By Erica Chenoweth uye Hakim Young for Denver Dialogues
yakatanga kudhindwa nepoliticalviolenceataglance ( Political Violence@a Glance)
MuBrussels, vanhu vanopfuura chiuru nemazana maviri vanopikisa kusada kweEurope kuita zvakawanda nezvedambudziko revapoteri muMediterranean, Kubvumbi 1,200, 23. By. Amnesty International.
Nhasi, munhu mumwe chete pavanhu 122 vari pasi pano mupoteri, mupoteri, kana kuti mupoteri. Muna 2014, kurwisana nekutambudzwa kwakakonzera kuti vanhu vawedzere 42,500 vanhu pazuva kusiya misha yavo uye kutsvaga dziviriro kune imwe nzvimbo, zvichikonzera 59.5 mamiriyoni evapoteri pasi rose. Sekureva kwesangano revapoteri reUN re2014 Global Trends report (ine musoro Nyika pahondo), nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakagamuchira 86% yevapoteri ava. Nyika dzakabudirira, dzakaita seUS nedziya dziri muEurope, dzinogamuchira 14% chete yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevapoteri pasi rose.
Zvakadaro manzwiro eruzhinji kuMadokero zvanga zvakaoma pavapoteri mazuva ano. Vachiri kumukira vanhu uye vatungamiri venyika vanogara vachiitira hanya veruzhinji pamusoro pevapoteri se“vane nungo,” “mitoro,” “matsotsi,” kana kuti “magandanga” mukupindura dambudziko ranhasi revapoteri. Mapato makuru havana kudzivirirwa kune iyi rhetoric zvakare, nevezvematongerwo enyika vemitsetse yese vachidaidzira kuti vawedzere kudzora muganho, nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa, uye kumiswa kwenguva pfupi kwevisa uye zvikumbiro zvehupoteri.
Zvakakosha, hapana kana imwe yeaya anotyisa maitiro evapoteri anozvarwa nehumbowo hwakarongeka.
Vapoteri Vane Mikana Yezvehupfumi Here?
Iwo akavimbika epiric zvidzidzo yemapoka evapoteri inoratidza kuti chikonzero chikuru chokutiza chisimba—kwete mukana woupfumi. Zvikurukuru, vapoteri vari kutiza hondo vachitarisira kumhara mumamiriro ezvinhu asina chisimba. Mukukonana uko hurumende inonangana nevanhuwo zvavo mumamiriro ekuuraya rudzi kana zvematongerwo enyika, vanhu vazhinji sarudza kubuda munyika pane kutsvaga nzvimbo dzakachengeteka mukati. Ongororo dzinoburitsa chokwadi ichi mudambudziko ranhasi. MuSyria, imwe yevagadziri vevapoteri vepasi rose mumakore mashanu apfuura. tsvaga yekuongorora vanoti veruzhinji vari kutiza nekuti nyika yangova nengozi kana kuti mauto ehurumende akatora maguta avo, izvo zviri kukonzera mhirizhonga inotyisa yehurumende yaAssad. (13% chete vanoti vakatiza nekuti vapanduki vakatora maguta avo, zvichiratidza kuti mhirizhonga yeISIS haisiriyo nzira yekutiza sezvataurwa nevamwe).
Uye vapoteri havawanzosarudza nzvimbo dzavanoenda zvichibva pamukana woupfumi; pachinzvimbo, 90% of vapoteri vanoenda kunyika ine muganhu wakatarisana (nokudaro achitsanangura kuungana kwevapoteri veSyria muTurkey, Jordan, Lebanon, neIraq). Avo vasingagari munyika yakavakidzana vanowanzotizira kunyika dzavanogara hukama hwevanhu. Tichifunga kuti ivo vanowanzo kutiza nehupenyu hwavo, iyo data inoratidza kuti vapoteri vazhinji vanofunga nezvemukana wehupfumi sechinhu chinotevera kwete sechikonzero chekutiza. Zvakadaro, pavanosvika kunzvimbo dzavanoenda, vapoteri vanowanzove anobishaira zvakanyanya, pamwe zvidzidzo zvepasi rose zvichiratidza kuti hazviwanzoremedza hupfumi hwenyika.
