Samuel Moyn Kusatendeseka Kurwiswa Kwekodzero dzevanhu Giant Michael Ratner

Pamusoro pemufananidzo: Jonathan McIntosh, CC BY 2.5, kuburikidza ne Wikimedia Commons.

Samuel Moyn kurwisa kwakaipisisa uye kusina hunhu kuna Michael Ratner, mumwe wemagweta akanakisa ekodzero dzevanhu enguva yedu, yaiva rakabudiswa mu New York Ongororo yeMabhuku (NYRB) musi waGunyana 1. Moyn anosarudzira Ratner semukomana ari kurova kuti atsigire dzidziso yake inoshamisa yekuti kuranga mhosva dzehondo kunowedzera hondo nekuiita kuti inakidze. Anonyengera kutaura kuti kumisikidza maGeneva Konferensi uye kupokana hondo dzisiri pamutemo ndezvekudyidzana. Sezvo Dexter Filkins akacherekedza mu New Yorker, “Pfungwa dzaMoyn“ dzaizofarira kutsva maguta ese, mutoo weTokyo, kana zviono zvekurwadziwa zvikakonzera vanhu vazhinji kupikisa simba reAmerica. ”

Moyn anotora Ratner - mutungamiri wenguva yakareba weCentre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) uyo akafa muna 2016 - kuita basa rekunyora. Rasul v. Bush kupa vanhu vakasungwa kusvika kunguva isingazivikanwe kuGuantánamo bumbiro remutemo kuti habeas corpus kupokana nekuvharirwa kwavo. Moyn anoda kuti isu tifuratire vanhu vanotambudzwa, kuurayiwa uye kuvharirwa nekusingaperi. Iye sezviri pachena anobvumirana nekutaura kwekunyepedzera kwegweta guru rekutanga raGeorge W. Bush Alberto Gonzales (akafambisa chirongwa chekutambudzwa kweUS) kuti maGeneva Konferensi - ayo anorondedzera kutambudzwa semhosva yehondo - aive "asina kujairika" uye "asingachashandi."

Mukutambudzika kwake, Moyn anoita nhema uye inokatyamadza kutaura kuti "hakuna munhu, zvimwe akaita zvinopfuura [Ratner] kugonesa runyorwa, rwakacheneswa rwehondo yechigarire." Pasina chidimbu cheuchapupu, Moyn zvine mutsindo anoti Ratner "akashambidza hutsinye" hwe "hondo yakazove isingaperi, zviri pamutemo, uye ane hunhu.”Moyn sezviri pachena haana kumbobvira ashanyira Guantánamo, uko vazhinji vakadaidza musasa wevasungwa, kwaive nevasungwa noutsinye vakatambudzwa uye yakachengetwa kwemakore pasina muripo. Kunyangwe Barack Obama akagumisa chirongwa chekutambudza kwaBush, vasungwa kuGuantánamo vakamanikidzwa nechisimba pawachi yaObama, izvo zvinoreva kushungurudzwa.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakabvumirana naRatner, Joseph Margulies uye CCR mukati Rasul. Margulies, aive anotungamira gweta mune iyi kesi, akandiudza izvozvo Mupostori "Haiite sevanhu [hondo yekutyisidzira], kana kuitsigira kana kuisimbisa zviri pamutemo. Kuzviisa zvakasiyana, kunyangwe dai tisina kumbobvira tamhan'ara, takarwa, uye tikakunda Mupostori, nyika inenge ichiri muhondo imwe chete, isingaperi. ” Uyezve, sekunyora kwaRatner mune yake nhoroondo yehupenyu, Kufambisa iyo Bhawa: Hupenyu Hwangu seRadical Gweta, ivo New York Times akadana Mupostori "Nyaya inonyanya kukosha yekodzero dzevanhu mumakore makumi mashanu."

Iko kuuya kwehondo yedrone, kwete iro basa repamutemo raRatner, Margulies neCCR, iro "rakachenesa" hondo yekutyisa. Kubudirira kwedrones hakunei nekukakavadzana kwavo uye zvese zvine chekuita nekuvandudza makondirakiti ekudzivirira uye kuchengetedza vatyairi kubva mukukuvara kuti maAmerican havafanirwe kuona mabhegi emuviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, drone "vatyairi" vanotambura nePTSD, uku vachiuraya huwandu hwakanyanya hwevanhuwo zvavo mune izvi.

“Moyn anoita kunge anofunga kupokana nehondo uye kupokana kutambudzwa muhondo zvinopesana. Ratner ari muchokwadi Ratidza A kuti ivo havasi. Akapikisa zvese kusvika kumagumo, ”director we ACLU David Cole tweeted.

