naAlfred de Zayas, World BEYOND War, September 28, 2023
Kana iyo "dzidziso" yeBasa rekudzivirira (R2P) ichireva chero chinhu[1], zvino inoshanda kune njodzi iri kuitika kubvira 2020 muArmenian republic yeArsakh, inonyanya kuzivikanwa seNagorno Karabakh. Kurwiswa kusiri pamutemo kwakaitwa neAzerbaijan muna 2020, pamwe chete nemhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzinoitirwa vanhu, sezvakanyorwa pakati pevamwe neHuman Rights Watch.[2], yakaumba kupfuuridzirwa kwokuparadza rudzi rweOttoman mukurwisana navaArmenia[3]. Inofanirwa kuferefetwa zviri pamutemo neInternational Criminal Court muHague maererano ne5, 6, 7 uye 8 yeRome Statute.[4] Mutungamiri weAzerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev anofanira kupomerwa mhosva uye kupomerwa mhosva. Pamhosva idzi hapafanirwe kuve nekusarangwa.
Semunhu aimbove Nyanzvi Yakazvimirira yeUN, uye nekuda kwehuremu hwekurwisa kweAzeri kwaGunyana 2023, ndapa zano kuMutungamiriri weUN Human Rights Council, Ambassador Vaclav Balek, uye kuUN High Commissioner weHuman Rights Volker Turk kuti vadaidze musangano. Special Session yeHuman Rights Council kumisa kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoitwa neAzerbaijan uye kupa rubatsiro rwechimbichimbi kuvanhu veArmenian, vakawirwa nenjodzi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvekukombwa zvisiri pamutemo uye kuvharirwa izvo zvakakonzera kufa nenzara uye kubuda kukuru kuenda. Arumeniya.
Iyi nharaunda ine makomo iri padyo neArmenia ndiyo yasara yemakore 3000 ekugara kwerudzi rweArmenian, yaitozivikanwa nevaPersia nevaGiriki saAlarodioi, yakataurwa naDhariusi I naHerodotus. Humambo hweArmenia hwakabudirira munguva dzeRoma neguta guru, Artashat (Artaxata) paRwizi rweAras pedyo neYerevan yemazuva ano. Mambo Tiridates III akashandurirwa kuchiKristu naSt. Gregory the Illuminator (Krikor) muna 314 uye akatanga chiKristu sechitendero chehurumende. Mambo weByzantium Justinian I akarongazve Armenia kuva mapurovhinzi mana uye akapedza basa rokuita kuti nyika yacho ive muchiGiriki panosvika gore ra536.
Muzana ramakore re8th Armenia yakava pasi pesimba rinowedzera reArab, asi yakachengeta hunhu hwayo hwechiKristu uye tsika. Muzana ramakore rechi 11 Byzantine Emperor Basil II akadzima rusununguko rweArmenia uye nguva pfupi mushure mekunge maSeljuq Turks akunda dunhu. Muzana remakore rechi13 Armenia yose yakawira mumaoko eMongol, asi upenyu hwechiArmenia uye kudzidza zvakaramba zviri muchechi uye zvakachengetedzwa mumisha yemamongi nemisha. Kutevera kutorwa kweConstantinople uye kuurayiwa kweMambo wekupedzisira weByzantium, maOttomans akatanga kutonga kwavo pamusoro pevaArmenia, asi vakaremekedza kodzero dzatateguru weArmenia weConstantinople. Humambo hweRussia hwakakunda chikamu cheArmenia neNagorno Karabakh muna 1813, mamwe akasara ari pasi pejoko reHumambo hweOttoman. Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika I, kuurayiwa kwevaOttoman nevaArmenia nemamwe madiki echiKristu kwakatanga. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti vangangoita miriyoni nehafu maArmenians uye anoda kusvika miriyoni maGiriki kubva kuPontos, Smirna.[5] pamwe chete nemamwe maKristu ehumambo hweOttoman vakaparadzwa, kuuraya kwekutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20.
Kutambura kwevaArmenia uye kunyanya vagari veNagorno Karabakh hakuna kupera nekuparara kweHumambo hweOttoman, nekuti shanduko yeSoviet Union yakabatanidza Nagorno Karabakh muSoviet Republic yeAzerbaijan, zvisinei nekupikisa kuri pamutemo kwevaArmenia. . Zvikumbiro zvakadzokororwa zvekushandiswa kwekodzero yavo yekuzvitonga kuti vave chikamu chenyika yose yeArmenia zvakarambwa nevakuru veSoviet. Kuchitevera kuparara kweSoviet Union muna 1991 Armenia yakawana rusununguko uye Nagorno Karabakh akazivisawo rusununguko.