Mudambudziko ranhasi, “Vazhinji vevanhu vari kusvika nemugungwa kumaodzanyemba kweEurope, kunyanya muGreece, vanobva kunyika dzine mhirizhonga nekurwisana, dzakadai seSyria, Iraq neAfghanistan; vanoda kuchengetedzwa nedzimwe nyika uye kazhinji vanenge vaneta mumuviri uye nekushungurudzika mupfungwa,” anodaro. Nyika pahondo.
Ndiani Anotya “Mupoteri Mukuru Akashata”?
Panyaya yetyisidziro yechengeteko, vapoteri vane mukana muduku zvikuru wokupara utsotsi kupfuura vagari vakaberekwa nomuzvarirwo. Saizvozvo, kunyora muWall Street Journal, Jason Riley anoongorora data pamusoro pekubatana pakati pekupinda nekupara mhosva muUnited States uye anodana kuwirirana "ngano." Kunyangwe muGermany, iyo yakatora nhamba yepamusoro yevapoteri kubvira 2011, kuparwa kwemhosva nevapoteri hakuna kuwedzera. Kurwiswa kwechisimba kwevapoteri, kune rumwe rutivi, zvakapetwa kaviri. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vapoteri havatumire dambudziko rekuchengetedza; panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vanoda dziviriro pakutyisidzirwa nechisimba. Uyezve, vapoteri (kana avo vanozviti vapoteri) ndivo hazviite kuti uronge kurwisa kwemagandanga. Uye tichipihwa kuti vanosvika makumi mashanu neshanu muzana evapoteri varipo vana, saAylan Kurdi, mupoteri weSyria ane makore matatu akanyura mugungwa reMedithera zhizha rapfuura, ingangove nguva isati yakwana kuvagadza sevanopenga, vanonetsa, kana kurambwa munharaunda. .
Zvakare, maitiro ekuongorora vapoteri anoomesera zvakanyanya munyika zhinji — neUS ine pakati pemitemo yevapoteri yakasimba kwazvo pasi rose-nekudaro zvichidzivirira zvakawanda zvemigumisiro yakaipa inotyiwa nevatsoropodzi vemitemo yevapoteri. Kunyange zvazvo maitiro akadaro asingavimbise kuti zvose zvingangotyisidzira hazvibatanidzwe, zvinoderedza njodzi zvakanyanya, sezvakaratidzwa nekushomeka kwemhosva dzechisimba uye kurwiswa kwehugandanga kwakaitwa nevapoteri mumakore makumi matatu apfuura.
Sistimu Yakaputsika Kana Kuti Nhoroondo Yakaputsika?
Achitaura nezvedambudziko riripo revapoteri muEurope, Jan Egeland, aimbove Mumiriri weUN Humanitarian Nhume uyo zvino ari kutungamira Norwegian Refugee Council, akati, "Sisitimu yakaputsika zvachose ... Hatigone kuenderera nenzira iyi. " Asi sisitimu yacho pamwe haigadzirise chero bedzi rondedzero dzakaputsika dzichitonga hurukuro. Zvakadiniko kana tikatanga hurukuro itsva, inobvisa nhema pamusoro pevapoteri ndokushongedzera voruzhinji kukwikwidza hurukuro iripo nerondedzero ine tsitsi zvikuru pamusoro penzira iyo munhu anova mupoteri pakutanga?
Funga nezvesarudzo yekutiza pane kugara uye kurwa kana kugara ufe. Vazhinji vevapoteri vane mamiriyoni e59.5 vakasara mumhirizhonga pakati penyika nevamwe vakapakata zvombo-zvakadai sezvematongerwo enyika yeSyria nemhirizhonga pakati pemapoka akasiyana-siyana evapanduki ari kushanda mukati meSyria; Siria, Russia, Iraq, Iran, uye hondo yeNATO kurwisa ISIS; Hondo dzeAfghanistan nePakistan dzichirwisa maTaliban; kuenderera mberi kweUS kurwisa Al Qaeda; Hondo dzeTurkey kurwisa mauto eKurdish; uye huwandu hwemamwe mamiriro echisimba Around the World.
Zvichipa sarudzo pakati pekugara uye kurwisana, kugara uye kufa, kana kutiza uye kurarama, vapoteri vemazuva ano vakatiza-zvinoreva kuti, netsanangudzo, ivo nekushingaira uye nechinangwa vakasarudza chisarudzo chisina chisimba mumamiriro ezvinhu emhirizhonga yakawanda inotyisa kumativi ose.
