. Melman akatenda kuti kufamba murunyararo, uku uchipokana nehondo dzisina musoro, "yanga yakachengeteka kuPentagon." Nekuve kure netsika yekugadzira, havana kuziva chokwadi chakareruka chekuti kuburitsa nekutengesa zvombo zvinounza mari uye simba, nokudaro zvichida zvinopfuura kuratidzira kwekuratidzira kuPentagon guta guru. Mukupesana, iye muvambi weMondragon, Jose María Arizmendiarrieta Madariaga, akaziva mumushandirapamwe webhomba reNazi weSpanish Republic kuti tekinoroji ndiyo yaive sosi yesimba rekupedzisira. Rimwe divi raPicasso Guernica yaive maitiro umo vashandi pachavo vaigona kudzora tekinoroji kuti vashandise, ichipa imwe nzira kune ma capitalist uye mauto ari monopoly pamusoro pesimba tekinoroji.
Pakupedzisira, kuburikidza nebasa rake rakakura rekushambadzira, kumanikidza nemasangano evashandi pamwe nerunyararo, uye nekuenderera mberi nhaurirano nevadzidzi pamwe nevakadzidza, Melman akapa tariro yekuti ruzivo rwakadzama runogona kusimudzira imwe nzira yekuronga masimba. Kunyangwe akaziva kuti mayunivhesiti akazove sei vashandi vePentagon neWall Street (uye akazviitira mukukura pamusoro pehutungamiriri nekuwedzera kune kwavo manejimendi kutonga), Melman achiri kuomerera pakutenda musimba repfungwa uye imwe nzira yekuumbwa kwehungwaru hwakagadzwa. Mutungamiri weTrump akanyepera kunyepa zvidzidzo zvekudonha kwezvematongerwo enyika neUS. Vemazuva ano varatidziri vangave vakachenjera kugamuchira mazano aMelman ekuzadza iyo vacuum yemagetsi mukumuka kwedambudziko rehutongi uye mafambiro anoita malaise. "Kuramba," kufamba kwesimba remhemberero, hakusi kuvakazve.