Iyi ingadai yakave nguva yekuti United Nations ipindire uye kuronga kuzvisarudzira referenda uye kufambisa kubatana kwevose veArmenian. Asi aiwa, nzanga yamarudzi ose neChibatanwa chaMarudzi zvakakundikana zvakare vaArmenia kupfurikidza nokusava nechokwadi chokuti nyika dzinotsiva dzeSoviet Union dzaizova nemiganhu ine mufungo, inogarika inoparira rugare nechengeteko nokuda kwavose. Zvirokwazvo, nemafungiro akafanana neaya Azerbaijan yakakumbira kuzvitonga uye yakazvimiririra kubva kuSoviet Union, saizvozvowo vagari veArmenian vaigara vasingafare pasi pehutongi hweAzeri vaive nekodzero yekuzvitonga kubva kuAzerbaijan. Zvechokwadi, kana musimboti wekuzvisarudzira uchishanda kune yese, inofanirawo kushanda kune zvikamu. Asi vanhu veNagorno Karabakh vakanyimwa kodzero iyi, uye hapana aiita seane hanya nenyika.
Kubhomba kwakarongeka kweStepanakert nedzimwe nzvimbo dzevagari muNagorno Karabakh panguva yehondo ya2020 kwakakonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya uye kukuvadzwa kukuru kwezvivakwa. Zviremera zveNagorno Karabakh zvakatofanira kubvuma. Asingasviki makore matatu gare gare tariro yavo yokuzvitonga yakanyangarika.
Kurwiswa kwechiAzerbaijani pamusoro pevagari veNagorno Karabakh kutyora kwakaipisisa kwechinyorwa 2(4) cheUN Charter, chinorambidza kushandiswa kwechisimba. Zvakare, pakanga paine kutyora kwakakura kwe1949 Geneva Red Cross Kokorodzano uye 1977 Protocols. Zvakare, hapana akatongerwa mhosva idzi, uye hazviratidzike kuti pane angadaro, kunze kwekunge nzanga yepasi rose yasimudza izwi rayo nekutsamwa.
Kuvharwa kwechikafu uye zvekushandisa neAzerbaijan, kuchekwa kweLachin corridor zvirokwazvo inowira mukati mechikamu che1948 Genocide Convention, iyo inorambidza mune yayo chinyorwa II c "Kupa nemaune mamiriro ehupenyu eboka akaverengerwa kuunza kuparadzwa kwayo mumuviri. zvakakwana kana kuti chikamu.[6] Saizvozvo, chero bato renyika rinogona kuendesa nyaya iyi kuInternational Court of Justice zvichiteerana nechinyorwa IX cheChibvumirano, icho chinoti "Kukakavadzana pakati peMapato ari Kubvumirana zvine chekuita nekududzirwa, kushandiswa kana kuzadzikiswa kweChibvumirano chiripo, kusanganisira izvo zvine chekuita nebasa. yeNyika yekuuraya rudzi kana chero ipi zvayo yezviito zvakanyorwa muchikamu chechitatu, ichaendeswa kuDare Repamusorosoro reInternational Court kana yakumbirwa nechero mapato ari kupokana. "
Saizvozvo, nyaya iyi inofanirwa kuendeswa kuInternational Criminal Court nekuda kwekomisheni yakasarudzika ye "Mhosva yechisimba" pasi peStatute of Rome neKampala tsanangudzo. The International Criminal Court inofanira kuongorora chokwadi uye kupomera kwete chete Mutungamiri weAzerbaijani Ilham Aliyev asiwo zvaanoita muBaku, uye, zvechokwadi, Mutungamiri weTurkey Recep Erdogan.
Nagorno Karabakh inyaya yekare yekuramba kodzero yekuzvisarudzira zvisina tsarukano, iyo yakadzika midzi muUN Charter (zvinyorwa, 1, 55, Chitsauko XI, Chitsauko XII) uye muInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Chinyorwa 1 chinoti:
“1. Vanhu vese vane kodzero yekuzvisarudzira. Nekuda kwekodzero iyoyo vanosarudza vakasununguka mamiriro avo ezvematongerwo enyika uye vanotevera vakasununguka budiriro yavo yehupfumi, yemagariro uye tsika.
- Vanhu vose vanokwanisa, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo, kurasa upfumi hwavo hwepanyama nezviwanikwa vakasununguka pasina kukanganisa kune chero zvisungo zvinobva mukudyidzana kweupfumi hwenyika, zvichibva pamusimboti wekubatsirana, uye mutemo wenyika dzese. Hazvingamboiti kuti vanhu vashayiswe chokurarama nacho.