Chokwadi, Ratner anga ari muvengi wenguva refu wehondo dzisiri pamutemo dzeUS. Akaedza kumanikidza iyo Hondo Yemasimba Kugadziriswa muna 1982 mushure mekunge Ronald Reagan atumira "vanachipangamazano vemauto" kuEl Salvador. Ratner akamhan'arira George HW Bush (asina kubudirira) kuda mvumo yemusangano wekutanga Gulf War. Muna 1991, Ratner akaronga dare remhosva dzehondo uye akashora kurwisa kweUS, iyo Nuremberg Tribunal yakadana kuti "mhosva yepamusoro yenyika." Muna 1999, akashora kubhomba kweNATO kwaitungamirwa neU.S. kuKosovo se "mhosva yechisimba." Muna 2001, Ratner uye University of Pittsburgh purofesa wezvemitemo Jules Lobel vakanyora muJURIST kuti hurongwa hwehondo yaBush muAfghanistan hwakatyora mutemo wepasi rose. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Ratner akaudza musangano weNational Lawyers Guild (yaaive mutungamiri wenyika) kuti kurwiswa kwe9 / 11 kwaisave kwehondo asi mhosva dzekurwisa vanhu. Muna 2002, Ratner nevamwe vake veCCR vakanyora mu New York Times kuti "kurambidzwa kwechisimba kunoumba mutsika wakakosha wemutemo wepasi rese uye hakugone kutyorwa nenyika." Muna 2006, Ratner akapa hurukuro inokosha pane komisheni yepasi rose yekubvunza mhosva dzehutongi hwaBush kurwisa vanhu nemhosva dzehondo, kusanganisira kusarongeka kwehondo yeIraq. Muna 2007, Ratner akanyora muchipupuriro chebhuku rangu, Cowboy Republic: Nzira Nhanhatu Boka raBush Rakamhura Mutemo, "Kubva kuhondo ine utsinye isiri pamutemo muIraq kusvika pakutambudzwa, hezvino zvese - nzira nhanhatu huru idzo hutongi hwaBush hwakaita kuti America ive nyika yepamutemo."

SaRatner, purofesa wezvemitemo kuCanada, Michael Mandel akafunga kuti bhomba reKosovo rakanyora chibvumirano chekufa kwekumanikidza kweUnited Nations Charter kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwemauto kutoti kwaitwa mukuzvidzivirira kana kupihwa mvumo neSecurity Council. Iyo Charter rinotsanangura utsinye se "kushandiswa kwemauto neHurumende kurwisa humiriri, kutendeka kwenzvimbo kana kuzvimiririra mune zvematongerwo enyika kweimwe Nyika, kana neimwe nzira isingaenderane neCharter yeUnited Nations."

Mubhuku rake rinonzi, Maitiro Ekuti America Iende Nekuuraya: Hondo Dzisiri Pamutemo, Kukuvara Kwekudyidzana uye Mhosva Dzakanangana neHumanity, Mandel anoti bhomba reNATO Kosovo rakaratidza muenzaniso wehondo dzeUS muIraq neAfghanistan. "Yakatyora mutemo wepamutemo nepfungwa," Mandel akanyora. "Mukuru mukuru wePentagon Richard Perle 'paakatenda Mwari' nekufa kweUN, muenzaniso wekutanga waanogona kutaura mukururamisa masimba eSecurity Council munyaya dzehondo nerunyararo aive Kosovo."

Moyn, purofesa wezvemitemo weYale uyo anozvitsvakira kuve nyanzvi pachirongwa chezvemitemo, haasati amboshandisa mutemo. Zvichida ndosaka akataura nezveInternational Criminal Court (ICC) kamwe chete mubhuku rake, Humane: Sei iyo United States Yakasiya Runyararo neReinvented Hondo. Mukutaura kumwe chete, Moyn akataura manyepo kuti ICC hainangidzi hondo dzechisimba, achinyora, "[ICC] yakazadzisa nhaka yeNuremberg, kunze kwekusiya siginecha yavo yekupara mhosva zvisiri pamutemo pachayo."

Dai Moyn akaverenga iyo Rome Statute iyo yakasimbisa iyo ICC, aizoona kuti imwe yemhosva ina dzakarangwa pasi pechirevo ndeye mhosva yechisimba, iyo inotsanangurwa se "kuronga, kugadzirira, kutanga kana kuuraya, nemunhu ari muchinzvimbo zvinobudirira kutonga pamusoro kana kutungamira kwezvematongerwo enyika kana zvechiuto zveHurumende, zvechiito chekumanikidza icho, nehunhu hwayo, simba uye zviyero, kunoratidza kutyorwa kuri pachena kweCharter yeUnited Nations. ”

Asi ICC haina kukwanisa kupomera mhosva yehasha apo Ratner achiri mupenyu nekuti zvigadziriso zvechisimba hazvina kutanga kushanda kusvika 2018, makore maviri Ratner afa. Zvakare, kana Iraq, Afghanistan kana United States hazvina kubvumidza zvigadziriso, zvichiita kuti zvikone kuranga hutsinye kunze kwekunge UN Security Council yaraira. Ne veto yeUS paKanzuru, izvo hazviitike.