Nemamwe manzwi, mamiriro anhasi epasi rose evapoteri vanosvika 59.5 miriyoni akanyanya muunganidzwa wevanhu vakasarudza nzira inongowanikwa isina mhirizhonga kubva munzvimbo dzavanogara. Munzira dzakawanda, vapoteri vemazuva ano vane mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu vakati kwete kumhirizhonga, kwete kushungurudzwa, uye kwete kusava nesimba panguva imwe chete. Chisarudzo chekutizira kune dzimwe nyika uye (kazhinji utsinye) kune dzimwe nyika semupoteri haisi chiedza. Zvinosanganisira kutora njodzi dzakakura, kusanganisira njodzi yerufu. Somuenzaniso, UNHCR inofungidzira kuti vapoteri 60 vakanga vafa kana kuti vakashaikwa mugungwa pavaitsvaka kupotera kuEurope muna 3,735. Kusiyana nehurukuro yemazuva ano, kuva mupoteri kunofanira kunge kwakafanana nekusava nechisimba, ushingi, uye sangano.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, sarudzo yemunhu isina mhirizhonga panguva imwe chete haisati yafanoronga sarudzo yemunhu iyeye isina mhirizhonga pane imwe nguva. Uye semagungano makuru mazhinji, hazvidzivisiki kuti vanhu vashoma vachashandisa nechisimba sangano renyika revapoteri kuti vatevere zvinangwa zvavo zveutsotsi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro, kana zvepfungwa pamucheto — pamwe nekuzvivanza mumhomho kuti vayambuke miganhu. kuita mhirizhonga kune dzimwe nyika, nekutora mukana wezvematongerwo enyika polarization of migration politics kuti vasimudzire zvavanoda, kana nekuita kuti vanhu ava vabire nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. Pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu saizi iyi, pachava nekupara mhosva pano nepapo, mupoteri kana kwete.
Asi mudambudziko ranhasi, zvichave zvakakosha kuti vanhu vane rutendo rwakanaka kwese kwese vadzivise chido chekupa mamirioni avanhu ari kutsvaga nzvimbo yekuvanda munyika dzavo, nekuda kwechisimba kana kupara mhosva kwevashoma. Boka rekupedzisira harimiriri nhamba huru dzevapoteri vataurwa pamusoro apa, uye havarambi chokwadi chekuti vapoteri kazhinji vanhu avo, mumamiriro ezvinhu emhirizhonga yekubvisa zvechokwadi, vakaita sarudzo inoshandura hupenyu, isina mhirizhonga yekuzviitira ivo pachavo. nzira yakavaisa ivo nemhuri dzavo mune ramangwana risina chokwadi. Kana vangosvika, paavhareji kutyisidzira kwechisimba pamusoro mupoteri mukuru zvikuru kupfuura kutyisidzira kwechisimba by mupoteri. Kuvanzvenga, kuvasunga sokunge kuti vaiva matsotsi, kana kuti kuvaendesa kunzvimbo dzasakadzwa nehondo kunotumira shoko rokuti zvisarudzo zvisiri zvechisimba zvinorangwa—uye kuti kubvuma kubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuita zvechisimba ndizvo chete zvisarudzo zvasara. Aya ndiwo mamiriro anoda mitemo inosanganisira tsitsi, ruremekedzo, dziviriro, uye kugamuchirwa-kwete kutya, kuzvidza, kusarura, kana kuzvidza.
Kuona kutiza senzira isina mhirizhonga kunobatsira veruzhinji kuti vakwikwidze zvirevo nematongerwo ekusarudzika, kukwidziridza hurukuro itsva inopa simba kune vezvematongerwo enyika vane mwero, uye kuwedzera huwandu hwesarudzo dzesarudzo dziripo kuti vapindure dambudziko riripo.
Hakim Mudiki (Dr. Teck Mudiki, Wee) chiremba anobva kuSingapore akaita basa rekubatsira vanhu uye bhizinesi muAfghanistan kwemakore gumi apfuura, kusanganisira kuve murairidzi kuAfghan Peace Volunteers, boka remadzinza evadiki veAfghan. yakatsaurirwa kuvaka dzimwe nzira dzisina chisimba dzehondo.