- Nyika dziri muChibvumirano chiripo, kusanganisira idzo dzine basa rekutonga kweZvisizvo Kuzvitonga uye Nzvimbo Dziri Kuvimbwa, dzichakurudzira kuzadzikiswa kwekodzero yekuzvisarudzira, uye icharemekedza kodzero iyoyo, zvichifambirana nezviri mubumbiro remutemo. Charter yeUnited Nations. "[7]
Mamiriro ezvinhu muNagorno Karabakh haana kusiyana nemamiriro eAlbania Kosovars pasi peSlobodan Milosevic.[8] Chii chinonyanya kukosha? Kutendeseka kwenzvimbo kana kodzero yekuzvisarudzira? Ndima 80 yeAdvisory Opinion yeInternational Court of Justice mumutongo weKosovo we22 Chikunguru 2010 yakapa pachena kukosha kwekodzero yekuzvisarudzira.[9].
Ndiyo yekupedzisira irratio, kusava nemusoro kwekupedzisira uye kusave nemhosva yekurwa hondo kurwisa kushandiswa kwekodzero yekuzvisarudzira nevagari veArmenian veNagorno Karabakh. Sezvandakakakavadzana mumushumo wangu we2014 kuGeneral Assembly[10], haisi kodzero yokuzvitonga inokonzera hondo asi kuramba kusina kururama. Nokudaro, inguva yekuziva kuti kuzadzikiswa kwekodzero yekuzvisarudzira inzira yekudzivirira kurwisana uye kuti kudzvinyirirwa kwekuzvisarudzira kunokanganisa rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengetedzwa kwezvinangwa zvechinyorwa 39 cheUN Charter. MunaFebruary 2018, ndakataura pamberi peParamende yeEurope nezvenyaya iyi, pamberi pevazhinji vanoremekedzwa kubva kuRepublic of Artsakh.
Nharaunda yepasirese haigone kuregerera hutsinye hweAzerbaijan pavanhu veNagorno Karabakh, nekuti izvo zvaizogadzira muenzaniso wekuti kutendeseka kwenzvimbo kungagadzirwe nehugandanga hweHurumende uye nechisimba chezvombo zvichipesana nezvido zvevanhu vane hanya. Fungidzira kana Serbia yaizoedza kudzorera kutonga kwayo paKosovo nechisimba uye kubhomba Kosovo. Chii chaizova kuita kwenyika?
Zvechokwadi, tiri kupupurira kutsamwa kwakafanana, apo Ukraine inoedza "kudzorera" Donbas kana Crimea, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo idzi dzakagarwa zvakanyanya nevaRussia, avo vasingatauri chiRussian chete, asi vanonzwa chiRussian uye vachida kuchengetedza huzivi hwavo uye tsika dzavo. Hazvina musoro kufunga kuti mushure mekurwisa ruzhinji rweRussia rweDonbas kubvira Maidan coup d'état muna 2014, panogona kuve nemukana wekubatanidza nzvimbo idzi muUkraine. Ropa rakawandisa rakadeurwa kubvira 2014, uye chirevo che "remedial secession" chaizoshanda. Ndakanga ndiri kuCrimea neDonbas muna 2004 semumiriri weUN musarudzo dzeparamende nemutungamiri wenyika. Pasina mumvuri wekusahadzika, ruzhinji rwevanhu ava maRussia, avo, mumutemo, vangadai vakaramba vari vagari vekuUkraine asi nekuda kwekusatenderwa kweMaidan coup d'état uye nehutsinye hwekukurudzira ruvengo kune zvese zveRussia zvakatevera kupidigura. weMutungamiriri weDemocratic akasarudzwa weUkraine, Victor Yanukovych. Hurumende yeUkraine yakatyora Chikamu 20 cheChibvumirano Chepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzevanhu Nezvematongerwe Enyika payakatambudza munhu aitaura chiRussian muUkraine. Hurumende yeAzeri yakatyorawo Article 20 ICCPR nekuda kwekukurudzira kuvenga maArmenian - kwemakumi emakore.