Margulies akataura kuti “mutsoropodzi uyo asina kumbomiririra mutengi anogona kutaura kuti zvaive nani kumhan'ara kumatare kwanga kusina mukana wekuti ubudirire pane kuyedza kudzivirira musungwa akasungwa zvisiri pamutemo uye nehutsinye. Zano racho chairo nderekutuka, uye Michael akazvinzwisisa kupfuura munhu wese. ”

Muchokwadi, nyaya nhatu dzakamhan'arirwa nemamwe magweta dzakapokana nemutemo wehondo yeIraq dzakakandwa kunze kwedare nematare matatu akasiyana ematare ekukwirira. Dunhu rekutanga akatonga muna 2003 kuti vanoshanda-nhengo dzemasoja eU.S. uye nhengo dzeCongress vanga vasina "kumira" kupokana nehunhu hwehondo isati yatanga, nekuti chero kukuvadzwa kwavari kungave kufungidzira. Muna 2010, Chitatu Chechitatu akawanikwa iyo New Jersey Peace Action, vanaamai vaviri vevana vaive vapedza kushanya kwakawanda kwebasa muIraq, uye murwi wehondo yekuIraq vanga vasina "kumira" kukwikwidza kuve pamutemo kwehondo nekuti vaisakwanisa kuratidza kuti vakakuvadzwa pachavo. Uye muna 2017, iyo pfumbamwe Dunhu held mune imwe nyaya yakamirirwa nemukadzi weIraq kuti vapomeri Bush, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice naDonald Rumsfeld vakasununguka kubva kumatare edzimhosva.

Margulies akandiudzawo, “zvinoreva kuti Mupostori neimwe nzira yakaita kuti hondo dzisingaperi dzive zvisiri izvo. Nekuda kwehondo yekuAfghanistan, chikamu chekutanga chehondo yekutyisa chakarwiwa pasi, izvo zvakafanotungamira kuti US ibate nekubvunzurudza vasungwa vakawanda. Asi chikamu chehondo ichi chakange chakatsiviwa nechishuwo kune icho chinonzi NSA 'ruzivo rwekutonga' stereki. Iyo ihondo pamusoro pezviratidzo kupfuura varwi. Hapana mukati Mupostori, ”

“Uye sei munhu angafunga kuti kushungurudzwa kwakaenderera mberi, hondo yekutyisa ingadai yakamira? Ndiwo mafungiro aMoyn, aanopa kwete scintilla yeuchapupu, ”Cole, aimbova gweta revashandi veCCR, tweeted. “Kutaura kuti hazvinzwisisike kutaura. Uye ngatifungei kweminiti kuti kubvumira kushungurudzwa kuenderere mberi kunobatsira kupedza hondo. "Magweta anofanirwa kutarisa kune imwe nzira, kupira vatengi vavo mutariro yakasimba yekuti kuvabvumira kutambudzwa kuchakurumidzisa kupera kwehondo?"

Mubhuku raMoyn rakanzi ita mutsa, anonzwisa tsitsi anotora Ratner nevamwe vake veCCR kuti vaite basa re "kugadzirisa mhosva dzehondo kubva muhondo dzenyu." Munguva yake yese NYRB screed, Moyn anozvipikisa mukuyedza kutsigira nhoroondo yake, achisimbisa kuti Ratner aida kurwisa hondo uye Ratner aisada kuita hondo ("Chinangwa chaRatner chaisamboita kuti hondo yeAmerica ive nehunhu").

Bill Goodman aive wezvemitemo weCCR pa9 / 11. "Sarudzo dzedu dzaive kuronga mazano epamutemo aipokana nekutapwa, kuvharirwa, kushungurudzwa, uye kupondwa nemauto eUS akatevera 9/11 kana kuita chero chinhu," akandiudza. "Kunyangwe kana kukwiririsa kukakundikana - uye iri zano rakaoma kwazvo - zvaigona kushandira chinangwa chekuzivisa kutsamwa uku. Kusaita chinhu kwaive kubvuma kuti democracy uye nemutemo zvaisabatsira mukutarisana nekushandisa zvisina mvumo simba rakaipa, ”akadaro Goodman. “Tiri pasi pehutungamiriri hwaMichael takasarudza kuita pane kungodzedzereka. Handizvidembi. Maitiro aMoyn —kusaita chinhu — haagamuchirwe. ”