Imwe fungidziro yekuti hakuna munhu akambotsunga kusimudza: Fungidzira, sekunge chiitiko chehungwaru, kuti hurumende yeGerman yeramangwana, ichivimba ne700 makore enhoroondo yeGerman nekugara muEast-Central Europe, yaifanira kudzorera nechisimba mapurovhinzi ekare eGerman. East Prussia, Pomerania, Silesia, East Brandenburg, iyo yakatorwa nePoland pakupera kweWWII.[11]. Pashure pezvose, maGermany akanga agara uye kurima idzi ndima mukuvamba kweMiddle Ages, akavamba maguta akaita seKönigsberg (Kaliningrad), Stettin, Danzig, Breslau, zvichingodaro. Tinoyeuka kuti pakupera kwePotsdam Conference yaJuly-August 1945, maererano. kune zvinyorwa 9 uye 13 zvePotsdam communiqué (yakanga isiri chibvumirano), zvakaziviswa kuti Poland yaizowana "muripo" munyika uye kuti vagari vemo vaizongodzingwa - mamiriyoni gumi eGermany aigara mumatunhu aya, ane utsinye. kudzingwa[12] izvo zvakaguma norufu rwoupenyu hunenge mirioni imwe[13]. Kudzingwa pamwe chete kwemadzinza eGerman nePoland 1945-48, chete nekuti vaive maGerman, yaive mhosva yekusarurana, mhosva yakanangana nevanhu. Kwakaperekedzwa nokudzingwa kwamadzinza eGermany muBohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, kunobatanidza mamwe mamirioni mashanu vakadzingwa uye nzufu dzakawedzerwa. Kure nekure uku kudzingwa kwevazhinji nekupambwa kwevazhinji maGerman vasina mhosva kubva kunyika dzekumusha kwavo kwakaumba kucheneswa kwemadzinza kwakaipisisa munhoroondo yeEurope.[14] Asi, chaizvoizvo, nyika ingashivirira kuedza kupi nokupi kweGermany “kudzosa” matunhu ayo akarasika here? Hazvingatyore here chinyorwa 2(4) cheUN Charter nenzira imwechete iyo kurwisa kweAzeri paNagorno Karabakh kwakatyora kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwechisimba kuri muUN Charter uye nekudaro kuisa mungozi rugare nechengeteko yenyika?
Itsananguro inosuruvarisa pamusoro pemamiriro ehutsika hwedu, pakusaremekedza kwehunhu hwedu, kuti vazhinji vedu tiri mubatanidzwa mumhosva yekunyarara uye kusava nehanya kune vakaurayiwa veArmenian veAzerbaijan.[15].
Isu tinoona yekare kesi apo Mutoro wepasi rose wekudzivirira unofanirwa kushanda. Asi ndiani achazvidaidza muUN General Assembly? Ndiani achada kuzvidavirira kubva kuAzerbaijan?
[1] Ndima 138 ne139 dzeGeneral Assembly Resolution 60/1 ya24 Gumiguru 2005.
[2]https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/11/azerbaijan-unlawful-strikes-nagorno-karabakh
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/19/azerbaijan-armenian-pows-abused-custody
[3] Alfred de Zayas, The Genocide against the Armenians and the Relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention, Haigazian University Press, Beirut, 2010
Tribunal Permanent des Peuples, Le Crime de Silence. Le Genocide des Arméniens, Flammarion, Paris 1984.
[4] https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf
[5] Tessa Hofmann (ed.), Kuurayiwa kwevaGiriki veOttoman, Aristide Caratzas, New York, 2011.
[6]
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
[7] https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights
[8] A. de Zayas « Kodzero yeNyika, Kucheneswa Kwemarudzi uye International Criminal Tribunal yeYaimbova Yugoslavia » Criminal Law Forum, Vol.6, pp. 257-314.
[9] https://www.icj-cij.org/case/141
[10] A/69/272
[11] Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis kuPotsdam, Routledge 1977. De Zayas, Kutsiva Kwakaipa, Macmillan, 1994.
De Zayas "Mutemo Wenyika Dzese uye Kutamiswa Kwehuwandu hwevanhu", Harvard International Law Journal, vol. 16, mapeji 207-259.
[12] Victor Gollancz, Hunhu Hwedu Hunotyisidzirwa, London 1946, Gollancz, MuRima Germany, London 1947.
[13] Statistics Bundesamt, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste, Wiesbaden, 1957.
Kurt Böhme, Gesucht Wird, Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Munich, 1965.
Chirevo cheJoint Relief Commission yeInternational Red Cross, 1941-46, Geneva, 1948.
Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung, Bonn, 1953 (mavhoriyamu masere).
Das Schweizerische Rote Kreuz – Eine Sondernummer des deutschen Flüchtlingsproblems,Nr. 11/12, Bern, 1949.
[14] A. de Zayas, 50 Theses pamusoro pekudzingwa kwemaGermany, Inspiration, London 2012.
[15] Ona hurukuro yangu yeBBC paNagorno Karabakh, 28 Gunyana 2023, kutanga paminiti 8:50. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172z0758gyvzw4
